drugs药物.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Drugs,1.Definition of drug,A drug,is a substance that alters body function.Traditionally,drugs have been derived from natural plant,animal,and mineral sources.Today,most are manufactured synthetically by pharmaceutical companies.A few,such as certain hormones and enzymes,have been produced by genetic engineering.Many drugs,described as over-the-counter(OTC)drugs,are available without prescription.Others require a health care providers prescription for use.,2.Word parts pertaining to drugs,-,lytic,=dissolving,reducing,loosening,anxiolytic,:agent that reduces,anxiety,抗焦虑药,antihemolytic,:agents that prevent,hemolysis,抗溶血药,thrombo,lytic,drug:drugs that are used to dissolve blood clots,（血栓，血小板）溶栓药,-mimetic=mimicking,simulating,模拟，模仿,sympathomimetic,:mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous,system,拟交感神经药,溶解，降低，松散,-tropic=acting,on,作用于,endocrinotropic,:increase,endocrine,促内分泌的,psychotropics,:drugs acting on,mind,精神类药物,anti-=,aginst,antidote:substance that counteracts a,poison,解药,antihypertensive:agents that counteracts high blood pressure,抗高血压药,-troph,营养,T,ropin,激素,contra-=against,contraceptive:preventing,conception,避孕药,alg/o,algi/o,algesi/o=pain=-algia,analgesics:compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of,consciousness,镇痛药（缓解）,chem/o,=chemical,chemotherapy:treatment with,drugs,化疗,hypn/o=sleep=somn,hypnosis:an altered state with increased responsiveness to,suggestion,催眠，催眠术,hypnotic:drugs that induce sleep,安眠药,narc/o=stupor,麻痹，麻木,narcotic:drug that induces,stupor,麻醉剂,pharmac/o,=drug,pharmacy:the science of preparing and dispensing,drugs,药剂学,pyr/o,pyret/o=fever,fire,发热，起火,pyrogen,:a substance that induces fever.These can be either,internal,(,endogenous,内源性的,),or,external,(,exogenous,)to the body.The bacterial substance,lipo/,poly/saccharide,(LPS),脂多糖（脂肪）,present in the cell wall of some bacteria,is an example of an exogenous,pyrogen,.,热源,antipyretic:counteracting,fever,解热药，退烧药,pyrex,ia,:,fever,发烧,tox/o,toxic/o=poison,toxin,antitoxin:an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin,抗毒素（一种抗体）,2.Routes of drug administration,inhalation:administration though the respiratory,system,呼吸系统,as by breathing in an,aerosol,气雾剂,instillation,:liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body,such as into the ear or onto the,eye,滴注,eg.eye drop,滴眼剂,oral:given by mouth;per,os,(,po),口服,rectal:administered by rectal,直肠的,suppository,栓剂,or,enema,灌肠剂。直肠给药,sublingual(SL):administered under the,tongue,。舌下给药,topical:applied to the surface of the,skin,。局部给药,transdermal,:absorbed through the skin,as from a patch placed on the surface of the,skin,。经皮给药,dermo-dermato,皮肤,e.g.epiderm,表皮,Injection:,administered by a needle and syringe described as,parenteral,肠胃外,routes of,administration,。注射,intradermal,(,ID):injected,into the,skin,皮内注射,intramuscular(,IM):injected,into a,muscle,肌肉注射,intravenous:injected into a,vein,静脉内注射,sub,cut,aneous(SC):injected beneath the skin;hypodermic,（皮肤）皮下注射,=hypodermic,皮,皮下组织,肌肉,3.Common drugs and their actions,Analgesics:,alleviate pain,narcotic analgesics,:,麻醉性镇痛剂,decrease pain sensation in central nervous system;chronic use may lead to physical dependence,e.g.morphine,non-narcotic analgesics,:,非麻醉性镇痛剂,act peripherally to inhibit prostaglandins(local hormones);they may also be anti-inflammatory and antipyretic(reduce fever),e.g.,aspirin,Formation of pain,tissue damage or inflammation,pain producing substance,prostaglandin,PG(,前列腺素,),leukotriene,LT,（白三烯）,brady,kinin,（缓激肽）缓慢的,5-hydroxytryptamine,（,5,羟色胺）,interleukin(,白介素,),stimulate sensory nerves,nerve impulse transmitted to nerve center,feeling of,pain,Makes receptor more sensitive to,pain,tachy-,快的,致敏物质,Mechanism of action:,Phospholipids,磷脂,phospholipase,磷脂酶,arachidonic,acid(,花生四烯酸）,cyclooxygenase,(,环氧化酶,),prostaglandin(,前列腺素,),Anesthetics:,reduce or eliminate sensation,麻醉剂,local anesthetics:drugs that can reversibly block generation and transmission of nerve impulses to relieve pain at local site without loss of consciousness,e.g.,lidocaine,general anesthetics:drugs that can inhibit central nervous system and cause temporary loss of,consciousness,e.g,.nitrous oxide,Anticoagulants,抗凝血剂,prevent coagulation and formation of blood clots,e.g.heparin.A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used,in vivo,as a medication for,thrombotic,disorders.Some