初中英语语法动词.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Review Of Tenses,动词的构成,be,动词,助动词,情态动词,系动词,实义动词,be,动词,be,动词的几种形式,am is are,was were,being,been,be,动词的用法,与名词、数词、形容词、介词连用,I am a doctor.,He is ten.,They are tired.,The cat is under the table.,be,动词的用法,There be,句型,用于不可数名词和可数名词单数之前,There is a pen on the desk.,There is some water in the glass.,用于复数名词之前,There are some sheep in the hill.,用于一般将来时,There is going to be a film in our school next Sunday.,用于一般过去时,There was a book on the desk yesterday.,There used to be(,过去常,)a tall tree here.,be,动词的用法,Be,动词在时态中的运用,在现在进行时中,We are talking,（交谈）,now.,在,过去进行时中,We were talking,（交谈）,at this time yesterday.,助动词,助动词的几种形式,do/dont,does/doesnt,did/didnt,will/wont,have,havent/has,hasnt/had hadnt,助动词的用法,对句子进行否定和疑问,Do you get up early every day?,I didnt,（没）,have lunch yesterday.,Will you be back soon?,He hasnt,（没）,finished the work yet.,在,反意疑问句中,He works in a school,doesnt he?,She has never been there,has she?,在,倒装句中,They helped the farmers,so did we.,I wont visit the famous singer,neither will he.,情态动词,共同特点,情态动词后面跟动词原型,无论否定、疑问、倒装句、或反意疑问句都用情态动词,只有时态变化，没有人称变化,情态动词,解释,can/could,在表示请求允许的时候两者和互换，,could,比,can,语气更委婉。,Can I help you?,Could you open the window?,在表示有能力作某事时，,could,是,can,的过去式。,I can swim.,I could swim at the age of five.,情态动词,Must/have to,Must,表示主观意愿，否定句用,Mustnt,，,否定回答用,neednt,I must go now.,You mustnt play in the street.,Must I clean the room now?,No,you neednt.,have to,表示客观条件的限制的“不得不”，它有时态和人称变化，需要助动词来否定和疑问。,I dont have to carry the big box.,He had to wash his clothes.,情态动词,解释,May,表示请求别人允许。,May I use your bike?,表示可能性。,He may be a teacher.,He may live in this building.,系动词,我们所学过的系动词是,变成类,get,，,turn,，,become,，,make,感观动词,look,，,sound,，,smell,，,taste,，,feel,似乎类,seem appear,保持类,stay keep,系动词只和形容词连用，构成系表结构,I feel hungry.,The day gets longer and longer.,He looked happy.,实义动词,实义动词指的是有具体行为意思的动词。,实义动词在句中可以做谓语动词和非谓语动词。,做谓语动词的用法,动词会有四种形式：单三，现在分词，过去式，过去分词,实义动词,注意：掌握四种形式的变化规律,He works in the office.,We are dancing together.,I caught a cold last week.,She has watered the flower.,实义动词,做非谓语动词的用法（指出现在谓语动词之后的动词，它受前面谓语动词的限制）,动词会有三种形式：,原型,(do),动名词,(doing),不定式,(to do),实义动词,用原型：,let,sb,.do,make,sb,.do,help,sb.(to,)do,had better do,实义动词,用动名词：,like doing,enjoy doing,finish doing,介词之后用动名词,be good at doing,what about doing,thank you for doing,实义动词,用不定式：,want to do,decide to do,plan to do,would like to do,learn to do,tell,sb,.(not)to do,ask,sb,.(not)to do,实义动词,注意下列词不同形式的不同用法,:,remember doing/to do,forget doing/to do,stop doing/to do,go on doing/to do,Grammar,现在进行时,:,Present Progressive,概念,:,表示现在正在发生的动作,结构,:,be(is,am,are)+,doing,标志语：,Look!,、,Listen!,、,now,一般在动词原形后,+,ing,以不发音的,e,结尾的，去,e,，,+,ing,重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的，双写这一字母,+,ing,动词,-,ing,形式的构成：,writing,taking,ge,tt,ing,ru,nn,ing,swi,mm,ing,going,go,ask,writ,e,tak,e,ge,t,ru,n,swi,m,asking,Exercise,The twins _(wash)the clothes now.,Look!He _(play)basketball over there.,Listen!_ Sally _(sing)?,are washing,is playing,Is,singing,不用进行时的动词,1),事实状态的动词,have,belong to,cost,own,exist,include,matter,weigh,continue,I have two brothers.,This house belongs to my sister.2),心理状态的动词,Know,realize,think see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate,I need your help.,He loves her very much.,3),瞬间动词,accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.,I accept your advice.4),系动词,seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn,You seem a little tired.,Grammar,一般现在时,:,Present Simple,概念,:,表示习惯、经常性的动作,结构,:,do,、,does,标志语：,usually,、,often,、,never,、,sometimes,、,once a,week,、,twice a,month,、,every,year,客观事实，普遍真理,The earth,goes,around the Sun.,主将从现,If it,rains,tomorrow,we wont go to the park.,When I,grow,up,I will go to America.,一般现在表正在,There,goes,the bell.,一般现在时,动词碰到第三人称单数时，要加“,s”,work-works,辅音字母和“,y”,结尾的词，如,carry-carries,以,s,、,x,、,ch,、,sh,结尾的加“,es,”,，如,wash-washes,go-goes,do-does,have-has,一般现在时,例句,He goes(,去,)to school on foot every day.,We often have吃）,supper at home.,She doesnt do,（不做）,her work every Sunday.,Exercise,The twins _(wash)the clothes every day.,Sometimes he _(play)basketball over there.,How often _ Sally _(sing)?,wash,plays,does,sing,Grammar,一般过去时,:,Past Simple,概念,:,表示过去发生的动作,结构,:,did,标志语：,yesterday,、,.ago,、,in,1992,、,last week/month,1,）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：,yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982,等。