英语教学的跨文化途径与教学活动设计.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语教学的跨文化途径与教学活动设计,陕西师范大学 张京鱼 教授,jdzhang,Culture in Teaching English as a L2,Culture refers to distinctly different domains of peoples lives.,Visible culture,Literature,the arts,the architecture and the history;,Styles of dress,cuisine,customs,festivals and other traditions;,Invisible culture,Socio-cultural norms,world-views,beliefs,assumptions,and value systems that find their way into practically all facets of language use.,Intercultural approach to English Teaching,Communicative competence to socio-cultural competence,Definitions of culture deal with forms of speech acts,rhetorical structure of texts,socio-cultural behaviors,and ways in which knowledge is transmitted and obtained.,To become proficient and effective communicators,L2 learners need to attain L2 socio-cultural competence.,Intercultural competence,Politeness,vs,appropriateness,Socio-cultural norms,How are you(doing)?,How is it going?,Whats up?,What are your views on Crazy English?,Cultural Differences,Chopsticks,vs,forks and knives,Titles,vs,profession:?Teacher Zhang,vs,Prof/Dr.Zhang,Shifu,(Master/Teacher),vs,Sir/Madame,Have you eaten yet?Vs How are you?,Names,：,first-last,vs,surname-personal N,123,vs,一、二、三，,vs,title,Noticing,Open the door!,Open the door,will you?,Can you open the door,please?,Would you open the door?,Would you mind opening the door?,Whimperatives,Call me some time,vs,call me on Tuesday.,Lets get together some time,vs,Lets have lunch on Friday.,Call me if you have any questions,vs,Call me any time.,Do you have any questions(it is now time to ask questions,if you have them),vs,I will be happy to answer all your questions during my office hours,（,please do not ask me any question now but come to my office at the designated time.,Causative Constructions,a.,Shala,made her son clean the bike.,b.,Shala,had her son clean the bike.,c.Tom got his mother to buy him a new bike.,X made Y do Z.,Implies the action was not performed willingly.,The,causee,is passive or submissive.,The,causee,thought he or she had to do it.,X forced Y to do Z.,X had Y do Z,A hierarchical relation between X and Y,Does not imply that the,causee,didnt want to do it,nor the,causee,had to do it.,Grandma made me eat fish.,Grandma had me return the fish to the shop.,X got Y do Z,Implies that the,causees,do something not because they want to do it but because,sb,else wants them to do it.,The action is not imposed on the,causee,by virtue of the,causers,power/authority.,The causer realizes that the,causee,may not want to comply,so he/she does(typically,sas,)something in the expectation that this will influence the,causees,will and that as a result the,causee,will do the desired result willingly.,Linguistic Formpragmatic function(socio-cultural purpose/goal of speech acts,such as requests,apologies,compliments,and complaints),Give me a penny,vs,could you give me a penny,vs,Can you spare me a penny?,Linguistic form,vs,Politeness,I want to make an appointment for 3 oclock.,I would like to make an appointment for 3 oclock.,May/Could I make an appointment for 3 oclock.,A Private Conversation,Last week I went to the theatre.I had a very good seat.The play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.They were talking loudly.I got very angry.I could not hear the actors.I turned round.I looked at the man and the woman angrily.They did not pay any attention.In the end,I could not bear it.I turned round again.I cant hear a word!I said angrily.Its none of your business,the young man said rudely.This is a private conversation!,Is it really a private conversation?,Is“a private conversation”a good title?Why or why not?,Who is being impolite,the narrator or the