The-Middle-Ages-and-Germanic-Culture.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture,General Introduction,After the last Roman emperor was dethroned by the German mercenary troops in the 5th century,，,Europe entered the Middle Ages(ca.500-1500),which lasted about a thousand years or so and was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans had called savage,野蛮人,.Consequently,the intellectual development of the European civilization was retarded or even regressed,退步,to some extent because of these so-called Dark Ages.It was also a period of some negative and repressive influence from the Roman Catholic Church.,The popular picture of the Middle Ages is colored by knights in shining armor,hooded monks,walled castles,and bloody crusades.,In reality,the era had a powerful impact on the evolution of Western values,beliefs and practices.The geographic contours,轮廓,of modern European states and the basic political,religious,and linguistic traditions of Western Europe took shape during the Middle Ages.The prototypes of nation-states,cities,and universities emerged at this time,and the Roman Catholic Church reached its peak as a powerful political and spiritual institution.The vernacular languages used in the West today appeared.,In the latter part of the fourth century the Huns swept into Europe from central Asia,and large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths,西哥特人,the Franks,the Angles and Saxons and the Vandals fled their homelands in northern Europe and were pushed to cross the Danube river into the territory of the Roman Empire.In A.D.476 a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government.,While the Eastern Roman Empire continued,the power of ancient Rome was gone.In its place mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms,which in a few hundred years were to grow into the nations known as England,France,Spain,Italy,and Germany.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries,western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions.,During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.It continued to gain widespread power and influence.In the Late Middle Ages,almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church.Christianity took the lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds of years.,Patterns of Medieval Life,During the Early Middle Ages(ca.500-1000),three traditions,classical,Christian,and,Germanic,became interwoven,ultimately to produce the vigorous new culture of the medieval West.,Germanic tribal people and practices blended with those of classical Rome and Western Christianity to forge the basic economic,social,and cultural patterns of medieval life.,Germanic Law,a collection of customs passed orally from generation to generation,severe,uncompromising,and directed toward publicly shaming the guilty,Germanic Literature,epic poems of the Early Middle Ages reflecting personal valor and heroism,Beowulf,The Song of the,Nibelungen,Song of Roland,The Germanic Tribes,1)a tribal folk who followed a migratory existence;2)dependent on their flocks and herds,lived in pre-urban village communities throughout Asia;3)Lacking the hallmarks of civilization urban settlements,monumental architecture,and the art of writing the Germanic tribes struck the Romans as“barbarians”;4),Ostrogoths,Visigoths,Franks,Vandals,Burgundians,Angles,and Saxons belonged to one and the same Germanic language family.,The Charlemagne Empire,From the final period of the 8th century to the beginning of the 9th century,the Carolingian Dynasty staged many wars to expand its territory.This tendency continued after Charlemagne(742-814)came to the throne.With the continuous combined effort of Charlemagne and his ancestors,the Frank Kingdom covered a vast territory from Ebro in the south to Elbe and Danube in the north,almost as large as that of the Western Roman Empire.,In 768,when Charlemagne was 26,he and his younger brother,Carloman,inherited the kingdom of the Franks.In 771,Carloman,died,and Charlemagne became sole ruler of the kingdom.In 799,when Pope Leo III was expelled by the Roman aristocrats and turned to Charlemagne for help,the latter sent troops into Rome and helped to recover the Popes throne.,Leo III endowed the crown with the title of Holy Roman Emperor to Charlemagne at Saint Peter Cathedral in Rome during the Christmas of 800.The Frank Kingdom thus became the Charlemagne Empire.From then on,he was known to his subjects as“Charlemagne the Great.”,He revived trade with the East,stablized,the currency of the realm,and even pursued diplomatic ties with Baghdad.,Charlemagnes imperial mission was animated by a passionate interest in education and the arts.,Back cover of the,Lindau,Gospels,Charlemagne the Great,once enthroned,tried to restore Roman culture and Roman way of political order.He issued the edict,法令,that the schools be set up in his palace and elsewhere in the Empire and