医学论文英文摘要的写作.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,如何撰写医学论文英文摘要,How to Write Abstract of Medical Thesis,in English,广东医学院研究生处,樊翌明,科技文摘的发展,1830,年，,医学总览,在德国创刊，,化学总览,的前身,Canadian Medical Association Journal,（,CMAJ,）率先刊登摘要,1934,年，,化学,开辟“中国化学摘要专栏”,1979,年，,中华医学杂志,率先采用摘要,1982,年，国家标准局发布“,GB3179-82,科技学术期刊编排规则”，规范了文摘的编写要求,英文摘要的意义,联合国教科文组织规定：全世界公开发表的科技论文，不论其文种，必须附有短小精悍的英文摘要,1986,年，发布“,GB6447-86,文摘编写规则”，提出生物医学论著必须附有英文摘要,英文摘要的意义,“关于进一步提高论文英文摘要写作质量,”,的通知（中国科协学发,2002054,号文件）,科协在调研中发现：目前学术期刊中英文摘要绝大多数比较粗糙，距参与国际交流的要求相距甚远,要求规范学术论文的英文摘要的质量标准，提高质量，促进中文学术论文进入国际科技界学术交流主循环,英文摘要的意义,以最少的文字介绍论文的主要观点和内容,是论文的“眼睛”、“中枢”,主要作用：,方便读者阅读,为文献编辑、杂志索引、情报检索提供信息,利于建立文献数据库,英文摘要的分类,1.,报道性摘要（,informative abstract,）,一篇较完整的短文，信息量大,概括论文的主要内容,目的、范围，材料与方法，结果，结论，展望,Intramural,hematoma,of the duodenum,Arch,Surg,.1988 Jan;123(1):54-8,Intramural duodenal,hematoma,in children is one of the least common injuries encountered.Because of the rarity of this problem,there has been little conformity of opinion as to the relative merits of operative,vs,nonoperative,management.We reviewed 182 cases of this condition,of which 168 were taken from the English literature and 14 from our hospital.,Pancreatitis,was the most common associated intra-abdominal lesion(21%),while central nervous system,skeletal,and thoracic injuries(5%)accounted for the major extra-abdominal injuries.Of these cases,121 patients were treated surgically and 61 conservatively.The average hospitalization was 14 days for the surgical group and 11 days for the conservative groupThere were 18 complications in the surgical group.It appears that most patients with intramural duodenal,hematoma,would respond well to conservative management.Surgery should be reserved for those cases that remain obstructed over seven to ten days or have evidence of perforation.,英文摘要的分类,2.,指示性摘要（indicative abstract,）,一般只通报论文主题,有时只报道一个结论,不介绍研究方法与结果,用一般现在时或现在完成时表达,Duplication of the,pinna,(,polyotia,)in a case of,Brachmann,-de Lange syndrome,A rare case of,polyotia,in,Brachmann,-de Lange syndrome(Goodman and,Gorlin,1977)is presented and a method for the surgical correction of the duplicated auricle briefly outlined.A review of relevant literature is included in the discussion.,英文摘要的分类,3.,报道,-,指示性摘要（,informative-indicative abstract,）,详细描述论文主要部分,简单介绍论文次要部分,Ectopic,parathyroid tissue within the,vagus,nerve.Incidence and possible clinical significance,Arch,Pathol,Lab Med.,1988;112(3):304-6A postmortem study of 64,vagus,nerves from 32 children up to 1 year of age was done to determine the incidence of,ectopic,parathyroid tissue.The segments of nerve(average length,2.6 cm),including the entire ganglion,nodosum,were examined using a combination of step and serial sectioning.Discrete solitary collections of,ectopic,parathyroid chief cells were seen in 6%of,vagus,nerves and ranged in diameter from 162 to 360 micron.Confirmation of the nature of the cells was based on the presence of abundant glycogen and positive,immunoreactivity,for,chromogranin,and,parathormone,.,The possible significance of,intravagal,parathyroid tissue is briefly discussed.,英文摘要的分类,4.,结构性摘要（,structured abstract,）,1985,年，加拿大,McMaster,大学临床流行病学,Haynes RB,教授和,Ann Intern,MedHuth,主编倡导,1987,年,4,月，,Ann Intern