三module5Grammar.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,M5,Grammar,1.,定义：,又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰名词或代词，起定语作用。,2.,先行词：,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。,3.,关系代词,关系副词：,引导定语从句的词。,关系代词,关系副词,who,whom,whose,which,that,when,where,why,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语,在定语从句中作状语,一：定语从句,(Attributive Clauses),A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.,句子主干：,定语从句：,先 行 词：,关系代词：,A dictionary is a book.,which gives the meaning of words,book,which,Attributive Clauses Analysis,4.,分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句,限定性定语从句是句中,不可缺少的组成部分,，使先行词区别于同类其他事物；主句和从句之间,不用逗号,隔开。,非限定性定语从句是,对主句先行词的补充说明,，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整。一般,用逗号,把主句和从句分开。,引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作,宾语,时一些关系代词,可以省略。,引导词：,as,who,whom,whose,which,of which,when,where,等，,不用,that,或,why,不能省略。,指代内容,所做成分,是否可省略,that,which,who,whom,whose,关系代词的用法,人；物,物,人,人,(,人,/,物,),的,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,可省,不可省,1.who,指人，作主语或宾语,(,作宾语可省略）,A person,who,steals things is called a thief.,2.whom,指人，作宾语,(,作宾语可省略，如介词提前则不能省,),The man,(whom/who),I talked to is Mr.Li.,The man to,whom,I talked is Mr.Li.,3.whose,在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。,whose,多指人，也可指物，指物时可与,of which,互换使用。,He has a friend,whose,father is a doctor.,2.The classroom,whose door,is broken will soon be repaired.,=The classroom,the door of which,is broken will soon be repaired.,4.,which,指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。,He likes to read books,which,are written by foreign writers.,This is the pen,(which),he bought yesterday.,5.,that,指人时，相当于,who,或,whom,；指物时，相当于,which,。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。,Where is the man,that/whom,I saw this morning?,The season,that/which,comes after spring is summer.,1),限制性定语从句中先行词为,all,everything,anything,nothing,none,few,little,some,等不定代词指物时。,(something,用,that,或,which,均可,),There seems to be,nothing,that,is impossible to him in the world.,that,和,which,在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用,that,而不用,which,。,(2)There be,句型中用,that,。,Thereisa,book,onthedesk,that,belongstoTom.,(3),先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。,This is,the first,book,(that),he has read.,This is,the best,film,(that),I have ever seen.,(4),先行词是,who,或,which,引导的主句。,Who is,the girl,that,drove the car?,Which,is the T-shirt,that,fits me most?,(5),当先行词既有人又有物。,They talked about,the persons and things,that,they remembered at school.,(6),先行词被,all,every,no,some,any,little,much,the only,the very,the last,just,right,等修饰。,This is,the very,book,that,belongs to him.,(1),紧跟介词作宾语,There are many trees,under,which,they can have a rest.2),在非限制性定语从句中（下节课重点介绍）,Football,which,is a very popular game,is played all over the world.,(3),作定语,He may be late,in,which,case,we should wait for him.,一般用,which,而不用,that,的情况。,指代内容,所做成分,是否可省略,when,where,why,关系副词的用法,不可省略,时间,地点,原因,状语,状语,状语,when,在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往往是表示时间的名词。相当于,介词,+,which,。,若定语从句缺主语或宾语，需用,which,或,that,引导定语从句。,Ill never forget the day,when,I joined the league.,Ill never forget the time,which/that,was spent with you.,on which,where,在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词往往是表示地点的名词。相当于,“,介词,+,which,”。,若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用,which,或,that,引导定语从句。,This is the house,where,I lived two years ago.,The library,(which/that),you visited yesterday was built in 1990.,in which,where,引导的定语从句也可以修饰,case,condition,situation,instance,等先行词。,Can you think of a,situation,where,this word can be used?,why,在定语从句中作原因状语，常位于,reason,之后，相当于,for which,。,The reason,why/for which,he refused the invitation is quite clear.,the reason whyis that,的原因是,The reason why,he resigned,was that,he quarreled with his boss.,在,the reason why,结构中，,why,引导,定语从句,，它也可以换为,for which,或者省略,。在从句中作,原因状语,。,如果关系代词指代先行词,reason,在从句中,作主语、宾语、表语,等时，则用,that,或,which,。,3.,the,reason is that,结构中，只能用,that,引导,表语从句,，不要受汉语的影响，误用,because,。,Note,二：非限制性定语从句,1.,概念：,只是对主句内容，或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的,关系代词,有,as,，,which,，,who,，,whom,，,whose,等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。,关系副词,有,when,，,where,等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。,Her brother,who is now a soldier,always encourages her to go to college.Her brother,who is now a soldier,always encourages her to go to college.,（她还有其他哥哥。）,（她只有一个哥哥。）,比较,2.,非限制性定语从句的用法：,1.,）,which,引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分，,that,不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。,Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.,那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。,2.,）,有时,as,也可用作关系代词。,3.,）,在非限定性定语从句中，用,who,whom,代表,人,，用,which,代表,事物,。,4.,非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。