invited the best scholars all over Europe to lecture or teach there.At the same time,he advocated and offered patronage,赞助,to researches into cultural and academic affairs.He asked the church and its monasteries,修道院,to search for lost classical works and run schools in an attempt to wipe out illiteracy and promote cultural development.,He established schools at,Achen,in town monasteries such as that at Saint-Gall in Switzerland,where monks and nuns copied religious manuscripts,along with texts on medicine,drama,and other secular subjects.The scale of this renaissance or“rebirth”of learning is evident in that eighty percent of the oldest surviving classical Latin manuscripts exist in Carolingian copies.,caroline,minuscule,Feudal Life,For safety and for defense,people in the Middle Ages formed small communities around a central lord or master.Most people lived on a manor,领地,which consisted of the castle,the church,the village,and the surrounding farm land.These manors were isolated,with occasional visits from peddlers,pilgrims on their way to the Crusades,or soldiers from other fiefdoms,封地,.In this“feudal”system,the king awarded land grants or“fiefs”to his most important nobles,his barons,and his bishops,in return for their contribution of soldiers for the kings armies.At the lowest echelon,阶层,of society were the peasants,also called“serfs”or“,villeins,.”,隶农,In exchange for living and working on his land,known as the“demesne,”,领地,the lord offered his peasants protection.,Feudalism,Lord,and Vassal,诸侯,Feudalism is a unique system of political and military organization.,derived from Roman and Germanic traditions of rewarding warriors with the spoils of war;involved the exchange of land for military service;provide a rudimentary,基本的,form of local government,Lord:grant a vassal land,provide a court of justice;be hospitable to his vassal,Vassal:owed his lord 40 fighting days a year;contributed ransom if his lord were captured;be hospitable to his lord,Knighthood and Code of Chivalry,In the medieval times,many knights rode out to do battle.They made sieges on other castles,headlong charges into bloody battles,and defended their own castles against sieges.But knights werent always so good at fighting.Knights had to pass long,hard,half boring hours of practice,practice,practice.First they had to be a page.If they did good they became a squire.If squires were worthy they were dubbed and became a knights.,Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.But knighthood had to be earned.,Page squire knight,The knights conduct and manners in all aspects of life were guided by a strict code of behavior called,chivalry,.Chivalry demanded that the knight be courageous in battle,loyal to his lord and fellow warriors,and reverent toward women.,Although the feudal class monopolized land and power within medieval society,this elite group represented only a tiny percentage of the total population.The vast majority of people more than ninety percent were serfs who,along with freemen,farmed the soil.Bound to large farms or manors they provided food in exchange for military protection furnished by the nobility.They owned no property and were forbidden to leave the land.Their bondage to the soil assured them the protection of feudal lords who,in an age lacking effective central authority,were the sole sources of political authority.,The Lives of Medieval Serfs,The medieval fief usually included one or more manors.The average manor community comprised fifteen to twenty families,while a large manor of 5,000 acres might contain some 50 families.,The lord appointed the local priest,provided a court of justice and governed the manor from a fortified residence or castle:wooden structures in eighth and tenth centuries and elaborate stone manor houses with crenellated,城垛,walls and towers in the twelfth century.,The typical medieval manor,The typical medieval manor consisted of farmlands,woodland,and pasture,and included a common mill,wine press,and oven.,Serfs cultivated the major crops of oats and rye on strips of arable land.In addition to the food they produced from fields reserved for the lord,they owed the lord a percentage-a third of their own agricultural yield.They also performed services in the form of labor.,During the Early Middle Ages,serfs made considerable progress in farm technology and agricultural practices.,The Norman Conquest,During the tenth century,the Viking seafarers who had terrorized Charlemagnes lands settled in Northwest France.Within one hundred years,these aggressive,Northmen,or Normans made Normandy one of the strongest fiefs in France.In 1066 under the leadership of William of Normandy,some 5000 men crossed the English Channel;at the Battle of Hastings,William defeated the Anglo-Saxon Duke Harold and seized the throne of England.,The Norman Conquest marked the transfer of power in England from Anglo-Saxon rulers to Norman noblemen who were already vassals