急救培训英文板.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,FIRST AID,FIRST AID,This is the first help/assistance given to a person who is sick/injured before medical help is obtained,Treatment,BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RESCUSCITATION,DRABC,D is Danger/safety,R is Response,A is for airways(mouth and nose),B is for breathing(chest expansion),C is for circulation(check for the pulse),THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID,1.,Diagnosis,History(Find out what happened,when,where and how),Signs(Physical features you can see on the patient,wound,vomiting,swelling,bleeding),Symptoms(things felt by the patient,pain,discomfort,dizziness etc),2.,Treatment,Preserve life,Prevent condition getting worse,Promote recovery,3.,Disposal,Sending the patient to the hospital or any medical center,SKELETON,This is the framework of the body;its made up of 206 bones.,TYPES,Long bones arms and legs,Hand and foot(27 bones on the hand),SKELETON,Flat bones,skull,ribs,pelvis(these are for protection),Irregular bones,vertebrae(backbone)(26 of them),CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM,The central nervous system controls all voluntary activities and is made up of:,The brain,Greater brain:for consciousness e.g.,CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM,The lesser brain:for balancing,Brain stem:for autonomic nervous system e.g.breathing,The spinal cord to conduct impulses to and from the brain,Nerves to transport impulses to and from the spinal cord,MUSCLES,It is the red flesh of the body,which carries 50%of the total weight of the body.,TYPES,Voluntary muscles those that are controlled by the will e.g.walking,running,stopping,smiling,laughing etc.,Involuntary muscles those that are controlled automatically e.g.breathing,blinking of the eye,FRACTURE,This is the break in the bone,TYPES,Closed fracture(simple fracture),Open fracture(compound fracture),All these fractures can become complicated when the bone breaks and damages other vital organs,FRACTURE,CAUSES,Direct violence(bone breaks directly where force is applied),Transmitted violence(bone breaks away from where force is applied),Muscular action(this is causes by the pulling of muscles),Diseases of the bone,SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS,Pain,Inability,Deformity,SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS,Abnormal movement,Creptus,Irregularity,Swelling and discoloration,Shock due to pain and loss of blood,Shortening,TREATMENT,Check.D R A B C,Stop bleeding if any,Take support,Dress any wounds,Immobilize the fracture so that,You prevent further damage,You lessen pain,You can easily carry the patient to hospital,DISLOCATION,This is the displacement of the bone at a joint,TYPES,Closed,Open,SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS,Severe pain,Deformity,Swelling,Fixation(no movement)at a joint,TREATMENT,Do not try to straighten it,Check.D R A B C,Immobilize just as it is found and take the patient to the hospital,Stop bleeding if any,Take support,TREATMENT,Dress any wounds,Immobilize the dislocation so that,You prevent further damage,You lessen pain,You can easily carry the patient to hospital,WOUNDS,This is a cut or break in the skin,TYPES,Contused wound,(the tissues are burst open by blunt force e.g.a hammer),WOUNDS,Lacerated wound,(the tissues are torn apart by rough surfaces),Incised wound,(these are clean cut wounds using a knife or razor blade),Punctured wound,(these are deep cuts e.g.bullet wound,a nail straight into the skin),DANGERS OF WOUNDS,Loss of blood,There could be internal bleeding,Infections:,The object may transmit infections,Damage to internal parts,TREATMENT,Stop bleeding,Using direct pressure,Using digital points,Using a tourniquet,Wash your hands(wear surgical gloves),TREATMENT,Expose the wound,Apply temporary dressing to prevent infections,Clean the area away and around the wound,Apply a permanent dressing and a pressure bandage,We do this in order to stop infections and bleeding,Send the patient to the hospital,BLEEDING/HEMORRHAGE,Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body,Blood is made up of two things,Plasma fluid,Cells;,Red blood cells carrying oxygen,White blood cells to fight against infections,Platelets which help with clotting,ORGANS OF CIRCULATION AND KINDS OF BLEEDING,Heart to pump blood and has four chambers,Blood vessels,Arteries to carry blood away from the heart,Capillaries to circulate blood around the body,Veins to carry blood back to the heart,TYPES OF BLEEDING,There are two types of bleeding,External bleeding(outside bleeding),Internal bleeding(inside bleeding),TYPES OF BLEEDING,On internal bleeding we have what is called concealed and revealed bleeding.Concealed bleeding is very dangerous because the patient may die if not taken to the hospital in time.,Arterial Bleeding,Bleeding through the artery,blood will come out with pressure and it will be bright red in color because it is rich in oxygen.,Capillary Bleeding,Bleeding through the capillary,the blood will ooze out and can stop on its own.The blood will look dark.,Venous Bleeding,Bleeding through the veins,blood will flow out in a stream and will look dark red in color since it has lost its oxygen.,NOTE:When donating blood,blood will be taken from the person using the veins and will be given to the patient through the veins,.,SIGNS AND SYMTOMS OF BLEEDING,(F.R.I.S),Faintness going into collapse,Rapid thread pulse/weak pulse,Increasing pallor and restlessness,Shallow sighing respiration,METHODS OF STOPPING BLEEDING,Direct pressure(always use a pad),Digital pressure on the pressure points,Temporal arteries found near the