Med,率先应用,英文摘要的分类,（,1,）,生物医学期刊投稿要求,温哥华格式,目的：,Objective/purpose/aim,方法：,Methods,结果：,Results,结论：,Conclusion,英文摘要的分类,（,2,）英美医学期刊：新的结构性摘要,背景：,Context/Background;,目的,：,O,bjective,设计,：,Design,;,场所,：,Setting,对象,：,Participants,/Samples/Subjects/Patients,处理方法：,Interventions,主要结果,观察：,Main,Outcome,Measures,结果,：,Results,;,结论,：,Conclusions,英文摘要的分类,(3),结构式摘要的书写方法,目的：简要说明研究的目的和意义，一般用,1-2,句话，,最好不要简单重复文题,方法：简述研究的对象、方法、设计方案、观察指标、,资料收集处理、统计学分析等,结果：简要列出主要结果，包括阳性和阴性结果，尽,量用具体数据而不要太笼统,结论：根据研究,目的,和结果得出适当结论，并指出研,究的价值和今后有待探讨的问题,英文标题,(title),的写作,简洁,(brevity),：最少的文字概括,14 words,J,Natl,Cancer Inst,100 letters,Br J Cancer,准确,(accuracy):,准确反映论文内容,清楚,(clarity),：清晰反映具体内容和特色,信息性强,(informative),方便编制索引,(indexing),英文标题的写作,-,注意事项,不要机械地作中英文对译,Study,research,investigation,observation,analysis,等词语是多余的，尽可能省去,在不影响题意的情况下，尽可能省去定冠词和不定冠词,英文标题的写作,-,注意事项,2.,尽量选用特指词和关键词,一个含意常有多种表达方式,肝癌：,hepatocarcinoma,liver cancer/carcinoma,hepatic cancer/carcinoma,liver/hepatic neoplasm,望文生义：,congenital skin webbed fingers,syndactyly,of fingers,Mechanism of,cis,-trans,isomerization,of unsaturated fatty acids in,Pseudomonas,putida,J,Bactetiol,2003;185:1730-3,Effect of antifungal agents on fungi,Revised:,Inhibition of antifungal agents on growth of,Candida,英文标题的写作,-,注意事项,3.,合理安排英译后题目的词序,词序错误是最常见的语法错误,Multiple infection,among newborns,resulting from implantation with,Staphylococcus,aureus,Multiple infection resulting from implantation with,Staphylococcus,aureus,among newborns,英文标题的写作,-,注意事项,4.,学会使用副标题,突出论文某一方面的内容：如病例数、研究方法、研究重点、时间等,表示同位关系,提出疑问,长篇连载论文各分篇的论题,The posterior auricular flap:anatomical studies,Isolated,Crohns,disease of the appendix.Two case reports and a review of the literature,Chronic pain:illusion or pathology?A case report of a vascular,leiomyoma,in the leg,Antimicrobial agents for the dermatologist.I.Beta-,lactam,antibiotics and related compounds.,英文标题的写作,-,结构,1.,短语型：,Pelvic drainage and other risk factors for leakage after,anterior resection in rectal cancer patients,名词短语,Preventing stroke in patients with,atrial,fibrillation,动名词短语,On community health services in the new century,介词短语,英文标题的写作,-,结构,2.,句子型：陈述句、疑问句,Cutaneous,lesions of secondary syphilis are highly,angiogenic,T1,adenocarcinoma,of the rectum:,transanal,excision or radical surgery?,英文标题的写作,-,书写格式,1.,首词第一个字母大写，其余小写,Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy:a prospective randomized double-blind study,2.,每个词第一个字母大写，冠词、连词、,介词小写,Mixed Infection Caused by Two Species of,Fusarium,in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patient,英文标题的写作,-,常见句式,1.,药物治疗,1,）药名,+,in/for,+,病名,2,）药名,+in the treatment/management of+,病名,3,）药名,+treatment/therapy of+,病名,4,）,Treatment of,+,病名,+,with,+,药名,5,）,Use of,+,药名,+in the treatment of+,病名,Levamizole,therapy of SLE,英文标题的写作,-,常见句式,2.,治疗方法,1,）治疗,+in/for+,病名,2,）,治疗,+in the treatment/management of+,病名,3,）,Treatment of+,病名,+by/with+,治疗,Left hepatic,trisectionectomy,for,hepatobiliary,malignancy:results and an appraisal of its current role,英文标题的写作,-,常见句式,3.,诊断方法,1,）方法,+,in/for,+,病名,2,）方法,+in the diagnosis of+,病名,3,）,Assay/detection of,+,方法,+,in,+,病名,4,）,Diagnosis of,+,病名,+by/,with,+,方法,5,）,Detection of,+,病名,+by,+,方法,6,）,Application of,+,方法,+,to,the diagnosis of+,病名,英文标题的写作,-,常见句式,4.,研究结果,Effect/role of X,（处理因素）,on/in Y,（试验效应）,in Z,（试验对象）,Role of,postchemotherapy,surgery in the management of patients with liver metastases from germ cell tumors,Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recurrence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases,英文标题的写作,-,常见名词与介词搭配,Study/studies of/on/in,Observation of/on/in,Report of/on,Survey of/on,Treatment/therapy for/of,Preliminary exploration on,Experience in/with/of,治疗,/,检查方法的名词,+,in/for,+,病名,结构式摘要的写作,-,动词时态,背景：一般现在时，现在完成时（少用）,目的：一般现在时或不定式短语,过程、方法、设计和结果：一般过去时,结论：一般现在时，展望时用将来时，推测和评论时加情态动词，提出建议时可用虚拟语气,Verb