非谓语动词v-ed_form.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Grammar,The Past Participle,1.,过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻辑主语，在句中可以作,表语、定语、状语和补足语,。,Explanation,2.,v-ed,表示动作已经,完成,或,被动,意义,eg,:,fallen,leaves,落叶,(,已落下的叶子,),eg,:I heard the door,closed,.,我听见门被关上了。,3.,否定式：,not+,v-ed,eg,:He escaped,not seen,by anyone.,过去分词所充当的成分：,一、,作表语,(predicative),1.,过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，其用法相当于,adj.,，放在系动词后面。,eg,:The door remained,locked,till 7 oclock.,eg,:I am,pleased,with the result of the experiment.,(,许多,v-ed,形式已经被当作,adj.,使用,如,:excited,disappointed,moved,puzzled,lost,等,),注意区别：,2.,v-ed,作表语时，与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。,系表结构中的,v-ed,表示：,被动语态中的,v-ed,表示：,主语所处的状态,一个被动的动作,eg,:The cup is broken.,The cup was broken by Tom.,系表结构表状态,被动语态表动作,注意比较：,3.,过去分词,v-ed,和,v-ing,作表语的区别：,过去分词,v-ed,:,现在分词,v-ing,:,表主语,(,人,),所处的心理状态，,个人的感受,.“(,人,),感到,.”,表主语,(,物或人,),所具有的特征,.,“(,物或人,),令人,.”,eg,:surprised/surprising;,encouraged/encouraging;moved/moving.,二、,作定语,(attribute),1.,前置定语,：单个的,v-ed,作定语，一般放在被修饰的,n.,之前；,后置定语,：,v-ed,短语作定语时，常被放在被修饰的,n.,之后，相当于一个定语从句。,eg,:an,honored,guest,一位受尊敬的客人,eg,:The,injured,bird lay on the ground.,eg,:The boy,named,Tom is my brother.,eg,:a letter,written,in blue ink,注意,:,如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词,those,等时，即使是一个单一的分词作定语也要放在被修饰的词之后。,eg,:There was nobody,invited,here.,2.,v-ed,作定语与定语从句的互换,:,(1),若是,vt,.,的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作，且含有被动意义，可改成,v.,用,被动,形式的定语从句。,eg,:The letter,posted,today will reach you in a week.=,The letter,which was posted,today will.,(2),若是,vi.,的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成，不表被动，可改成,v.,用,完成,时态的定语从句。,eg,:a,retired,teacher=,a teacher,who has retired,eg,:the,fallen,leaves=,the leaves,which have fallen,注意：,分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义常用定语从句。,我们一般不说,The girl,having won,the race is my friend.,而常说：,The girl,who has won,the race is my friend.,3.,v-ed,形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：,（,1,）,doing,作定语,-,主动，动作正在进行,（,3,）,done,作定语,-,被动，动作已完成,（,2,）,being done,作定语,-,被动，动作正在进行,（,4,）,to do,作定语,-,将来要发生的动作,（,5,）,having done,-,-,不能作定语，用定语从句代替,注意比较：,eg,:a,broken,cup;some,singing,birds,Exercise:,1.Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.,A.are bought B.bought,C.been bought D.buying,B,2.With a lot of different problems _,the newly-elected president is having,a hard time.,A.settled B.settling,C.to settle D.being settled,C,3.Dont use words,expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge.,A.being known B.having been known,C.to be known D.known,D,4.When I got back,I saw a message _ to the door_“Sorry to miss you;will call later.”,A.pin,read B.pinning,reading,C.pinned,reading D.pinned,read,C.pinned,reading,5.,Ex:,书,P13/1,三、,作宾补,(Object Complement),v-ed,作宾补，表示,被动意义,或,已完成意义,，或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的,被动关系,。,v-ed,作宾补的几大类型的,v.:,1.,在,make,get,have,keep,leave,等使役动词后面作宾补：,eg,:Please,keep,us,informed,of the latest news.,请随时把最新消息告诉我们。,eg,:When you speak,you have to,make,yourself,understood,.,说话时要让人听得懂。,注意：,在,have+n./,pron,.+,过去分词，即,have,sth,.done,这一结构中，,have,通常有三种意义。