初高英语衔接-《英语句子成分及基本结构》3.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,英语句子成分,及基本结构,（一）句子成分的定义,构成句子的各个部分,叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；,主要成分有,主语和谓语,；,次要成分有,表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,（二）,句子的具体成分,主语,（,subject),：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，,主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“,是什么”或“是谁”。,一般由,名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,，也有从句充当的现象。,大多数主语都在,句首。,1,The room,is very clean.,（名词）,2,We,often speak English.,（代词）,3,Eight,is my lucky number.,（数词）,4,To teach them English,is my job,.,（动词不定式）,5,Swimming,is good for our health.,(,动名词）,6.,What we need,is food.,（句子）,7.,The poor,are everywhere in some,countries.,(the+,形容词,),找出下面句子的主语,1.Our school is not far from my home.,2.,To talk with you,is a great pleasure,3.Cleaning the house needs a lot of time.,4.They are our good friends.,5.What he said was right.,6.Eight is a lucky number in China.,谓语,(,predicate),谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语,“,做什么,”,，,“,是什么,”,，,“,怎么样,”,。谓,语,必须是动词,，,体现时态和语态，,一般放在主语之后。谓语,分简单谓语和复合谓语,：,1,、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：,He,practices,running every morning.,2,、复合谓语：由情态动词+,动词原形,或其他助动词加动词,某种形式,构成。,如：,He,can speak,English.,常见情态动词：,can/could,能，可以，可能,may/might,可以，可能,need,需要,must,必须，务必,will/would,表意愿,should,应该,have to,不得不,+,动词原形,作谓语,助动词：帮助构成,时态和语态,，不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。,一般现在时态：,does/do,一般过去时态：,did,一般将来时态：,will/shall,过去将来时态：,would/should,现在完成时态：,have/has,过去完成时态：,had,现在进行时态：,am/is/are,过去进行时态：,was/were,We always,get up,at seven.,They,are talking about,something.,He,went,to the park yesterday.,The boy,can play,guitar very well.,He,doesnt like,speaking Chinese.,I,have seen,the film before.,He,didnt finish,his homework last night.,找出下列句子的谓语,1.,We saw them playing football.,2.Our teacher is telling us something.,3.A blind man was walking slowly.,4.Friends make my life full of excitement.,5.Recently,we have developed the good habit.,6.We must study English very hard.,7.Our country will become stronger.,8.The train had left by 10 last night.,表语,(,predicative),表语用以说明主语,是什么,或,怎么样,，它一般位于,系动词,之后,，构成,主系表,结构，说明主语的状况，性质，特征等。,常见的系动词：,1.,表状态：,be,2.,表感官：,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,3.,表变化：,become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,fall,4.,表持续,保持：,keep,remain,stay,5.,表似乎,像：,seem,，,appear,1 I am,a teacher,.,（名词）,2,I,am,ten.,（,数,词）,3 He became,rich and successful,.,（形容词）,4 Everyone is,here.,（,副,词）,5 They are,at home,now.,（介词短语）,6 My job is,to teach them English.,（,不定式,）,找出下列句子的表语,1.We are the master of our future.,2.The old man felt very sad.,3.Our country will become stronger,4.My father kept silent.,5.Your words seemed right.,6.The drink tastes quite wonderful.,7.In spring the trees turn green.,8.The boy is very clever.,9.No one remains young forever.,10.The girl has become skillful.,11.It doesnt seem quite true.,12.The idea sounds wonderful.,宾语,(,object),宾语,：,表示动作,所涉及,的,对象,，,内容,或,承,受,者,。,宾语,动宾：动词,+,宾语,介宾：介词,+,宾语,例：,readbooks,like,English,The book is good for,us.,1 He is playing,the piano.,（名词）,2 He often helps,me,.,（代词）,3 He likes,to watch TV.,(,动词不定式）,4 He likes,watching TV.,（动词,ing),5.I dont know,what he is talking.,(,句子）,找出下列句子的宾语,My brother hasnt,done his homework.,People all over the world speak English.,How many new words did you learn last class?,Some of the students in the school want,to,go swimming.,The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,宾语补足语,英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思,。,我们把,“,宾语,+,宾语补足语,”,称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。,1 We called him,Dongming,.,（名词）2,We saw him,playing,soccer.,（现在分词）,3 We saw him,play,soccer.(,省,to,不定式,),4,We found math,difficult,.,（,形容词,）,5 Mom makes me,study,all day.,（省,to,不定式）,找出句子中的宾语补足语,She likes the children to read newspapers,and,books in the reading-room.,He asked her to take the boy out of school.,She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.,I saw Mr.,Wang get on the bus.,定语,修饰,名词,或,代词,的词、短语为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：,1 She,is a,beautiful,city.,（形容词）,2 My,beef,noodles is here.