实义动词和系动词.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,实义动词和系动词,实义动词和系动词,实义动词与系动词是相对的。,系动词亦称连系动词（,Link Verb,），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,实义动词意思完全，能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词（及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词）即行为动词,表示动作的动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种。,实义动词,简介,实义动词,：,及物动词（带宾语）；不及物动词（不带宾语）。,及物动词,后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词,(transitive verb),。如：,I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.,我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。,“,How long can I keep the book?”Harry asked.,哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久,?”,Dr.Bethune set us a good example.,白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。,Crude oil contains many useful substances.,原油含有许多有用的物质。,不及物动词,本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词,(intransitive verb),。,如：,Birds fly.,鸟会飞。,It happened in June 1932.,这件事发生于一九三二年六月。,My watch stopped.,我的表停了。,She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.,她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。,兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。,这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：,1,）,兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。,试比较：,Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗,?(begin,作不及物动词,),She began working as a librarian after she left school.,她毕业后当图书馆管理员。,(began,作及物动词,),When did they leave Chicago?,他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？,(leave,作及物动词,),They left last week.,他们是上周离开的。,(left,作不及物动词,),b),兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：,Wash your hands before meals.,饭前要洗手。,Does this cloth wash well?,这布经得起洗吗,?,4),与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：,a),有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如,arrive,到达，,agree,同意，,listen,听。英语里这些动词后面常接,介词,。如：,We arrived at the railway station at noon.,我们于中午到达火车站。,(at,不能省去,)(,比较：,We reached the railway station at noon.),Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.,每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。,(to,不可省去,)(,比较：,We all heard the lecture.),Do they agree to the plan?,他们同意这个计划吗,?(to,不可省去,),b),有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如,serve,为,服务。,Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.,我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务,实义动词的用法,1,及物动词要求有宾语,Mr,Smith gave his wife twenty pounds for her birthday,史密斯先生给了他的妻子,20,英镑过生日。,He asked the teacher a few questions,他向老师问了几个问题。,We have friends all over the world.,我们的朋友遍天下。,Children and young people like bright colors,孩子和年轻人喜欢亮丽的颜色。,2,不及物动词不要求宾语,Most shops in Britain open at 9:00 A,m.and close at 5:00 or 5:30 in the evening.,英国大部分商店九点开门，晚五点或五点半关门。,Georges father lives there,乔治的爸爸住在那里。,Lets go home,我们回家吧。,The examination ended at 11:30 A,m,考试上午十一点半结束。,3,特殊实义动词,英语动词很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如,close,，,begin,，,study,，,leave,，,work,等。,The post office closes at 9:00 p.m,邮局晚上,9,点关门。,Close the window,please,请关窗。,Shall we begin now?,我们现在开始吗？,Bill began working as a sailor after he left school,比尔毕业后当水手。,They left yesterday,他们昨天离开的。,When did you leave Washington?,你什么时候离开华盛顿的？,The students study hard.,这些学生学习努力。,The students study English and German,这些学生学习英语和德语。,He works in a supermarket.,他在一家超市工作。,He works the machine on Mondays.,他星期一操作这台机器实义动词，也叫行为动词。就我们现在所学的内容来讲，实义动词所在的句子中一般不存在,be,动词。也就是在含有实义动词的句子变否定句或疑问句时，一定不能用,be,动词。那么，实义动词究竟怎样用呢？正如,be,动词随着主语的变化可变为,am,、,is,、,are,一样，实义动词在肯定句中，也要随着主语的变化而变化。当主语为第三人称单数,he,she,it,时，实义动词要变为相应的第三称单数；当主语为非第三人称单数,I,you(,你,),we,you,(,你们,)they,时，实义动词要用动词的原形。而在变否定句和疑问句时，不能直接在动词上变，而是要借助另一类动词：,助动词,do,、,does,。1,）肯定句：,I have a blue book.,He has a brother.,She wants to be a teacher.,They like to play basketball.,(2),否定句：主语,+dont/doesnt+,动词原形。其中,do/does,为助动词，是来帮助实义动词构成否定或疑问句的，但加了,do/does,后，其后面的动词必须用动词原形。,I have a blue book.,（变为否定句）,I dont have a blue book.,He has a brother.,（变为否定句）,He doesnt have,She wants to be a teacher.,（变为否定句）,She doesnt want to be a teacher.,They like to play basketball.,（变为否定句）,They dont like to play basketball.,(3),一般疑问句,：,Do/Does+,主语,+,动词原形,+,其他？句中加了,do/does,后，其后面的动词还是必须用动词原形。,I have a blue book.(,变为一般疑问句,)Do you have a blue book?,He has a brother.(,变为一般疑问句,)Does he have a brother?,My brother does his homework before supper.(,变为一般疑问句,)Does your brother do his homework before supper?,She wants to be a teacher.