1、单击鼠标编辑标题文的格式,单击鼠标编辑大纲正文格式,第二个大纲级,第三个大纲级,第四个大纲级,第五个大纲级,第六个大纲级,第七个大纲级,第八个大纲级,第九个大纲级,*,单击鼠标编辑标题文的格式,*,单击鼠标编辑大纲正文格式,第二个大纲级,第三个大纲级,第四个大纲级,第五个大纲级,第六个大纲级,第七个大纲级,第八个大纲级,第九个大纲级,计算机系统结构,课程介绍,龚 斌,山东大学计算机科学与技术学院,2012-2013,学年,第二学期,课程目标,本课程是计算机科学与技术专业的一门的基础课程。通过本课程的学习,使学生理解计算机系统的基本工作原理,以及在硬件、软件界面划分的,权衡策略,(,trade
2、off,),,,建立完整的、系统的计算机软硬件整体概念。,课程主要内容,计算机系统结构概论,数据表示、寻址方式与指令系统,存储、中断、总线与,I/O,系统,存储体系,流水和指令级高速并行的超级机,阵列处理机,多处理机,数据流机和规约机*,课程的重点,从整体上掌握计算机系统的工作原理,以讲授计算机系统结构的基本概念和基本原理为主,而不是完整介绍各种系统结构,即不是以具体的机器为实例进行教学,让同学们明白计算机技术发展的趋势及影响,激发学习热情、钻研和创新精神,了解新技术、新概念,扩大知识面,如:,RISC,、,RAID,、,SMP,、,Cluster,等,如:网格计算(,Grid Computi
3、ng,),,P2P,,云计算(,Cloud Computing,),,GPU,计算,如:,多核(,Multicore,),众核(,Manycore,),融核(,Intel Xeon Phi,),如:,Hadoop&MapReduce,,大数据(,Big Data,),计算机学科的组织构成,计算机系统结构,计算机软件与理论,计算机应用,理科 工科 农 医 管理,计算机科学与技术专业,说明:,一级学科,二级学科,软件工程专业,计算机技术的发展,自,1946,年以来,,计算机近,7,0,年有了惊人的发展,性能:(加法)速度提高了,5,个数量级,计算机性能以大约每年,35%,的速度提高,价格:今天,$
4、1000,的机器相当于,60,年代中,$10,6,的机器,这里同性能计算机的价格比,改善了个,数量级。,Today,less than$500 will purchase a mobile computer that has more performance,more main memory,and more disk storage than a computer bought in 1985 for$1 million.(John L.Hennessy and David A.,Patterson),从发展过程中体会本课程的含义。,Computing Systems Today,Scala
5、ble,Reliable,Secure Services,MEMS for,Sensor Nets,InternetConnectivity,Clusters,Massive Cluster,Gigabit Ethernet,Databases,Information Collection,Remote Storage,Online Games,Commerce,The world is a large parallel system,Microprocessors in everything,Vast infrastructure behind them,Robots,Routers,Car
6、s,SensorNets,Refrigerators,指数增长的世界,网络 vs.计算机性能,处理器速度每18个月翻一番,存储密度 每12个月翻一番,网络速度 每9个月翻一番,1986 to 2000,计算机:x 500,网络:x 340,000,2001 to 2010,计算机:x 60,网络:x 4000,处理器速度持续提高(广度),从,1971,年第一颗微处理器,Intel 4004,问世以来,,40,年间处理器芯片集成的晶体管数目从,2300,个发展到今天的数十亿个,处理器频率从不到,1MHz,发展到今天最高接近,5GHz,,与英特尔,4004,相比,如今下一代英特尔酷睿处理器的性能是
7、其,35,万倍,每个晶体管的能耗却降低了,5,千倍。同期,晶体管的价格下降了约,5,万倍。,RISC,Move to multi-processor,在,30,年间计算机系统的速度提高了,6,个数量级,对计算能力的需求持续增长,摩尔定律(1979年),假设芯片价格保持不变,则微处理器芯片上的晶体管数,每隔,18-24,个月便翻一番,假设微处理器价格保持不变,则微处理器速度每隔,18-24,个月便翻一番,假设微处理器速度或芯片内存储器容量不变,则微处理器芯片价格每,18-24,个月将降低约,48%,摩尔定律即将终结,Intel,公司负责内部芯片设计的首席技术官盖尔欣格认为:以地球文明所拥有的材料
8、环境,如果芯片的耗能和散热问题不解决,则:,2005,年芯片上集成,2,亿个晶体管,热的像核反应堆,到摩尔定律截至年,,2010,年,就会达到火箭发射时高温气体喷嘴的水平,2015,年,就会与太阳的表面一样热,Memory Capacity(and Cost)have changed dramatically in the last 20 years,.,year size(Mb)cyc time,19800.0625250 ns,19830.25220 ns,19861190 ns,19894165 ns,199216145 ns,199664120 ns,2000256100 ns,Bas
9、ed on SPEED,the CPU has increased dramatically,but memory and disk have increased only a little.This has led to dramatic changed in architecture,Operating Systems,and Programming practices.,CapacitySpeed(latency),Logic2x in 3 years2x in 3 years,DRAM4x in 3 years2x in 10 years,Disk4x in 3 years2x in
10、10 years,Scaling to 0.1m,Semiconductor Industry Association,1992 Technology Workshop,Projected future technology based on past trends,1992,1995,1998,2001,2004,2007,Feature size:,0.50.350.250.180.120.10,Industry is slightly ahead of projection,DRAM capacity:,16M 64M 256M 1G 4G 16G,Doubles every 1.5 y
11、ears,Prediction on track,Chip area(cm,2,):,2.54.06.08.010.012.5,Way off!Chips staying small,芯片制造工艺在,1992,年以后,,从,0.5,微米、,0.35,微米、,0.25,微米、,0.18,微米、,0.15,微米、,0.13,微米、,90,纳米一直发展到目前最新,的,65,45,40,22,纳米,而,10,纳米,的制造工艺将是下一,代,CPU,的发展目标。,CPU与Memroy的性能呈现剪刀差,Defining Computer Architecture,“,Old”view of computer
12、 architecture:,Instruction Set Architecture(ISA)design,i.e.decisions regarding:,registers,memory addressing,addressing modes,instruction operands,available operations,control flow instructions,instruction encoding,“Real”computer architecture:,Specific requirements of the target machine,Design to max