Tense,ASM strongly recommends that for clarity you use the past tense to narrate particular events in the past,including the procedures,observations,and data of the study that you are reporting.Use the present tense for your own general conclusions,the conclusions of previous researchers,and generally accepted facts.Thus,most of the abstract,Materials and Methods,and Results will be in the past tense,and most of the introduction and some of the Discussion will be in the present tense.,Be aware that it may be necessary to vary the tense in a single sentence.For example,it is correct to say,White(30)demonstrat,ed,that XYZ cells,grow,at pH 6.8,Figure 2 show,s,that ABC cells fail,ed,to grow at room temperature,and Air,was,removed from the chamber and the mice,died,which,proves,that mice,require,air.In reporting statistics and calculations,it is correct to say The values for the ABC cells,are,statistically significant,indicating that the drug inhibit,ed,.,.,结构式摘要的写作,-,动词时态,虚拟语气一般不用于表示科研所得出的结论,一般用于表示通过结论来向政府、有关组织、患者等对象提出建议,Suggest,propose,等动词表示“提出”、“认为”等含义时不用虚拟语气，引导的宾语从句中动词多用,be likely to,或,can,could,may,等情态动词引导，表示推论有一定的不确定性,结构式摘要的写作,-,动词时态,情态动词,Must,need to,表示肯定性很大,Can,be able to,表示无必然性但有可能性,May,should,表示的可能性较小,结构式摘要的写作,-,人称和语态,不同期刊对人称和语态方面的要求差异很大,被动语态在,1920,1970,年比较流行,目前大多数期刊提倡使用主动语态：表达更为准确，更易阅读,结构式摘要的写作,-,人称和语态,“作者”表达,We,：摘要开头或结尾,The,author(s,),The results,this study/report/paper,/article/analysis/assay,4.,被动语态,结构式摘要的写作,-,修辞,1.,目的不要与文题重复，要有所变化，补充一些细节,2.,可用动词的情况应尽量避免应用动词的名词形式,Her-2,oncogene,amplification in prostate cancer was measured,Measurement of Her-2,oncogene,amplification in prostate cancer was made,3.,正确使用定冠词和不定冠词,4.,可数名词尽可能使用复数形式,结构式摘要的写作,-,修辞,5.,尽量避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词,sections of formalin-fixed and,paraffn,-embedded tissues,6平行结构的每个成分必须对等,T analyze the new proposed classification and,determining,which classification was clinically useful,7.,同类事物进行比较,The survival of patients with,MSI+phenotype,was better than,MSI-Phenotype,结构式摘要的写作,-,文体,客观叙述方法和结果，避免使用带感情色彩或广告式宣传的词,如：,The staining yields,excellent,results,2.,使用正式文体，不用口语体和非规范缩写词,如：,isnt,arent,hadnt,exam,，,lab,，等,3.,造句时尽量使动词靠近主语,The results that 53%of were,immunoreactive,for CD34,are,in contradiction with these observations.,The results are in contradiction with these observations because 53%of our,结构式摘要的写作,-,文体,4.,尽量应用重要事实开头，避免短语或从句开头,如：,In the present study,during acute infection,MCMV tended to infect GFAP-positive filial cells in the,periventricular,area.,5.,只限表示新消息、新内容，应减少或取消对过去研究情况的描述，不包括作者对未来的计划,如：“有关,XX,方面的研究有待于进一步开展”等,结构式摘要的写作,-,文体,6.,省略,1,）并列复合句：后面分句中的相同部分，可以省略,The duration of mechanical ventilation in non-survivals was 10 days,and in survivors 8 days2,）谓语动词省略，省略处可用或不用逗号分开,如：,Despite vaccination,one patient developed,pneumococcal,menigitis,and another,pneumococcal,bacteremia,3,）状语从句中，主句与从句主语一致，且谓语含有,be,，从句的主语和,be,可以省略,Hypercalciuria,was considered as a secondary condition when associated with familial renal tubular acidosis,结构式摘要的写作,-,文体,7.,避免使用没有逻辑主语的分词短语做状语,如：,Following his advice,the bacteria were stained with,thionin,Following his advice,we stained the bacteria with,thionin,In accordance with his advice the bacteria were stained with,thionin,结构式摘要的写作,-,文体,8.,尽量用短语代替子句，用单词代替短语,has been found to increase,increased,was considered to be,was,it would seem that,seemingly,through the use of/by means of,through/by/with,It is clear that,clearly,In order to/with a view to,to,bring all this to a conclusion,conclude,take into consideration,consider,with regard to,about/concerning,结构式摘要的写作,-,标点符号,英文中没有顿号“、”、,“,”,和,“。”