大学英语语法重点.ppt

Click to edit Master text styles,*,*,*,英语中的“名词性从句”,一、引导名词性从句的连接词,在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(,Noun Clauses）。,名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任,主语,、,宾语,、,表语,、,同位语,、,介词宾语,等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为,主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句,和,同位语从句。,引导名词性从句的,连接词,可分为三类：,连接词：,that,whether,if(,不充当从句的任何成分）,连接代词：,what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.,连接副词：,when,where,how,why,不可省略的连词：,1.介词后的连词,2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。,That she was chosen,made us very happy.,We heard the news,that our team had won,.,whether,与,if,均为“是否”的意思。,但在下列情况下，,whether,不能被,if,所取代：,1.,whether,引导主语从句（包括从句在句首的位置）应当用,whether，,不用,if，,如：,Whether it is true,remains a problem.,Whether he will come,I am not sure.,2.引导表语从句用,whether，,不用,if，,如：,The question is,whether you should accept it,.,3.,whether,可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而,if,则不能，如：,Im not interested in,whether theyll go or not,.,It depends on,whether we have got enough money,.,4.,whether,可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而,if,则不能，如：,I didnt know,whether to laugh or to cry,.,She hasnt decided,whether to go or not,.,5.,引导同位语从句用,whether，,不用,if，,如：,The question,whether hell attend the meeting,is vital.,大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可置于句末，用,it,充当形式主语。,It is not important who will go.,二、名词性,that-,从句,1）由从属连词,that,引导的从句叫做名词性,that-,从句。,that,只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。,名词性,that-,从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：,主语：,That he is still alive,is sheer luck.,宾语：,John said,that he was leaving for London on Wednesday,.,表语：,The fact is,that he has not been seen recently,.,同位语：,The fact,that he has not been seen recently,disturbs everyone in his office.,形容词宾语：,I am glad,that you are satisfied with your job,.,2）,that-,从句作主语通常用,it,作先行词，而将,that-,从句置于句末，例如：,It is quite clear,that the whole project is doomed to failure,.,Its a pity,that you should have to leave,.,a.It+be+,形容词+,that-,从句,It is necessary that,有必要,It is important that,重要的是,It is obvious that,很明显,b.It+be+-ed,分词+,that-,从句,It is believed that,人们相信,It is well known that,从所周知,It has been decided that,已决定,c.It+be+,名词+,that-,从句,It is common knowledge that,是常识,It is a surprise that,令人惊奇的是,It is a fact that,事实是,d.It+,不及物动词+,that-,分句,It appears that,似乎,It happens that,碰巧,It occurred to me that,我突然想起,用,it,作形式主语的,that-,从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：,三、名词性,wh,-,从句,1）由,wh,-,词引导的名词从句叫做名词性,wh,-,从句。,wh,-,词包括,who,whom,whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever,等连接代词和,where,when,how,why,等连接副词。,wh,-,从句的语法功能除了和,that-,从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：,主语：,How the book will sell,depends on its author.,直接宾语：,Dont put off,what you can do today,till tomorrow.,间接宾语：,The club will give,whoever wins,a prize.,表语：,My question is,who will take over the president.,宾语补足语：,She will name him,whatever she wants to,.,同位语：,I have no idea,when he will return,.,形容词宾语：,Im not sure,why she refused their invitation.,介词宾语：,That depends on,where we shall go,.,2）,wh,-,从句作主语也常用先行词,it,做形式主语，而将,wh,-,从句置于句末，例如：,It is not yet decided,who will do that job,.,四、,if,whether,引导的名词从句,1）,yes-no,型疑问从句,从属连词,if,whether,引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为,yes-no,型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和,wh,-,从句的功能相同，例如：,主语：,Whether the plan is feasible,remains to be proved.,宾语：,Let us know,whether/if you can finish the article before Friday,.,表语：,The point is,whether we should lend him the money,.,同位语：,They are investigating the question,whether the man is trustworthy,.,形容词宾语：,Shes doubtful,whether we shall be able to come,.,介词宾语：,I worry about,whether he can pass the exams,.,2）选择性疑问从句,选择性疑问从句由关联词,if/whetheror,或,whetheror not,构成,如,:,Please tell me,whether/if they are Swedish or Danish,.,I dont care,whether you like the plan or not,.,五、否 定 转 移,1)将,think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine,等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。