,Where did you go just now?2,）,表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。,When I was a child,I often played football in the street.,Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.,比较：,Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.,(,含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。,),Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.,(,含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去,),注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。,1,）动词,want,hope,wonder,think,intend,等。,Did you want anything else?,I wondered if you could help me.2,）,情态动词,could,would.,Could you lend me your bike?,动词,-ed,形式的构成：,在动词后加,-ed,以字母,e,结尾的动词，只,+d,“辅音字母,+y”,，变,y,为,i,再,+ed,重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的，双写,+ed,want,answer,move,die,carr,y,cr,y,sto,p,pla,n,wanted,moved,died,carr,i,ed,cr,i,ed,sto,pp,ed,pla,nn,ed,answered,不规则过去分词,get,go,eat,are,do,cut,say,got,gotten,went,gone,ate,eaten,cut,cut,were,been,did,done,said,said,不规则过去分词,take,swim,drink,have,come,put,see,took,taken,swam,swum,drank,drunk,put,put,had,had,came,come,saw,seen,Exercise,The twins _(wash)the clothes yesterday.,The day before yesterday he _(play)basketball over there.,_ Sally _(sing)two hours ago?,washed,played,Did,sing,Grammar,现在完成时,:,Present Perfect,概念,:,表示已经发生的动作,结构,:,has done,、,have done,标志语：,already,、,yet,、,ever,、,never,、,since,、,for,、,现在完成时,1,现在完成时的构成：,助动词,have(has)+,动词的过去分词,注：,has,用于第三人称单数，,have,用于其他所有人称。,2,现在完成时的用法：,（,1,）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词,just,，,already,before,yet,never,ever,等状语连用。例如：,I have,never,（从未）,heard of that,before,.,Have you,ever,（曾）,ridden a horse?,She has,already,（已）,finished the work.,Have you milked the cow,yet,（还）,?Yes,I have done that,already,.,Ive,just,（刚）,lost my science book.,有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。,（,2,）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。如：,for,和,since,，以及,so far,now,today,this week(month,year),等。,I havent seen her,these days,（这些天）,.,She has learnt English,for 3 years,（三年）,.,They have lived here,since 1990,（自,1990,）,.,What has happened to the USA,in the last 350 years,（在过去的,350,年）,?,注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如,come,go,die,marry,buy,等的完成时不能与,for,since,等表示一段时间的短语连用。,（,3,）现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作，例如：,Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.,If it has stopped snowing in the morning,well go to the park.,（,4,）,have been(to),和,have gone(to),的区别：,have/has been(to),表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。,have/has gone(to),表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。,试比较：,He has been to Beijing.,他曾去过北京。,（人已回来，可能在这儿）,He has gone to Beijing.,他已经去了北京。,（人已走，不在这儿）。,一般过去时与现在完成时之比较,1,）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。,2,）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。,一般过去时的时间状语有：,yesterday,last week,，,ago,in1980,in October,just now,具体的时间状语。,共同的时间状语有：,this morning,tonight,this April,now,once,，,before,already,recently,，,lately,等。,现在完成时的时间状语有：,for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,等不确定的时间状语。,请大家认真分析比较下列各例句：,I saw this film yesterday.,（,强调看的动作发生过了。）,I have seen this film.,（,强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）,She has returned from Paris.,（,她已从巴黎回来了。）,She returned yesterday.,（,她是昨天回来了。）,He has been in the League for three years.,(,在团内的状态可延续,),He joined the League three years ago.,(,三年前入团，,joined,为短暂行为。,),注意：,句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如,yesterday,last week,in 1960,）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：,（错）,Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.,（对）,Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night,.,延续动词与瞬间动词,1),用于完成时的区别：,延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。