(,变为一般疑问句,)Does she want to be a teacher?,They like to play basketball.(,变为一般疑问句,)Do they like to play basketball?,(4),特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词,+,一般疑问句？,Your sister likes English best because its interesting.(,对划线部分提问,),Why does your sister like English best?,He does his homework before supper.(,对划线部分提问,)When does he do his homework?,注意：当含有,and,引导的短语在句中做谓语或宾语，我们把这类句子变否定句时，必须把,and,变为,or.,如：,(1)He can swim and dance.,（变为否定句）,He cant swim or dance.,(2)My father likes English and math.,（变为否定句）,My father doesnt like English or math,系动词,系动词，亦称连系动词（,Link Verb,）。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,系动词的定义,例如：,He feel ill yesterday.,他昨天病了。（,feel,是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，关于连系动词后接不定式,连系动词,be,后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语：,1).My dream is to be a scientist.,我的梦想是当一名科学家。,2).All you have to do is to listen.,你只需要听。,seem,appear,prove,turn out,grow,等连系动词后也可接不定式,(,尤其是,to be),短语作表语：,1).The man seemed to be ill.,这个人好像病了。,2).The plan proved to be useful.,这个计划证明是有用的。,3).He appears to know this.,他好像知道这一点。,4).The weather turned out to be fine.天气结果很好。,5).He has grown to like studying English.,他渐渐喜欢学英语了。,若所接不定式为,to be,，通常可以省略,be,。,sound,smell,feel,taste,become,等连系动词后通常不能接不定式：,误：,These oranges taste to be good.(,应去掉,to be),误：,The roses smell to be nice.(,应去掉,to be),连系动词,look,后有时也可接,to be,，但以省略,to be,为多。,1,）状态系动词,用来表示主语性质或状态，只有,be,一词，例如：,He is a teacher.,他是一名教师。（表示主语的身份性质）,He is ill.,他病了。（表示主语的状态）,2,）持续系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有,keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：,He always kept silent at meeting.,他开会时总保持沉默。,This matter rests a mystery.,此事仍是一个谜。,3,）表像系动词,用来表示,看起来像,这一概念，主要有,seem,appear,look,例如：,He looks tired.,他看起来很累。,He seems(to be)very sad.,他看起来很伤心。,4,）感官系动词,感官系动词主要有,feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：,分类,This kind of cloth feels very soft.,这种布手感很软。,This flower smells very sweet.,这朵花闻起来很香。,5,）变化系动词,这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有,become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.,例如：,He became mad after that.,自那之后，他疯了。,She grew rich within a short time.,她没多长时间就富了。,6,）终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作，主要有,prove,turn out,表达,证实,，,变成,之意，例如：,The rumor proved false.,这谣言证实有假。,The search proved difficult.,搜查证实很难。,His plan turned out a success.,他的计划终于成功了。（,turn out,表终止性结果）,注意事项,系动词本身有一定的词义，不能单独作谓语，后面必须与表语连用。复习系动词时，必须注意以下几个问题：,1.,be,是最重要的系动词，主语不同，,be,的形式也不同，且有,时态,的变化。,通常表示主语的特征状态和身份等，后面接形容词、副词、名词、,介词,短语、,不定式,、,v-ing,、过去分词及表语从句作表语。,特别要注意“由,be+,过去分词”所构成的系表结构与“由,be+,过去分词”所构成的,被动语态,的区别。,前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态，通常没有由,by,引导的介词短语。,如：,The door was closed.,后者侧重于强调主语是,谓语动词,所示动作的承受者，表示动作；句中可以用由,by,引导的介词短语。如：,The door was closed by me.,还要注意“由,be+V-,ing,所构成的系表结构与“由,be+V-,ing,”,所构成的进行时态的区别前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态，也可说明主语是什么。如：,My job is teaching English.,后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如：,Mr,Wang is reading an evening paper now.,2.,要注意由,行为动词,转化成的系动词。,表示人体感官的系动词有,sound,，,taste,，,look,，,feel,，,smell,等，后面接形容词；,表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有,become,，,get,，,go,，,turn,，,run,，,grow,，,come,，,fall,，,prove,等，后面接形容词、名词或,to be+,形容词，,become,后面接单数名词时，名词前要用不定冠词，,turn,后面接单数名词时，名词前不用不定冠词；,表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词有,continue,，,keep,，,remain,，,stay,，,stand lie,，,rest,，,stay,等，后面接表示状态的形容词；,表示判断的系动词有,seem,和,appear,，后面接形容词、,to be+,名词或形容词、,that-clause,、不定式等。,3.,要注意系动词的固定搭配。,常见的有,come true,fall asleep,fall ill,go bad,come right,run wild,wear thin,turn nasty,等。,4.,要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词,，,又可以做实意动词的用法。,系动词部分主要注意：其后要求接形容词，而不是副词做表语。遇到这种情况，只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者，然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。以,taste,一词为例：,The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.,（这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意：在这句话里，,taste,做系动词，不能使用进行时，后面接形容词。）,The chef is tasting the fish carefully.,（厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意：在这句话中，,taste,做实意动词，可以使用进行时，并且后面接副词做,状语,。）,系动词用法应注意的七个问题,1,系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。,一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：,He is being kind.,他装出和蔼可亲的样子（一时而不能持久的性质）,二是表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：,I hope you are keeping well.,（语气委婉）,我希望你保持健康。,Are you feeling any better?,（语气亲切）,你感觉好了些吗？