of the king of France.The Normans brought feudalism to England.To raise money,William ordered a detailed census of all property in the realm the,Domesday,Book,which laid the basis for the collection of taxes.Under the Norman kingsEngland would become one of Europes leading medieval states.,The Church and the Promise of Salvation,The promise of personal immortality was central to the medieval worldview.The Christian immortality ideology provided a system by which medieval Christians achieved final victory over death.Through the sacraments,a set of sacred acts that impart,赋予,grace(the free and unearned favor of God),medieval Christians were assured of the souls redemption from sin and,ultimately,of immortality in a world to come.The seven sacraments touched every significant phase of human life:At birth,baptism purified the recipient of Original Sin;confirmation,坚信礼,admitted the baptized to full church privileges;,Ordination,授神职利,invested those entering the clergy with priestly authority;matrimony blessed the union of man and woman;penance,悔罪,acknowledged repentance,悔过,of sins and offered absolution,解罪,;Eucharist,圣祭礼，圣餐,the central and most important of the sacraments joined human beings to God by means of the body and blood of Jesus;and finally,just prior to death,extreme unction,傅油礼,provided final absolution from sins.The role of the priesthood in providing such forms of remission,免除,from sin would give the medieval Church unassailable,无法挑战的,power and authority.,The Catholic Church was the only church in Europe during the Middle Ages,and it had its own laws and large coffers,资金,.Church leaders such as bishops and archbishops,大主教,sat on the kings council,委员会,and played leading roles in government.Bishops,who were often wealthy and came from noble families,ruled over groups of parishes called“diocese.”,教区,Parish priests,on the other hand,came from humbler backgrounds and often had little education.The village priest tended to the sick and indigent,十分贫穷的,and,if he was able,taught Latin and the Bible to the youth of the village.,The Power and Prestige of the Medieval Church,In the late Middle Ages only Catholics were considered members of society.Kings,nobles and church officials worked together to rule the people.Since most of the kings and nobles could not read and write,they used clergymen to carry out important government duties.And for centuries,the clergymen were the only teachers,as they were the best-educated men in their day.,During the High Middle Ages,the Catholic Church exercised great power and authority not only as a religious force,but also as a political institution.The papacy took strong measures to ensure the independence of the Church from secular interference,especially that of the emerging European states.Medieval pontiffs,教皇,functioned much like secular monarchs,governing a huge and complex bureaucracy that incorporated financial,judicial,司法的,and disciplinary惩戒性的,branches,部门,.,Over the centuries,Christians had donated and bequeathed to Christendom so many thousands of acres of land that,by the end of the twelfth century,the Catholic Church was the largest single landholder in Western Europe.The Church commanded religious obedience among lay Christians of every rank.,Excommunication,绝罚,(exclusion from the sacraments,圣事,),Interdict,禁罚,(the excommunication of an entire city or state),spiritual penalties,Inquisition,异端裁判所,a special court designed to stamp out heresy.It brought to trial individuals whom local townspeople denounced as heretics.,As secular rulers grew in power among the burgeoning,迅速发展的,nation-states of medieval Europe,the early medieval alliance between Church and state deteriorated.The attempts of kings and emperors to win the allegiance,拥戴,of their subjects especially those in the newly formed towns and to enlarge their financial resources often interfered with papal ambitions and Church decree,法令,.,Pope Boniface VIII(CA.1234-1302),Unam,sanctam(One,and Holy Church):,the Church held primacy over the state,since,while the Church governed the souls of all Christians,the state governed only their bodies.,The Conflict Between Church and State,To express their religious feelings,many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived.The most important of all was Jerusalem.But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims,killing many of them and sold many others as slaves.,Between 1096 and 1272,waves of zealous and adventuresome European Christians set out to do battle with the Muslims.The word Crusade meant“a war of the cross”.,The French,German,and Italians were the European Christians that went on Crusades.,The Crusades:a series of holy wars which went on about 200 years,(the eleventh to thirteenth century),They took vows before going on a crusade.Sometimes during a crusade a knight would forget his vows and ride off or live in the village closest by.,Eight main crusades were launched,each lasting from one to