,He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me,.,他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。,3,：,as,和,which,引导非限制性定语从句的,区别,）,which,引导的从句只能放在主句后；,as,引导的从句可放在句首、句中或句尾。,As,is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every,month.,He wasnt unconscious,as,could be judged from his eyes.,2.,）,which,既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容，相当于,“,and this”,或,“,and that”,，译为“这一点”。,as,只能代指整个主句的内容，常带有,“正如”之意，且已形成固定结构。,as is known,as is reported,as is said,as is expected,as we know,etc.,He didnt come to attend the meeting,as had been expected,.,3.,）,as,在从句中作主语，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；而,which,则不一定。,The,man is very learned,as is,described,in the book.,4.,）先行词前有,the same,such,限定时，关系词只能用,as,。,Dont,read,such,books,as,are beyond your ability.,5.,）主从之间存在逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往用,which,。,Tom was late for school again and again,which,made his teacher very angry.,定语从句中关系词省略的,6,种情形关,系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制,性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句,中，关系词则不可省略。,4,：定语从句关系词省略的,6,种情形,一、关系代词作宾语时的省略,当关系代词,who,whom,which,和,that,在定语,从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的,介词宾语时，可以省略。如：,Who is the man(that/who/whom)you,were talking to?,刚才和你讲话的人是谁,?,二、关系代词作表语时的省略,当关系代词,that,在定语从句中用作表语时，,可以省略。如：,China is not the country(that)it was.,中国已不是过去的中国了。,(,that,作表语,),三、关系代词作宾补时的省略,当关系代词,that,在定语从句中用作宾语补,足时，可以省略。如：,Im not the mad man(that)you thought me.,我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。,(that,作宾语补语,),四、关系副词,when,的省略,用作时间状语的关系副词,when,通常不能,省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于,day,year,time,等少数几个词后时可以省略,(,也,可换成,that,),。如：,Ill never forget,the day(that),we met.,我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。,五、关系副词,where,的省略,用作地点状语的关系副词,where,通常不能,省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于,place,somewhere,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,少数几个词后时可以省略,(,也可换,成,that,),。,如,：,This is the place,(where/that),they met yesterday.,这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。,六、关系副词,why,的省略,关系副词,why,通常只用于,the reason,后引导,定语从句，且通常,可换成,that,或,for which,，,均可省略,。如：,Thats the reason,(why,for which,that),he,came.,这就是他来的原因。,1.Its helpful to put children in a situation,_ they can see themselves,differently.(2009,福建,),A.that B.when,C.which D.where,2.The house I grew up _ has been,taken down and replaced by an office,building.(2009,江西,),A.in it B.in,C.in that D.in which,实战高考,3.Gun control is a subject _ Americans,have argued for a long time.(2009,陕西,),A.of which B.with which,C.about which D.into which,4.A person _ e-mail account is full,wont be able to send or receive any,e-mails.(2009,天津,),A.who B.whom,C.whose D.whoever,5.I have reached a point in my life,_ I am supposed to make,decisions of my own.(2009,浙江,),A.which B.where,C.how D.why,6.I refuse to accept the blame for,something _ was someone elses,fault.(2010,全国,II),A.who B.that,C.as D.what,7.Stephen Hawking believes that the,earth is unlikely to be the only planets,_ life has developed gradually.,(2010,福建,),A.that B.where,C.which D.whose,8.Ive become good friend with several of,the student in my school _ I meet in,the English speech contest last year.,(2010,湖南,),A.who B.where C.when D.which,9.Thats the new machine _ parts,are too small to be seen.(2010,山东,),A.that B.which,C.whose D.what,10.Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.(2010,上海,),A.on which B.by which,C.to which D.from which,11.A bank is the place _ they lend,you an umbrella in fair weather and,ask for it back when it begins to rain.,(2011,浙江,),A.when B.that C.where D.there,12.The days are gone _ physical,strength was all you needed to make,a living.(2011,天津,),A.when B.that,C.where D.which,13.She showed he visitors around the,museum,the construction _ has,taken more than three years.,(2011,江西,),A.for which B.with which,C.of which D.to which,14.The prize will go to the writer _,story shows the most imagination.,(2011,全国新课标,),A.that B.which,C.whose D.what,15.There is much truth in the idea _,kindness is usually served by frankness.,(2012,上海,),A.why B.which C.that D.whether,16.Sales director is a position _,communication ability is just as,important as sales.(2012,重庆,),A.which B.that C.when D.where,17.A lot of language learning,has,been discovered,is happening in the,first year of life,so parents should talk,much to their children during that,period.(2012,安徽,),A.as B.it C.which D.this,18.After the flooding,people were suffering,in that area,_ urgently needed,clean water,medicine and shelter to,survive.(2012,江苏,),Awhich B.who C.where D.what,19.Many countries are now setting up,national parks,animals and plants,can be protected.(2013,北京,),A.when B.which,C.whose D.where,20.The book tells stories of the earthquake,through the eyes of those _ lives,were affected.(2013,福建,),A.whose B.that,C.who D.which,Thank you.,