young man?,How would the story end?,If you were the story teller,or the narrator,what would you do/say?,What message can we get from the story?,Theatre Schema,Theater:a public place,implicit rule:Quietness is required.It is not a private place like home where one can enjoy much freedom.,Language is ambiguous:,“I cant hear a word!”,Unmarked function:A request for loudness.,Marked Function:A request for quietness,Theatre Schema,:,Polite behavior,quietnessRude/impolite behavior:talking loudly,What is the story about?,Summarizing skill,It is about a verbal fight or a miscommunication caused by the ambiguous nature of language.,What is the cause of the verbal fight?,The cause of the verbal fight is some rude behavior in the theatre.,What is the rude behavior in the story?,The rude behavior in the story is continuing loud talking in a theatre by a young couple sitting behind the writer.,What is the cause of the miscommunication expressed in the story?,The miscommunication stems from the ambiguity of language.,Why do you say so?,“I cant hear a word”means a complaint as well as a request.,It expresses conflicting complaints(too loud a voice,vs,too low a voice)and requests.,Speech Act Theory,I cant hear a word.,Speech act A:A request for a louder voice.,A:A simple REQUEST(PRAGMATIC FUNCTION/MEANING:LOUDER PLEASE!),Commonality:The voice is too low.,The complaint concerns about the volume of the voice.A is the unmarked/general-case meaning.,Speech act B:A request for quietness.,B:A COMPLAINT AND A REQUEST(Be quiet/Stop talking/shut up).,The complaint concerns some rude/bad behavior in a theatre.B is the marked/special case meaning.,Polite behaviors in a theatre,Rude behavior:Loud talking,Inappropriate response:,Narrators response:an angry look plus an angry remark:I cant hear a word.,What is the volume of this angry remark?,It could be inferred that the narrators voice is loud because he said it ANGRILY.,Is this a good behavior?,Probably NOT.,Who is being impolite?,The desired result:they would stop talking immediately.,How could you achieve it?,Many different ways:What the narrator did is only one of them.,How would you respond if you were the narrator?,Leave the theatre quietly.,Say something back to the young man like“This is a THEATRE.PLEASE BE QUIET.“,The narrators way is not to be followed.,The best way is:,Sh,sh,.,Be quiet!,Making Connections:Text-to-Self,”and“,Making Connections:Text-to-World,Do you have a similar experience?If yes,tell us about it.,Pair/group work,Write an essay about a similar experience you had or heard.(Narration),Dinner party,Food,vs,socialization,Table manners,Politeness:face,Food and Talk,Last week at a dinner party,the hostess asked me to sit next to,Mrs.Rumbold,.Mrs.,Rumbold,was a large,unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.She did not even look up,when I took my seat beside her,.,Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time,she was busy eating.I tried to make conversation.A new play,is coming to“,The Globe”,Large:fat;overweight;obese;obesity,Synonymy,Unsmiling:smiling,serious-looking;grim-faced,synonymy,Antonymy,:I saw the joy in her,smiling,face.,Dressing tip:the mode of dress:to,have,a,graceful,and,tasteful,style,A large lady is in a tight black dress?Does she know how to dress herself?,Should she wear tight or loose clothes?,Give sb.a good dressing down,狠狠训某人,(,或揍某人,),一顿,Table Manners,She did not,even,look up,when I took my seat beside her,.,Even:look up,stand up and greet the other person or introduce oneself,Take/have a seat,vs,Is this seat taken?,Is anybody sitting here?,soon,I said.,Will you be seeing it,?No,she answered.,Will you be spending your holidays,abroad this year?I asked.No,she answered.,Will