ear when bleeding on the head,Sub-clevian arteries found on the collar bone,when bleeding on the upper arm,Brachial arteries found on the upper arm,when bleeding on the lower arm,Femoral arteries found on the groin when bleeding on the leg,Facial arteries found under the chin,when bleeding on the face,Occipital arteries found at the back of the head,when bleeding on the back of the head,The use of an instrument called a tourniquet,The use of an instrument called a tourniquet,Rubber tourniquet,Bandage tourniquet,Plugging,PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING A TOURNIQUET,Apply it where there is only one bone,Always pad the area,Release it after 10-20 minutes and tighten after 15 seconds and if the bleeding has stopped leave the tourniquet loose but dont take it away.,Accompany the patient to the hospital,DANGERS OF TOURNIQUET,Painful,It can cause tissue destruction,It can cause death of the limb,It can only be used where there is only one bone,ADVANTAGES,It can stop bleeding at once,It can stop multiple bleeding on one single limb,It can stop bleeding as you attend to the other patients or other things,It can stop bleeding as you transport your patient to the hospital,SHOCK,This is the reduction of blood circulation affecting the brain,SHOCK,TYPES,Nervous shock cause by fear,pain,bad or good news,Here the patient will have the same volume of blood but has just been drained from the brain to the lower part of the body.How?,Surgical shock caused by loss of blood through injuries,burns,and diseases,SHOCK,SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS,Sweating,Talkative and restless,Face and lips turn pale,Pulse is weak and rapid,Cold and clammy skin(arms and legs),Unconsciousness,Shallow breathing,SHOCK,WHAT TO DO/TREATMENT,Lay patient flat on his back,Check airways,breathing and circulation,Elevate the legs,SHOCK,Cover the patient with a blanket(dont overheat),Give nothing by mouth(absorption of food will not take place,the patient may go to the theatre),Reassure the patient,Send the patient to the hospital,UNCONSCIOUSNESS,This is when the brain has been thrown out of its normal working order.,UNCONSCIOUSNESS,LEVELS OR STAGES,Confusion(you may ask the patient a question but he may give a negative answer),UNCONSCIOUSNESS,Stupor(patient cannot respond but may respond to painful stimulations),Coma(no response in any way).Any person in a coma when getting back to consciousness will go through stupor then confusion and back to normal,CAUSES,Head injury,Concussion,Compression,Electric shock,Epilepsy,Convulsions,Heat stroke,CAUSES,Shock,Extreme Cold,Syncope,Alcohol abuse,Poison,Disease-diabetes,meningitis,cerebral malaria,kidney failure,Hysteria,Asphyxia,TREATMENT,Lay the patient flat on his back,Check the airways,breathing and circulation,Put the patient in a semi prone position(recovery,coma position),TREATMENT,For easy vomiting(in case),For easy breathing,For quick recovery,Send the patient to hospital on a stretcher in a semi prone position,ASPHYXIA,This is when there is interference in the exchange of gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide)in the lungs.,CAUSES,ASPHYXIA,Gases e.g.nitrous fumes,carbon monoxide,sulphurated hydrogen,methane etc.,Electric Shock,ASPHYXIA,Mechanical obstruction e.g.hanging,drowning,choking,false teeth,blood or torque,smothering,Poison(Nervous)e.g.drugs,snake bites etc,SIGNS AND SYMTOMS,Gasping for air,Restlessness,Convulsions will follow,Unconsciousness(less oxygen in the brain),Then breathing will stop,WHAT TO DO,Remove the patient from the cause or the cause from the patient,Lay the patient flat on his back,Check the airways,breathing and circulation,Start artificial respiration,Mouth to mouth,WHAT TO DO,Nose to mouth,Hip roll back pressure,Use instruments,Ambulance bag,Brook airways,Put the patient in a semi prone position and send him to hospital,GASES,Air may become dangerous due to contamination with gases brought about by:,Blasting,Underground fires,Burning of explosives,Stagnant water,Lack of oxygen in ill ventilated area,GASES,NITROUS FUMES:,Liberated when blasting takes place or when burning explosives.,SIGNS;-irritating and watering of the nose and eyes,cough and pains in the chest.,LATE SIGNS:-Breathlessness and spitting,of blood,GASES,CARBON MONOXIDE:Produced in underground fires and when firing of air compressors.,SIGNS;No smell,taste or colour,but very deadly.It causes headaches and giddiness and the legs give away.Victim becomes unconsciousbreathing begins to fail,if not treated,he will die,GASES,SULPHRETTED HYDROGEN:,This is gas released stagnant water.,SIGN;In low concentrations it has the smell of bad eggs.In high concentrations it deaden the sense of smell.,GASES,NOTE:A VERY IMPORTANT WARNING IS IRRITATION OF THE EYES AND WHENEVER THIS WARNING IS GIVEN THE AIR MUST BE REGARDED AS DISTINCTLY DANGEROUS,GASES,Carbon Dioxide(Black Damp),Usually found in disused parts of the mine,may cause suffocation.,SIGNS.Gasping for breath and palpitations,GASES,TREATMENT,Inform the officials,Ventilate the area,GASES,Cover your nose and mouth with a wet mutton cloth or use the gas mask/respirators,Control bleeding if any,GASES,Remove the gassed person to the nearest fresh air.,If breathing has stopped or breathing is poor,start artificial respiration at once.,Mouth to Mouth,Hip roll back pressure method,Ambu bag,CPR mouth piece,GASES,When he is breathing or has started breathing transport him on the stretcher,NOTE:ALL CASES OF GASSING,MUST BE SENT TO HOSPITAL,WHERE THEY WILL BE KEPT FOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS,GASES,REMEMBER THAT SERIOUS SYMPTOMS MAY ONLY DEVELOP HOURS LATER,