,试比较：,Your hand feels cold.,（无意识的静态性质。）,你的手摸起来冰凉。,不可以说：,Your hand is feeling cold.(),但可以说：,The doctor is feeling her pulse.,（有意识的动态动作）,医生正在给她拿脉。,The soup tastes good.,（静态性质，无进行时）,这汤的味道不错。,The cook is tasting the soup.,（动态动作，有进行时）,厨师在尝汤的味道。,总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说,feel,，,smell,无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如,smell,的用法可见一斑。,smell,作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与,can,could,be able to,连用。,The camels can smell the water a mile off.,骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。,指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。,The girl is smelling the flower.,这姑娘正在闻那朵花。,smell,指“含有,气味”，“发出气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。,The dinner smells good.,这饭菜闻起来真香。,2,系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。,某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如,get,become,grow,turn,等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越,”,。例如：,He is growing taller and taller.,他长得越来越高了。,Our life is getting better and better.,我们的生活是越来越好了。,The things are getting worse.,情况是越来越糟了。,3,所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。,英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如：,不能说：,The apple is tasted good.,这苹果被我尝了一下。,（,taste,此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）,4,瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题,英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“,for+,时间段，,since+,时间点，,how long until+,时间,by+,时间，,so far”,等直接连用。例如：,不能说：,He has become a teacher for 2 years.,应改为：,He has been a teacher for 2 years.,不能说：,He has turned writer since 3 years ago.,应改为：,He has been a write since 3 years ago.,或,It is two years since he turned writer.,不能说：,He got angry until his child came back home.,应改为：,He didnt get angry until his child came back home.,5,系动词能接几种表语（从句）,系动词除了接,adj.n.prep.,短语，某些adv.,以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：,能接,as if/as though,表语从句的系动词有：,look,（看起来），,smell,（闻起来），,sound,（听起来），,feel,（觉得）；,appear,（显得），,seem,（似乎）。例如：,It looks as if we are going to have snow.,看样子天要下雪了。,He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.,他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。,She seemed as if(though)she couldnt understand why Laura was there.,看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。,It sounds to me as though theres a tap running somewhere.,我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。,She felt as if her head were splitting.,她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。,The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.,那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。,It seems as if it were spring already.,好像已是春天了。,可用于“,It+,系动词,+that,从句”结构的有：,seem,appear,不可用,be,look,。如：,It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.,好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。,It appeared that he was talking to himself.,好像他在自言自语。,能用不定式作表语的系动词有：,be,seem,get,look,appear,prove,grow.,Her job is to look after the children.,她的工作是照料孩子们。,He seems not to look after the children.,他好像不是她的父亲。,He looks to be a young girl of twenty.,他看起来像是一个,20,岁的年轻姑娘。,He didnt appear to dislike it.,看不出他憎恨此事。,My advice proved to be wrong.,我的建议证明是错误的。,He will grow to like this work gradually.,他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。,能与,there,连用的系动词有：,be,appear,seem.,There appeared to be only one room.,那儿好像只有一个房间。,There,seems(to,be)no,need to go.,似乎没有必要走。,6,能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：,seem,appear.,举例说明：,It doesnt seem that we can get our money back.,=It seems that we cant get our money back.,He seems not to be her father.,=He doesnt seem to be her father.,The baby doesnt appear to be awake.,=The baby appears not to be awake.,7,后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构,能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的,be(is,am,was,等,),；第二个是,get,，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。,Be+P.P,常可以用,get+P.P.,来代替，但是并不是,be,系动词总是可以用,get,来代替。,Get+P.P.,系表结构常用于以下两种情况：,1,）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。,Last night I got caught in the downpour.,昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到）,The new car got scratched.,新车给刮坏了。（表突发性）,2,）表示对自身所作的事。如,get dressed,get lost,等。,John got wounded while playing football last Saturday.,约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。,They got married last month.,他们上个月结婚了。,另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。,