you be staying in England,?I asked.No,she answered.,In despair,I asked her,whether she was enjoying her dinner.,Young man,she answered,if you ate more and talked less,we would both enjoy our dinner!,Dinner party:situation,Taciturn:taciturnity,，,silent,reticent,reserved,Voluble(,健谈的,口若悬河的,),talkative,loquacious(,多话的,唠叨的,),verbose;,Both enjoy our dinner=food,Dinner=food as well as talk,LANGUAGE POINTS,1,、,Last week at a dinner party,the hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs.,Rumbold,.,next to:be adjacent to,与,.,为邻,be close to beside,，,注意：,havedinner,不加,“,a”,而,“,at a dinner party”,中的,“,a”,并不修饰,“,dinner”,而是,“,party”,2,、,Mrs.,Rumbold,was a large,unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.,large,：指体积，形容人表示个子大,in,（,a tight black dress,）：穿着,.,3,、,Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time,she was busy eating.,ones eyes are fixed on,sth,.:,眼睛盯着,.,（,=fix ones eyes on,sth,.,）,in a short time,：不一会,be busy doing,sth,.:,忙于做,.,4,、,A new play is coming to“The Globe”soon,The Globe,（,theater,）：环球剧场,位于,London,的,Thames,旁,KEY STRUCTURES AND USAGE,虚拟语气用法,:,对现在的情况作出假设，所假设的情况和现在的事实相反,应用方式：,If,引导的条件从句中用,v.,的过去式，如果从句中,v.,为,be,动词，则第一,/,三人称后用,were,；主句用,would+v,.,原形,=if you ate more and talked less,we would both enjoy our dinner!,If,引导的条件从句中用,v.,的过去式，表达了和事实相反的情况；主句用,would+v,.,原形）,=If you saw him now you wouldnt recognize him.,（,If,引导的条件从句中用,v.,的过去式；主句用,wouldnt(,否定形态,)+v.,原形）,=Would he get annoyed if I told him about it?,（,if I told him about it,是一种虚拟的假设，表达了和事实相反的情况）,=If I were you,I would probably tell him the truth.,（,If,引导的条件从句中,v.,为,be,动词，则第一,/三人称后用,were,；主句用,would+v,.,原形）,=If it were not for you,I wouldnt do this.,（,If,引导的条件从句中,v.,为,be,动词，第三人称,it,后用,were,；主句用,would+v,.,原形）,对过去的情况作出假设，所假设的情况和过去的事实相反,应用方式：,If,引导的条件从句中,v.,为过去完成时态，主句用,would/,could+v,.,的现在完成时态,=If I had known that,I wouldnt have supported him.,=He could have come if his car had not broken down on the road.=It would have been different if you had helped.,Discourse strategies:,Model A:,Because most of our production is done in China now,and uh,its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1997,and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense.So,I suggest that we delay making our decision until after,Legco,makes its decision.,Model B:I suggest that we delay making our decision until after,Legco,makes its decision.Thats because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense.In addition to that,most of our production is done in China now,and its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1997.,Model A:Because of Y(topic,background,or reason)X(comment,main point,or action suggested),Model B:X(comment,main point,or action suggested)because of,Y(topic,background,or reason),Writers intent/Authors Tone,At a fancy banquet,a speaker is delivering a speech.A man is hungry and wishes the speaker ends his speech.He turns to the lady sitting next to him and informs her that he thinks the speaker has nothing to say and should sit down.She asks if he knows who she is.When he says“no,”she informs him that she is the speakers wife.Then he asks her if she knows who he is.When she says“no,”he says“Good!”and gets up and leaves.,The tone of the author/passage is:,a.serious,b.sad,c.humorous,d.cynicalThe respondents may not be operating at the appropriate cultural/pragmatic level when they perform certain tasks on tests.,聋实实了,John is as deaf as a _.,A.wall B.poleC.pin D.post,约翰聋得像根柱子一样,/,像一堵墙一样？极聋,/,全聋,It is no use t talk to him;he is as deaf as a,post,.,跟他说毫无用处，因为他一点也听不见。,He is as deaf as a post,door-nail,an adder.,他完全聋了。