,I dont think I know you.,我想我并不认识你。,I don t believe he will come.,我相信他不回来。,注意,：,若谓语动词为,hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。,I hope you werent ill.,我想你没有生病吧。,2)将,seem,appear,等后的从句的否定转移到前面。,It doesnt seem that they know where to go.,It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.,3)有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。,I dont remember having ever seen such a man.,我记得从未见过这样一个人。(,not,否定动名词短语,having),4)有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。,The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(,否定状语),1.,It now appears _ they are in need of help.,A.that B.which C.what D.how,2.It is good news _ they will arrive in a few days.,A.which B.what C.that D.how,3.It _ Joe drives badly.,A.thought that B.thinks that,C.is thought which D.is thought that,4.It _ he is late for class.,A.may that B.might that,C.may be that D.might be what,5.,This is _ she was born.,A.where B.which C.that D.what,6.The question is _ we cant go there today.,A.that B.what C.which D.when,7.The question is _ it is worth doing.,A.if B.whether C.which D.what,8.The reason he has made such great progress is _ he has never wasted his time.,A.because B.why C.that D.what,9.,My suggestion is _ we should turn the land into rice fields.,A.what B.that C.which D.where,10.His proposal is that the dam _ at the foot of the mountain.,A.build B.will build C.be built D.will be built,11.My advice is that he _ regular house.,A.keep B.would keep C.keeps D.kept,12._ knows the truth will tell you about it.,A.Who that B.Whoever C.Whom that D.That who,13.,We all know the truth _ the earth goes round the sun.,A.that B.which C.what D.whether,14.We heard the news _ our team had won.,A.which B.that C.what D.where,15.The problem _ it is right or wrong has not yet been decided.,A.which B.that C.whether D.if,16.You must do well _ the teacher asks you to do.,A.which B.what C.that D.where,主语从句常用,it,作形式主语放句首,因而我们常见到这种句式：,It+ben./adj,./-ed,从句（,that,whether,etc.),例：,It,s a pity,that you should have to leave.,=,That you should have to leave,is a pity.,It,is great,that I have a teacher like you,.,=,That I have a teacher like you,is great.,.,主语从句的连接词,一、主语从句,连词,that(,无词义,不作成分,不能省略,);whether(,是否,),if,不能位于句首。,That he will come and help us,is certain.,Whether we will succeed,is still a question,.,It is not known,if he will come.,注意,:,已确定的事由,that,引导,;,没决定的事由,whether,引导,.,3.,连接副词,when,where,，,why,how,how long,how often,how soon,how far,how many/much,等,.,When the test will be given,is not yet decided.,How much we can spend,must be agreed on.,2.,连接代词,what,whatever,who,whoever,whose,which,whichever,等,.,What he is,has nothing to do with you.,Whose ticket this is,has not been found out.,特殊句式,1.I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full,A.it B.that C.these D.them,2.I feel _ strange that he should be so careless.,A./B.it C.that D.how,3.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey.,（,MET92,）,A,while B.that C,if D,for,同位语从句,在一个更长的句子中作同位语使用的句子叫同位语从句。,同位语与其前的词或短语表达的是同一事物。如：,The fact,that she is ill,should be considered.,The news,that our team has won the match,is true.,His delay is due to,the fact,that the car went wrong halfway.,同位语从句,同位语从句一般跟在名词,fact,news,promise,truth,belief,thought,idea,answer,information,doubt,knowledge,hope,law,opinion,plan,suggestion,后面,用以说明或解释前面的名词,.,The Differences Between,Appositive clauses and Attributive Clauses,怎样区别同位语从句与定语从句,同位语从句与定语从句的,不同之处,1,、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步,说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、,限定前面的名词。,e.g.The news,that our team has won the final,match,is,encouraging.,（,从句说明“消息”的内容：,我们队取得了决赛胜利。）,The news,that you told us,is really,encouraging.,（,从句对“消息”加以限定：是,你告诉我们的,，,而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）,2,、引导从句的关联词,that,的功能不同：,that,引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的,that,是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。,e.g.1),Dad made a promise,that,he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test.,（,that,不充当任何成分）,2)Dad made a,promise,that,excited all his children.,（,that,指代,promise,，,又在从句中充当主语。）