chemical compounds are used in medical equipment,such as,test tubes,blood transfusion,bags,and,hemodialysis,equipment.,血液透析仪,Antidiabetics,抗糖尿病药,prevent or alleviate diabetes by lowering,glucose,levels in the blood.Some of them,such as,insulin,have to be injected,while others can be administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic,agents,，,口服降糖药,or,oral,antihyperglycemic,agents,.,口服抗高血糖药,Antiemetics,止吐药,An,antiemetic,is a,drug,that is effective against,vomiting,and,nausea,.Anti-emetics are typically used to treat,motion sickness,(,kinet,osis,（运动）,),晕动病,and the,side effects,of,opioid,analgesics,general,anaesthetics,and,chemotherapy,directed against,cancer,Antihistamines,抗组胺剂,Histamine:As part of an immune response to foreign,pathogens,histamine is produced by,baso,phils,（碱性的）（嗜）嗜碱性性细胞,and by,mast cells,found in nearby connective tissues.Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins,in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the affected tissues,.,histology,组织学,histone,组蛋白（存在染色体中）,Histamine exerts its actions by combining with specific cellular,histamine receptors,.The three histamine receptors that have been discovered are designated H1,H2 and H3.,H2 antagonist:H2 histamine receptor is located on,parietal,cells,胃壁细胞,.,When it is agitated by histamine,it call stimulate the secretion of gastric acid.H2 antagonist can decrease gastric acid secretion and treat peptic,ulcer,消化性溃疡,.,Antihypertensives,lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac,output,心脏输出,dilating,vessels,扩张血管,or promoting,excretion,排泄,of water by the kidneys,e.g.,clonidine,and,captopril,卡托普利,(ACE,inhibitor),血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂,angiotensin converting enzyme,anti-infective agents,:kill or prevent the growth of infectious,organisms,抗感染药,antibacterials,抗菌药,:,effective against bacteria,examples are erythromycin,tetracycline and penicillin.,antifungals,抗真菌剂,:,effective against fungi,e.g.,amphotericin,B,antiparasitics,抗寄生虫药,:,effective against parasites,protozoa,worms,antivirals,抗病毒药,:,effective against,viruses,e.g,.,zidovudine,叠氮胸苷,(,HIV),Mechanism of action of,zidovudine,Zidovudine,is a,nucleoside analog,reverse,transcriptase,逆转录酶,inhibitor,(NRTI),a type of,antiretroviral drug,.It was the first approved treatment for,HIV,.AZT works by inhibiting the action of,reverse transcriptase,the,enzyme,that HIV uses to make a,DNA,copy of its,RNA,.Reverse transcription is necessary for production of the viral double-stranded,DNA,which is subsequently integrated into the genetic material of the infected,cell,.AZT also has some ability to inhibit cellular,DNA,polymerase,聚合酶,which is used by normal cells as part of,cell division,.However,AZT has a 100-fold greater affinity for the HIV reverse transcriptase than for the human DNA polymerase,accounting for its selective antiviral,activity.,Antineoplastics,抗肿瘤药,destroy cancer cells;they are toxic for all cells but have greater effect on cells that are actively growing and dividing;hormones and hormone inhibitors also are used to slow tumor growth.,estrogen,雌激素,(,雌的,),乳腺癌需要雌激素的供应,gastrointestinal,drugs,Antidiarrheals,止泻药,:,treat or prevent diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining,Laxatives,泻药，缓泻药,:,promote elimination from the large intestine by retaining water(,hyperosmotics,),promoting intestine peristalsis and softening,stools,hypnotics:,induce,sleep or dull the senses;,muscle relaxants,:,肌肉松弛药,depress nervous system stimulation of skeletal,muscles,骨骼肌,;,used to control muscle,spasms,痉挛,and pain,diuretics,:,利尿剂,promote,excretion of water,sodium,and other electrolytes by the kidneys;used to reduce,edema,水肿,and blood pressure,psychotropics,:affect the mind,alteringmental activity,mental state,or behavior,antianxiety,agents,:,抗焦虑药,reduce or dispel anxiety;tranquilizers;,anxiolytic,agents,Antidepressants,抗抑郁药,:,relieve depression by raising brain levels of neurotransmitters(chemicals active in the nervous system),antipsychotics,:,抗精神病药,act on nervous system to relieve symptoms of psychoses,respiratory,drugs,呼吸道相关药物,Antitussives,:,止咳药,suppress,coughing,Broncho,dilators:,（支气管）支气管扩张药,prevent,or eliminate spasm of the,bronchi(bronchus,单,),(breathing tubes)by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle;used to treat,asthma,哮喘,and,bronchitis,支气管炎,muco,lytic,s,:(,溶解,),化痰药,loosen,mucus to promote its elimination,