,新英汉大辞典,as dead as a doornail(,死定了，死僵了）,as dumb as a doornail,（全哑的）,as deaf as a doornail,（全聋的）,As deaf as a post,；（,耳聋的，完全聋的）,As deaf as a stone,;,（聋得像石头）,As deaf as an adder,Adder,动,(,欧洲产,),蝰蛇,(,小毒蛇,),(,北美产无毒的,),猪鼻蛇 习惯用语,deaf as an adder,完全耳聋,烂醉如泥,/,酩酊大醉,I couldnt understand what the man was saying;he was as drunk as a lord.,as drunk as a fish,as drunk as a sow(,母猪,，,大母熊,),as drunk as a fiddler(,拉小提琴的人，游手好闲的人）,as drunk as a piper,（,吹笛者,，,风笛手,),as drunk as the devil,as drunk as a rat,as drunk as an owl,（猫头鹰）,as drunk as a boiled owl,as drunk as a load,（使人喝醉的量）,=carry a load;have a load on,喝醉,As easy as ABC,Its a piece of cake.,as easy as pie,adj.,极容易,as easy as winking,adj.,非常容易,as easy as pap(,奶头，乳头）,易如儿戏,as easy as anything,极容易,as easy as lying,极容易,as easy as shelling peas,象剥青豆那么容易,as easy as damn it,易如反掌,as easy as my eye,易如反掌,as easy as pointing at a palm,易如反掌,That job was as easy as pie.,那工作容易极了。,But I think its as easy as shelling peas.,但是我觉得是件轻而易举的事。,First lessons in any subject are usually designed to make you think the whole course is going to be as easy as ABC.,任何学科的开头几课通常都写得让人人感到整个课程是很好学的。,极其容易,as easy as rolling off a log,as easy as falling off a log,Like a log,像木头一样不能动弹,Sleep like a log,熟睡,Roll my log and Ill roll yours.【,谚语,】,你帮我的忙，我也帮你的忙。,A,Schema-theoretic view,example,from Anderson&Pearson(1984),A newspaper is better than a magazine,and on a seashore is a better place than a street.At first it is better to run than to walk.Also you may have to try several times.It takes some skill but its easy to learn.Even young children can enjoy it.Once successful,complications are minimal.Birds seldom get too close.One needs lots of room.Rain soaks in very fast.Too many people doing the same thing can also cause problems.If there are no complications,it can be very peaceful.A rock will serve as an anchor.If things break loose from it,however,you will not get a second chance.,What is this reading about?,Bransford,J.D.&Johnson,M.K.(1972).Contextual prerequisites for understanding:Some investigations of comprehension and recall.,Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,11,717-726.,Activate background knowledge,A newspaper is better than a magazine,and on a seashore is a better place than a street.At first it is better to run than to walk.Also you may have to try several times.It takes some skill but its easy to learn.Even young children can enjoy it.Once successful,complications are minimal.Birds seldom get too close.One needs lots of room.Rain soaks in very fast.Too many people doing the same thing can also cause problems.If there are no complications,it can be very peaceful.A rock will serve as an anchor.If things break loose from it,however,you will not get a second chance.,What is this reading about?,Queen Elizabeth participated in a,long-delayed,ceremony in Clydebank,Scotland yesterday.While there is still,bitterness,here following the,protracted,strike,on this occasion a crowd of shipyard workers numbering in the hundreds joined,dignities,in cheering as the HMS Pinafore slipped into the water.,What kind of ceremony is it?,Where does the ceremony take place?,Why was the ceremony long-delayed?,What is the HMS Pinafore?,What is the mood of the workers attending the ceremony?,Done by,Celebrity,SHIP,CHRISTENING,SCHEMA,To bless,ship,In dry dock,Involves new ship,Bottle broken on bow,Suspended from rope,Contains champagne,Done,just before,launching,Queen Elizabeth participated in a long-delayed ceremony in Clydebank,Scotland yesterday.While there is still bitterness here following the protracted strike,on this occasion a crowd of shipyard workers numbering in the hundreds joined dignities in cheering as the HMS Pinafore slipped into the water.,Ceremony,celebrity,crowd,cheers,Long-delayed,protracted strike,bitterness,dignities,cheers,Princess Anne broke the bottle on the ship.,Elliptical“broke