,He has completed the work.,他已完成了那项工作。,(,表结果,),Ive known him since then.,我从那时起就认识他了。,(,表经历,),2),用于,till/until,从句的差异：,延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做,直到,”,；瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到,，才He didnt come back until ten oclock.,他到,10,点才回来。,He slept until ten oclock.,他一直睡到,10,点。,将暂短性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语和一段时间连用，其常用的方法有：,a.,用相应的延续性动词替换的主要有：,buy have borrow keep,come/go/become be,catch/get a cold have a cold,get to know know,be+,名词,join the Party be a Party member,go to school be a student,be+,形容词,/,副词,leave be away,（,from)die be dead,put on be on finish/end be over,begin/start be on come be here/in,fall asleep be asleep go out be out,d.be+,介词短语,go to school be in/at school,join the Army be in the Army,e.,去掉短语中的暂短性动词,come to work work begin to study study,B.,把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语，原动词的完成时改为过去时,He come here three months ago.,C.,用“,It is/has been+,一段时间,+since(,一般过去时,)”,结构。,It is/has been three months since he came here.,D.,用“多长时间,+has passed+since(,一般过去时,)”,结构：,Three months has passed since he came here.,3),暂短性动词现在完成时的否定式，已成为一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：,I havent heard form him for two weeks.,He hasnt left here since 1990.,4),暂短性动词的否定式同,until,一起连用，构成“,not until”,结构，表示这个动作直到,until,所表达的时间到来时才发生。如：,We wont go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops.-When did you go to bed last night?,-I didnt go to bed until my father got home.,5),在,while(,表示一段时间,),引导的从句中，不能用暂短性动词，但,when可以，因为,when,可表示时间点，也可表示时间段,误：,While I got to the village,it was dark.,正：,When,I got to the village,it was dark.,6),暂短性动词的肯定式的完成时不能和,how long,连用。如：,误：,How long have you borrow the book?,正：,How long,have you,kept,the book?,正：,When,did you,borrow,the book?,2.,延续性动词的用法,1),延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，可以与时间段连用：,I have waited for him for nearly two hours.,2),延续性动词不可以与时间点连用,误：,It rained at eight yesterday morning.,正：,It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.,3),在,until,引导的时间状语中，若主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，既可以用肯定形式，也可以用否定形式，但句子含义不同：,She listened to the radio until her father came back.,She didnt listen to the radio until her father came back.,1.You dont need to describe her.I _ her several times.,A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet,答案,B,；,首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，,several times,告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。,2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.,-Oh,not at all.I _ here only a few minutes.,A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be,答案,A,；,等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。,Exercise,The twins _(wash)the clothes for an hour.,He _(play)basketball since three years ago.,How long _ Sally _(sing)yet?,have washed,has played,has,sung,过去完成时,过去完成时的用法,1,、概念：表示过去的过去。,-|-|-|-,那时以前 那时 现在,其结构是：,had+,过去分词,2,、过去完成时的用法：,（,1,）过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态句中常用,by,before,until,when,等词引导的时间状语。,By the end of last year we had built five new houses.,I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.,（,2,）过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。,Before he slept,he had worked,（已工作）,for 12 hours.,（,3,）在,told,said,knew,heard,thought,等动词后的宾语从句。,She said(that)she had never,（从未）,been to Paris.,（,4,）在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。,When the police arrived,the thieves had run away,（逃跑）,.,（,5,）表示意向的动词，如,hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose,等，用过去完成时表示,原本,，未能,We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.,（,6,）,过去完成时的时间状语,before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as,。,He said that he had learned,（学）,some English before.,By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to,（开始）,make a living by himself.,Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left,（离开）,when he arrived at the party.,用一般过去时代替完成时,1),两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用,then,，,and,but,等连词时，多用一般过去时。