,高一英语语法同步辅导,3,、,that,引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，故,不能用,which,替换；而,that,引导定语从句时是,代词，常可以和另一关系代词,which,替换。,e.g.The fact,that,he is from Canada,is new to me.,（,that,不可换为,which,）,The fact,that,surprised me,is,that,he is not Chinese,.,（,第一个,that,可换为,which,，,第二个不行，因为它引导的是表语从句。）,4,、引导同位语从句的关联词，除,that,外，还可,以根据句义使用任何其它疑问代词或副词；,而定语从句不可用,what,how,whether,等引导。,e.g.I had no idea at all,what I should do next.,There is no proof,whether he was killed by others,.,同 位 语 从 句,定 语 从 句,引导词,that,只起连接的作用,不充当句子成分,引导词,that,除了引导句子外还,充当,一定的句子成分,同位语从句与前面的名词是,同位关系,表示这个名词的内容,定语从句对先行词起修饰作用，,表示“,的”。,同位语从句的,that,一般不能省,而定语从句中的关系代词,that,，,当其在从句中做宾语时,，,常,省略,一,.,同位语从句,PK,定语从句,Practice,I.,Tell the function of the clauses in the following sentences,说出下列从句的功能：,A:Appositive,（,同位语）,;,B:Attributive,（定语）,1.His proposal,that we go there on foot,is acceptable.,2.Many teachers hold the view,that teenagers should not spend,too much time online,.,3.The first request,that he made,was to ask for freedom.,4.Do you have any idea,where we will be sent,?,5.Is this the company,where your father works,?,6.This is the reason,that he gave for his absence,.,7.He made an excuse,that his car broke down on,the way,.,1.The news _ another power station will be built cheered all the villagers.,A which B that C what D whatever,2 The news _ he told us is exciting.,Which of the following is wrong?,A what B C which D that,Exercises,B,A,II.Choose the best answer,1.They expressed the hope _they would come over to China.,A.which B.that C.whom D.when,2.The fact_ he didnt see Tom yesterday is true.,A.that B.which C.when D.what,3.I have no idea _he will come back.,A.where B.when C.what D.that,B,A,B,4.The news _ surprised everybody yesterday now proves to,be false.,A.that B.when C.what D.how,5.One of the men held the view _ the book said was right.,A.what that B.that which,C.that what D.which that,6.Word has come _ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week.,A.what B.whether C.that D.which,A,C,C,what,与,that,在引导主语从句时的区别,what,引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而,that,则不然。,What,引导的主语,从句一般不可改为含形式主语的句子。例如：,1),What,you said yesterday,is right.,2),That,she is still alive,is certain.,It is right what you said yesterday.,It is certain that she is still alive.,4._ I cant understand is why he has changed his mind.,5._the earth is round is known to us all.,归纳：,What,That,连词,_,在从句中不作成分，不含有疑问意义，而,_,在从句中作成分，常含有疑问意义。,that,what,1,）,_ you dont like him is none of my business.,A.What B.Who,C.That D.Whether,例句：,2)_ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.,A.What B.That,C.The fact D.The matter,3)Theres a feeling in me _ well never know what a UFO is-not ever.,A.that B.which,C.of which D.what,A,A,2.,Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests.,A.anyone B.whomever,C.whoever D.no matter who,3.These wild flowers are so special,I,would do _ I can to save them.,A.whatever B.that,C.which D.whichever,4.It is generally considered unwise to give a child_ he or she wants,.,A.however B.whatever,C.whichever D.whenever,5._ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights,.,A.Anyone B.The person,C.Whoever D.Who,定语从句考点例析,Have a try,指出关系代词（副词在定语从句中的成份：,1.The man,who,came to our school is Mr.Wang.(),2.The girl,(whom),I met is Lucy.(),3.A child,whose,parents are dead is called Tom.(),4.I like the book,(which),you bought yesterday.(),主语,宾语,定语,宾语,5.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone,whose,family was poor.(),6.I like the person,to whom,you just talked.,(),7.We shall never forget the days,(that),we spent together.(),8.We shall never forget the days,when,we lived together.(),定语,介宾,宾语,状语,考点：,that,和,which,以下情况，引导词用,that,，,不用,which,。,1.,先行词为不定代词,everything,，,little,，,much,，,all,，,anything,，,nothing,。,e.g.,Finally,the thief handed everything,that,he had stolen.,2.,先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用,that,。,e.g.,This is the best book,(that),Ive ever read.,考点：,that,和,which,3.,先行词被,the only,，,the very,，,the last,修饰时，用,that,。