1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2011-11-14,#,英汉语言对比,概述,Bear in mind,however,that knowing a foreign language and your subject is not as important as being sensitive to language and being competent to write your own language dexterously,clearly,economically and resourcefully.,(,Newmark,1988:
2、2),切记,与掌握一门外语和相关专业知识相比,译者的语言的敏感度和良好的母语写作能力更为重要。能否翻译好,先要看母语表达是否清楚、简练,既富有技巧,又言之有物。,(1),汉语为意合,语言,(parataxis),,句子的各组成部分处于并列关系中,按时间顺序或逻辑顺序排列,被称作,“,流水句,”,,呈,“,波浪形,”,。,形合与意合,(2),英语属“形合”语言,(hypotaxis),,句子的组成部分处于主从关系中,可在不同的地方插入各种从属结构,层层展开。因而具有明显的层次性,呈“枝杈形”。,施恩勿记,受恩勿忘。,If you confer a benefit,,,never remember
3、 it,;,If you receive one,,,remember it always,.,Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep,.,船儿轻轻摇荡,波声潺潺悦耳,孩子们不久就睡着了。(,英汉比较与翻译,,,p.10,),两条大江,骤然相见,欢腾拥抱,激起云雾迷蒙,波涛沸荡,至此似乎稍为平定,水天极目之处,灰蒙蒙的远山展开一卷清淡的水墨画。(刘白羽:,长江三日,),Where the two great rivers meet
4、 suddenly,their joyful embrace throws up misty spray and makes the waves seethe and tumble;but here the current is calmer;and far off where the water meets the sky the misty hills unfold like an exquisite scroll in Chinese ink.,(,中国文学现代散文卷,汉英对照,p298-299,),(1),可如今,她受的苦太重,毕竟是一个妇道人家,地里没劳力,里外没帮手,不让五兴退学吧
5、要吃要喝又要花钱,还加上侍候我这废人,一想到这,我心就碎了。,(,贾平凹,天狗,),(2),他知道苏小姐的效劳是不好随便领情的;她每钉一颗钮扣或补一个洞,自己良心上就增一分向她求婚的责任。,(,钱锺书,围城,),(3),王家的里外亲戚,人口不旺,正人也不多,爹娘下世后,大半就断绝了来往;小半的偶有走动,也下眼看天狗不是个能成的人物,情义上也淡得如水。,(,贾平凹,天狗,),(4),堡子里的人没有不对他热羡的,眼见着打井如挖金窖,好多父母提了四色重礼,领着孩子拜师为徒,这井把式,却断然拒绝。,(,贾平凹,天狗,),(4),堡子里的人没有不对他热羡的,,(,因为,),眼见着他打井如挖金窖,,(,
6、所以,),好多父母提了四色重礼,领着孩子拜师为徒,,(,然而,),这井把式,却断然拒绝。,(5),他是舅家门上最大的外甥,可给舅写铭旌,做第一外甥的天狗,名字却排不上。已经死去的三姨的,儿子,在县银行当主任,有头有脸有妻有子,竟替换了天狗,天狗那时很生 气:人没了本事,辈数也就低了,?(,贾平凹,天狗,),(5),他是舅家门上最大的外甥,,可给舅写铭旌,做第一外甥的天狗,名字却排不上。已经死去的三姨的儿子,(,因为,),在县银行当主任,,(,又,),有头有脸有妻有子,,(,所以,),竟替换了天狗,,(,因此,),天狗那时很生气:人没了本事,辈数也就低了,?,嗟乎!师道之不传也久矣!欲人之无惑也
7、难矣!古之圣人,其出人也远矣,犹且从师而问焉;今之众人,其下圣人也亦远矣,而耻学于师。是故圣益圣,愚益愚。圣人之所以为圣,愚人之所以为愚,其皆出于此乎?爱其子,择师而教之;于其身也,则耻师焉,惑矣。彼童子之师,授之书而习其句读(,du,)者,非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。句读之不知,惑之不解,或师焉,或不(,fu,)焉,小学而大遗,吾未见其明也。巫医乐师百工之人,不耻相师。士大夫之族,曰师曰弟子云者,则群聚而笑之。问之,则曰:“彼与彼年相若也,道相似也。位卑则足羞,官盛则近谀。”呜呼!师道之不复可知矣。巫医乐师百工之人,君子不齿,今其智乃反不能及,其可怪也欤!,例,天目山林深人少,古树掩映,清泉石
8、上流,雾生半山腰,如仙境一般。,例,Mt.Tian-mu,densely forested and scarcely populated,is like a fairyland where heavy fogs envelop halfway up the mountain and clear streams flow along the valleys.,Mt.Tian-mu is like a fairyland,densely forested,where heavy fogs envelop halfway up the mountain,and scarcely populated,
9、and clear streams flow along the valleys,英汉语言的结构差异,中外学者、译家多有论述,且有共识:,“,故西文句中,多随举随释,如中文之旁支,后乃遥接前文,足意成句。故西文句法,少者二三字,多者数十百言,假令仿此为译,则恐必不可通,然删削取径,又恐意义有漏。此在译者将全文神理,融会于心,则下笔抒词,自然互备。至原文词理本深,难于共喻,则当前后引衬,以显其意。凡此经营,借以为达,为达即所以为信也。,”,严复,天演论,译例言,“,译本与原作,文字既不侔,规则又大异。各种文字各有特色,各有无可模仿的优点,各有无法补救的缺陷,同时又各有不能侵犯的戒律。像英、法、英