(,代词）（名词）,3 The boy,with glasses,is my brother.(,介词短语）,4 I have something,to say.,(,不定式）,找出下列句子的定语,1.The black bike is mine.,2.Whats your name?,3.I have five books.,4.They made paper flowers.,5.The book in the room is Jack.,6.It is a swimming pool.,7.Do you know the sleeping boy.,状语,(,adverbial),状语修饰,动词,、,形容词,、,副词,或,全句,的句子成分,说明,方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的，比较,等,可用作状语的有副词,不定式,分词,介词短语,从句等,。,1.,Tom runs,quickly,.,2.I get up,at six every day,.,3.I play soccer,very well,.,4.,In,the,classroom,the boy needs a pen.,5.,Having,to,finish,his,homework,the boy,needs a pen.,6.The boy needs a pen,to,do,his,homework,.,找出下列句子的状语,1.,We arrived at Shanghai,at six yesterday.,2.,She didnt go to the party because of,the rain.,3,.,Mr,Smith lives in America.,4In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.,5,.,He was so tired that he fell asleep quickly.,6.,I am taller than he is.,同位语,同位语是在名词或代词之后并列,名词,或,代词或名词短语,对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：,We students should study hard.,We all are students.,Carol,an American teacher,will come to our school.,独立成分,有时句子中会有一些与句子,没有语法联系,的成分，称为句子独立成分,感叹词,：,oh,hello,aha,ah,等。,肯定词,yes,否定词,no,称呼语,：,mum,dad,。,插入语,：一些句中插入的,I think,I believe,等。如,:The story,I think,has never come to the end,情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）,:perhaps,也许,maybe,大概,actually,实际上,certainly,当然，等。,1.,简单句、并列句和复合句,句子种类两种分类法,1,、按句子的用途可分四种：,1,）陈述句（肯定、否定）,2,）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）,3,）祈使句,4,）感叹句,2,、按句子的结构可分三种：,1,）,简单句,：,只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语,（或并列谓语）。1,.,He,often,reads,English in the morning.2.,Tom and Mike,are,American boys.3.,She,likes,drawing and often,draws,pictures for,the wall newspapers.,2),并列句,：由并列连词（,and,but,or,等）或分号（；）把,两个或两个以上的简单句,连在一起构成。,e.g.1.You help him,and,he helps you.,2.He wants to go there,but,I dont,3.H,urry up,or,you will be late.,4.This house belongs to Mr.Smith,；,I,t costs millions of dollars.,3,）复合句：含有一个或一个以上,从句,的句子,。复合句包含：,名词性从句、定语从句,，,状语从句,等。,1.,The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures,when they were at the Great Wall.,(,状从）,2.This is the book,that I want,.,（定从）,3.I think,that he is right,.(,宾从）,判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：,We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.,2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.,3.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in,the morning and come back home at seven in the,evening.,4He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.,5.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.,简单句,复合句,简单,句,并列句,复合句,下列句子哪些是正确的？为什么？,1.I like English,my English is very good.,2.I like English and my English is very good.,3.As I like English,my English is very good.,4.I have a house,its windows are very big.,5.I have a house and its windows are very big.,5.I have a house,whose windows are very big.,简单句的五种基本句型,1,主语,+,不及物动词：,(主谓),1 We work.,2 She came just now,3 They went.,常见的不及物动词：,come go work walk swim arrive stay laugh happen,2,主语,+,系动词,+,表语,(,主系表,),系动词,一,be,动词类：,am,、,is,、,are,、,was,、,were,二,表示变化类：,become,、,get,、,turn,、,grow,、,三,感官动词类,:look sound smell taste feel seem,1,He is a student,2 That sounds good.,3 The apple tastes sweet,4 They become rich.,3,主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语,(,主谓宾,）,1 Henry bought a dictionary.,2 Mike ate three cakes,3 She drew a beautiful picture.,4,、,主语,+,谓语（,及物动词,）,+,双宾语（间接宾语,+,直接宾语）,1 My father bought me a car.,=,My father bought a car for me,2 He gave me three yuan,.,=,He gave three yuan,to me,初中阶段常见的给予动词用法有：bring/send/give/take通常加 to sb.buy/make/cook/sing/draw通常加 for sb.,5,、主语,+,谓语（,及物动词,）,+,复合宾语（宾语,+,宾补）,1 We made the baby laugh./happy.2 I heard him sing,.,3 I saw him dance.,4 I found the book interesting.,5 We call him Tom.,6 His father named him Tom.,（叫，称呼）,属于宾语,+,补足语的动词短语有,1 want sb to do sth,2 would like sb to do sth,3 ask sb to do sth,4 tell sb to do sth,5 wish sb to do sth,6 help sb to do sth,7 let/make/have sb do sth,8 see/hear/watch sb do/doing sth,