,e.g.,He is the only person,that,I want to see now.,4.,先行词同时指人和指物时，用,that,。,e.g.,We talked about the things and persons,thatwe saw then.,5.,定语从句为解释名词的内容、性质、概念时，需用,that,。,e.g.,A plane is a machine,that,can fly.,考点：连接词,which,的用法,Which,引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。,e.g.,1.She heard a terrible noise,_,brought her heart into her mouth.,A.it B.which C.this D.that,2.The weather turned out to be good,_ was more than we could expect.,A.what B.which C.that D.it,B,B,考点：介词,+,关系代词,*,“,of+which/whom”,可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。,e.g.,1.In the dark street,there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.,A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom,2.He paid the boy$10 for washing the windows,most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,A.these B.those C.that D.which,D,D,关系代词前介词的确定,1.,根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：,e.g.,Is that the newspaper,for which,you often write articles?,2.,根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：,e.g.,Can you explain to me how to use these idioms,about which,Im not sure.,3.,根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：,e.g.,1949 was the year,in which,the PR.C.was founded.,关系代词前介词的确定,4.,非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用,“,数词,/,代词,+of+,关系代词,”,的结构，如：,e.g.,There are 50 students in our class,two-thirds of whom,have been to Beijing.,关系代词前的介词的确定,5.Whose,从句可转换为“,of+,关系代词”型，如：,e.g.They live in a house,whose door opens to the south.,They lived in a house,of which the door,opens to the south.,They lived in a house,the door of which,open to the south.,Can you work them out?,?,?,?,?,?,Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:,1.The sun gives us heat and light,_ which we cant live.,2.The student _ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class.,3.Ill never forget the day _ which she said good-bye to me.,4.Who can give me the reason _ which he hasnt turned up yet?,for,about,on,without,考点,:,关系副词的运用,在限定性和非限定性从句中，,when,的先行词是时间名词，,where,的先行词是地点名词，分别在定语从句中做状语。,e.g.,1.After living in Paris for 50 years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.,A.which B.where C.that D.when,2.It was an exciting moment for these people this year,_ for the first time their team won the World Cup.,A.that B.while C.which D.when,B,D,考点：,as,与,which,引导的定语从句,两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有,时可以互换，但下列情况多用,as,。,1.,关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。,e.g.,As,we all know,the earth is round.,2.当与,such,或,the same,连用时，一般用,as,。,e.g.,Such books,as,you tell me are interesting.,I have the same plan,as,you.,3.,当从句和主句语义一致时，用,as,，,反之则用,which,。,e.g.,She has married again,as,was expected.,She has married again,which,was unexpected,.,4.,as,在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如,be known,，,be said,，,be reported,等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用,which,作主语。,e.g.,She has been late again,as,was expected.,Tom has made great progress,which,made us happy.,Correct the sentences:,1.Im using the pen,which,he bought it yesterday.,2.Is that factory,which,your father once worked in?,3.The man,whom,I spoke is from Canada.,(,去掉,),to,the one,Correct the sentences:,4.I still remember the holidays I stayed with them.,5.Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.,6.Those that havent been to the West Lake will,gather at the school gate.,when,_,who,(that/which),_,Correct the sentences:,7.This is the last time when Ive given you lessons.,8.Soon they came to a farm house,and in front of which sat a small boy.,9.We heard the news which our team won the game.,10.The reason which he explained it sounds reasonable.,_,that,_,that,_,why,it,_,Correct the sentences:,11.Those at the desk want to buy tickets write down,your names.,12.That was the reason because she looked old.,13.Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who give us wonderful English lessons in our school.,14.Taiwan,that we know,belongs to China.,as,who,_,_,_,gives,why,Correct the sentences:,15.It is the one of the best films that have been shown recently.,16.