10、德那样接近的语言,尚且有许多难以互译的地方;中西文字的扞格远过于此,要求传神达意,铢两悉称,自非死抓字典,按照原文句法拼凑堆砌所能济事。,”,傅雷,高老头,重译本序,“,假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性,就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神,那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑,而且结果是削足就履,两败俱伤。,”,傅雷,“If all languages differ in form(and this is the essence of their being different languages),then quite naturally the forms must be a
11、ltered if one is to preserve the content.”,(Nida&Taber,1982:5),如果所有的语言都具有不同的形式(这恰是语言之所以不同的实质所在),那么译者就必须改变形式以保全内容(意义),这是再自然不过的事情。,主从结构,主谓结构,翻译的关键,:,结构的转换,波浪形,枝杈形,译文,Zhejiang is one of homes of ancient civilization in China.It has a long history.,例,:,浙江省是中国古代文明发祥地之一,有悠 久的历史。,译文,One of the cradles of a
12、ncient civilization in China,Zhejiang has a long history.,译文,With a long history,Zhejiang is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization in China.,例,The air seemed almost sticky,from the,scent,of bursting buds,.,花蕾初绽,散发出一股芳香,空,气似乎给人一种黏糊糊的感觉,。,译文,在,300,多个分散的印第安部落中,最大的是西南部的纳瓦霍部落。,例,Of the more than
13、 300 separate tribes,the largest is the Navaho in the Southwest.,译文,印第安人分属,300,多个不同的部落,其中最大的是西南部的纳瓦霍部落,。,例,Its aim(of the national insurance and health schemes)is,to prevent anyone from going without medical services,if he needs them,however poor he may be;,to ensure that a person who is out of work
14、 shall receive a weekly sum of money to subsist on;,and to provide a small pension for those who have reached the age of retirement.,译文:,“,国民保险与医疗计划,”,的目的是,:,不论贫富,所有人在生病时都可获得医疗服务,;,确保失业者每周都能领到维持生计救济金,;,为达到退休年龄的人提供一笔数量不大的退休金。,(,顺译法,),例,This is nonsense,but with it organs of the popular Press played u
15、pon the emotions of their readers so successfully that many candidates for Parliament were afraid to support abolition for fear of losing votes and the result was the muddle-headed Homicide Act of 1957 which made murder with robbery a capital crime and allowed the prisoner to escape the gallows.,译文:
16、这(完全)是一派胡言,但一些在大众中颇有影响的报刊却利用它大肆煽动读者的情绪,结果许多竟选国会议员的人由于害怕失去选票而不敢支持废除死刑,其结果就是,1957,年通过的糊里糊涂的,凶杀法案,。根据这个法案,抢劫杀人犯要判死刑,而投毒杀人犯却可免于死罪。,例,Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products can not meet our ever-increasing requirement,or more
17、often,because the physical properties of the synthetic substance,which is the common name for man-made materials,have been chosen,and even emphasized,so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.,译文:,合成材料通常称为人造材料。,许多人造材料正逐步取代某些天然材料,,这或许是因为天然制品的数量不能满足人们日益增长的需求,,但
18、更多的则是因为人们看中了合成材料的某种物理特性,并给予高度重视,,从而使合成材料在其应用领域中最大限度地加以利用。(综合法),例,From radio-active water and soil around a nuclear-weapons plant in Colorado to man-made deserts in Soviet Central Asia,the world is peppered with,examples,of what poor education or unneighborly attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and clothe us all.,译文,如果人类受教育程度低或不能善待环境,他们对自己赖以生存的这个星球会做出些什么事来呢?,全世界到处都有这样的例子:从科罗拉多州核武器工厂周围辐射活跃的水土到原苏联中亚地区的人为沙漠。,(逆译法),译文,如果受教育程度低,或者不能善待环境,我们们对自身赖以生存的这个星球会做出些什么事来呢?,从科罗拉多州核武器工厂周围高辐射性的水源和土壤,到前苏联中亚地区人为造成的沙漠,这个问题的答案全世界随处可见。,1,2,3,4,5,6,6,3,1,4,5,2,