,2.,多重单句可用分号“,;”,隔开，分号后单词首字母小写,3.,一般不用逗号连接只有两个并列的成分或句子,4.,两个对等形容词修饰一个名词时，可用逗号连接,结构式摘要的写作,-,标点符号,5.,冒号可用于引出一系列并列的成分或句子,1,）冒号前是完整句子，冒号后成分,(,或句子,),是说明前句中某一成分的细节,如：,The patients were divided into three groups:normal weight,mildly obese and markedly obese,2,）冒号前不是完整句子，冒号后是前句中所残缺的成分,如：,Expression of,cyclin,Dl mRNA was determined by Northern blot in:normal,lymphnode,lymphoid hyperplasia and mantle zone lymphoma,结构式摘要的写作,-,其他注意事项,1.,句首的数字不用阿拉伯数表示,如：,16 cases,，,Sixteen cases,，或,A total of 16 cases,2.,细菌、病毒、动植物的拉丁学名、统计学符号、基因,符号、内切酶,(,前,3,个字符,),等应用斜体,Malassezia,pachydermatis,P,3.,注意字符间空格是在标点符号之后,4.,文稿要隔行打印，以便修改,结构式摘要的写作,-objective,1.,研究,/,了解型：,To study/develop/evaluate/obtain,/assess/probe/investigate.effect/relationship,/method/expression/basis/mechanism,2.,探讨型：,To investigate/study/explore/probe into,/determine/discuss/evaluate/analyze/assess,/inquire into/measure/review/clarify/ascertain.,3.,评价型：,To evaluate/assess/,eatimate,.,4.,阐明型：,To reveal/clarify.,5.,比较型：,To compare.with,结构式摘要的写作,-objective,6.,回顾型：,To review/study/investigate.,7.,建立型：,To establish/develop/create/set up/construct.,8.,提高型：,To increase/improve.,9.,寻找型：,To search for/discover/,asertain,/find(out).,10.,观察型：,To observe/assess.,11.,报告型：,To report.12.,分析型：,To determine/analyze/evaluate.,13.,总结型：,To summarize/sum up.the experience in,14.,调查型：,To investigate.,结构式摘要的写作,-methods,1.,分组,were randomly divided intogroups,were separated into groups,The groups were as follows:,2.,检查、治疗,was done/performed/carried out in/on patients,patients underwent,结构式摘要的写作,-methods,3.,研究方法,Using/by using/employing,by/with/through,was used/employed/applied to do,4.,剂量,Each/in a dose;daily dosage,the dosage in a day,The initial dose/dosage;the/a total dose/dosage(of),结构式摘要的写作,-methods,5.,疗效,Curative/therapeutic effect/efficacy;effectiveness,Efficacy of the treatment/drug,Good therapeutic/curative effect/result;respond well to,Criteria to test the efficacy/effectiveness,结构式摘要的写作,-results,1.,常用句型,The results showed that,It was found/observed that,demonstrated a significant improvement in,value returned to(preoperative levels,remained at a mean of,结构式摘要的写作,-results,2.,相关性,was,closely,related to,associated/correlated,positively,with,showed no strong correlation between and,A negative correlation was found between and,No significant differences were observed between and,结构式摘要的写作,-results,3.,数量增减,decreased by(30%),(a 20%)reduction in was observed.,There was a(50%)elevation in,resulted in(a marked)increase in,was lowered fromto,Increase,elevation(elevate),rise,raise,Decrease,reduction(reduce),decline,drop,fall,lower,结构式摘要的写作,-conclusion,These results/findings/observations suggest/indicate,/confirm/imply/demonstrate/illustrate that,The results support the concept that,The data show the need for,We conclude/suggest/believe/postulate that,It is concluded/suggested/recommended,/estimated,结构式摘要的写作,-conclusion,These results accord with,The results agree well with,The results are concordant/consistent with,From this study,we conclude that,These findings,coupled with the observation that,suggest that,In the light of this experience we therefore conclude that,结构式摘要的写作,-conclusion,The mechanism by which remain obscure.,It is not clear whether,Further studies are to be done on,It can be expected that,should be further explored/investigated.,It is necessary to make/carry out deeper study on,Thanks,！,thanks！,