,When she saw the mouse,，,she screamed.,My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.,2),两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。,When I heard the news,I was very excited.,3),叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。,Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.,1.The old man _ two days after he had been sent to hospital.,A.died B.would die C.had died D.has died,2.Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while,but soon _ to his old ways.,A.returned B.returns C.was returning D.had returned,3.I _ my son _ a doctor,but he wasnt good enough at science.,A.hoped;would become B.had hoped;would become,C.had hoped;will become D.hope;will become,4.I _ to take a good holiday this year,but I wasnt able to get away.,A.hope B.have hoped C.had hoped D.hoped,5.Helen _ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ home.,A.has left;comes B.left;had come,C.had left;came D.had left;would come,过去将来时,时间,现在,过去,那时所预见的情况,一般过去将来时,一、基本概念：,过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。,1)He said his mother would buy a bike for him,2)My brother told me he wouldnt believe Jack any more.,3)Would it be all right if he knew his illness?,二、基本形式：,would,should,动词原形,（其中,would,用于各种人称，,should,常用于第一人称）。,They were sure they would win the final victory,他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。,He didnt expect that we should,（,would,）,all be there,他没想到我们都在那里。,上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语,would win,和,should,（,would,）,be,分别与其主句谓语,were sure,和,didnt expect,相对应。,三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：,1,was,were,going to,动词原形,He said he was going to try,他说他准备试试。,2,was,were,to,动词原形,They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day,他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。,3,was,were about,动词原形,We were about to go out when it began to rain,我们正要出去天（突然）下起雨来。,4,过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如,go,，,come,，,leave,，,start,，,open,，,begin,等）也可用于表示将来。,I didnt know when they were coming again,我不知道他们什么时候再来。,四、用法注意点：,1,在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如：,He said he would come to see you when he had time,他说他有时间就来看望你。,2,“,would,动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时，不管什么人称，都可用,would,。,When he was a child he would get up early,他年幼时，总是很早起床。,考例精练：,1,We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ office soon,（,MET93,）,A,leaves B,would leave C,left D,had left,B,Grammar,过去进行时,:,Past Progressive,概念,:,表示过去正在发生的动作,结构,:,be(was,，,were)+,doing,标志语：,at,8:00,yesterday,、,when,、,while,、,过去进行时,1)at this time last night,at 9:00 yesterday,2)when I saw him;while I was watching TV,3)from seven to nine,4)yesterday,last year,yesterday morning,What were you doing this time yesterday?,He was drawing an elephant on the blackboard when the teacher came in.,Grammar,一般将来时,:,Future Simple,概念,:,表示将要发生的动作,结构,:,will do,、,shall do,、,be(is,、,am,、,are)going to,do,标志语：,tomorrow,、,in.,、,next,一般将来时,tomorrow,today,tonight,2),next spring/week/month/year,3),during this term,4),first,next,5),when I grow up,What will you do next week?,Well only stay for two weeks.,1),shall,用于第一人称，常被,will,所代替。,will,在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。,Which paragraph shall I read first.,Will you be at home at seven this evening?2),be going to+,不定式，表示将来。,a.,主语的意图，即将做某事。,What are you going to do tomorrow?,b.,计划，安排要发生的事。,The play is going to be produced next month,。,c.,有迹象要发生的事,Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.,2.be going to/will,用于条件句时，,be going to,表将来,will,表意愿,If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.,Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.,3.be to,和,be going to,be to,表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。,be going to,表示主观的打算或计划。,I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.,(,客观安排,),Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(,主观安排,),I will,（将）,visit you tomorrow.,He wont,（不）,come back next week.,Composition:,I,（你的过去、现在和将来）,Write an article about yourself,tell us your past、your present and your future.,Write,Goodbye!,