,eg,:I usually,have,my clothes,washed,on Sundays,but I dont wash my clothes myself.,(1),表示“让某人做某事”，,v-ed,动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语。,eg,:The museum,had,everything,robbed,of in the war.,eg,:I have,had,my bike,repaired,.,(2),表示“遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击”，,v-ed,动作的执行者不是句子的主语，,而是主语受到这种动作的影响。,eg,:The old man,had,his leg,broken,in the accident.,(3),表示通常意义的“有”。,eg,:We,had,a lot of books,left,in the classroom.,2.,在,see,hear,watch,notice,feel,find,think,等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补：,eg,:I,saw,the thief,caught,by the policeman.,eg,:We can,hear,the windows,beaten,by the heavy rain drops.,3.,在,would like,want,like,wish,order,expect,request,等表示“希望，想要、要求”的,v.,后面作宾补：,eg,:The boss,wouldnt,like,the problem,discussed,at the moment.,eg,:We,wished,the problem,settled,at once.,4.在介词,with/without+,n./,pron,.,+,v-ed,结构中。,宾语,宾补,(,宾语和宾补之间有被动关系,),eg,:The thief was brought in,with,his hands,tied,behind his back.,eg,:They left,without,a plate,untouched,.,他们走了，没有一盘菜没动过。,注意：,with/without+n./,pron,.+,v-ed,这一结构在整句话中是作,状语,的，表原因，结果，方式或伴随情况。,注意比较：,v-ed,v-ing,和,to do,作宾补的不同：,v.+,宾,+,v-edv.+,宾,+,v-ing,:,v.+,宾,+(to)do:,表动作已完成，与宾语之间是被动关系。,表动作正在进行或持续动作，与宾语之间是主动关系。,表动作将要发生或表动作全过程，与宾语之间是主动关系。,1.We found the trees _(plant)already.,We found many people _ trees there.,planted,planting,Exercise:,2.Mrs.White found her husband _ by letters and papers and _ very worried.,A.surrounding;looking,B.surrounded;looked,C.surrounding;looked,D.surrounded;looking,四、,作状语,(Adverbial),v-ed,作状语，它与,主句的主语,构成被动关系，表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句。,v-ed,作状语的几大类型,:,(1),作,原因状语,，相当于,as,since,because,引导的原因状语从句,.,eg,:Deeply,moved,by the film,we all cried.=,As we were,deeply,moved,by the film,we all cried.,(2),作,时间状语,，相当于,when,while,before,after,引导的时间状语从句,.,Asked,how he broke into the room,he made no answer.=,When he was,asked,how he broke into the room,he made no answer.,(3),作,条件状语,，相当于,if,unless,once,引导的条件状语从句,.,eg,:,Given,more time,we would do the work better.=,eg,:,If we were given,more time,we would do the work better,(4),作,方式或伴随状语,，可位于句首或句末，可扩充为并列句。,eg,:The actress came in,followed,by her,fans.=,The actress came in,and was,followed,by her fans.,(5),作,让步状语,，有时可以与,although,though,even if,even though,等连用,eg,:Much,tired,my parents still kept on working.=,Although they were,much,tired,my parents still kept on working.,eg,:Though,beaten,by them,we were not discouraged.=,eg,:Though,we were,beaten,by them,we were not discouraged.,注意：,过去分词作状语，有时无被动意味，只表示状态,或是固定搭配。,1.,_ in a white uniform,he looks more like a cook than a doctor.,A.Dressed B.To dress,C.Dressing D.Having dressed,解析：,be dressed in,sth,.,穿着,.,，表状态,2._ with a bill for$10,000,he has taken an extra job.A.Facing B.Having faced,C.To face D.Faced,解析：,be,faced with,sth,.,面对,.,，是固定搭配,比较：,v-ed,v-ing,to do,作状语的用法,(1),v-ed,作状语表示,:,被动的或已完成的动作,(2),v-ing,作状语表示,:,主动的和正在进行的动作，,即动作由句子的主语发出，并和谓,v.,的动作同时发生,(3)to do,作状语表示,:,主动的动作，常作“目的，原因，结果”状语,Exercises:,1._ with other architecture,this building is special.,2._ to other women,she was very lucky.,3._ different cultures,we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.,A.Compared B.Being compared,C.Comparing D.Having compared,A,C,A,