13、imize performance within constraints:cost,power,and availability,Includes ISA,microarchitecture,hardware,Defining Computer Architecture,Tanenbaum,Structured Computer Organization,Fifth Edition,(c)2006 Pearson Education,Inc.All rights reserved.0-13-148521-0,Milestones in Computer Architecture(1),Some
14、 milestones in the development of the modern digital computer.,Tanenbaum,Structured Computer Organization,Fifth Edition,(c)2006 Pearson Education,Inc.All rights reserved.0-13-148521-0,Milestones in Computer Architecture(2),Some milestones in the development of the modern digital computer.,ENIAC-back
15、ground,Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,Eckert and Mauchly,University of Pennsylvania,Trajectory tables for weapons,Started 1943,Finished 1946,Too late for war effort,Used until 1955,据说,每当它开机时,费城西区的电灯黯然失色(功率过大),ENIAC-最早的计算机(1946年),ENIAC-技术细节,Decimal(not binary),20 accumulators of 10 digi
16、ts,Programmed manually by switches,18,000 vacuum tubes,30 tons,15,000 square feet,140 kW power consumption,5,000 additions per second,Commercial Computers,1947-Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation,UNIVAC I(Universal Automatic Computer),Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation,Late 1950s-UNIVAC II,Faste
17、r,More memory,IBM 360 series,1964,Replaced(¬ compatible with)7000 series,First planned“family”of computers,Similar or identical instruction sets,Similar or identical O/S,Increasing speed,Increasing number of I/O ports(i.e.more terminals),Increased memory size,Increased cost,Emulators for the 7000
18、/1400-series,Tanenbaum,Structured Computer Organization,Fifth Edition,(c)2006 Pearson Education,Inc.All rights reserved.0-13-148521-0,IBM 360,The initial offering of the IBM product line.,DEC PDP-8,1964,First minicomputer,Did not need air conditioned room,Small enough to sit on a lab bench,$16,000,
19、100k+for IBM 360,Embedded applications&OEM,BUS STRUCTURE-Unibus(单总线),Tanenbaum,Structured Computer Organization,Fifth Edition,(c)2006 Pearson Education,Inc.All rights reserved.0-13-148521-0,PDP-8 Innovation Single Bus,The PDP-8 omnibus,Tanenbaum,Structured Computer Organization,Fifth Edition,(c)200
20、6 Pearson Education,Inc.All rights reserved.0-13-148521-0,Intel Computer,Family,The Intel CPU family.Clock speeds are measured in MHz(megahertz)where 1 MHZ is 1 million cycles/sec.,目前最快的计算机,(,2012,年,11,月),世界最快的,500,台计算机系统,2012,年,11,月,No1:Titan,(美国),27112,万亿次,/,秒,17590,No2:Sequoia,(美国),20132,万亿次,/,秒,
21、16324,No3:,京,,K,(日本),11280,万亿次,/,秒,10510,.,No8:,TIANHE-1A,(中国),4701,万亿次,/,秒,2566,No12:,星云一号,(中国),2984,万亿,次,/,秒,1271,No28:,神威蓝光(中国),1070,万亿次,/,秒,795,Three Decades of Microprocessor,The Decade of the 1970,s,Microprocessors,Programmable Controller,Single-Chip Microprocessors,Personal Computers(PC),The
22、Decade of the 1980,s,Quantitative Architecture,Instruction Pipelining,Fast Cache Memories,Workstations,The Decade of the 1990,s,Instruction-Level Parallelism,Superscalar Processors,Speculative Micro-architectures,Aggressive Code Scheduling,Low-Cost Desktop Supercomputing,Computer Architecture-Changi
23、ng Definition,1950s to 1960s,Computer Arithmetic,1970s to mid 1980s,Instruction Set Design,especially ISA appropriate for compilers,1990s,Design of CPU,memory system,I/O system,Multiprocessors,Networks,2000s,Multi-core architecture,power aware architecture,energy aware architecture,non Von-Neumann a
24、rchitecture,dynamic reconfigurable,2020,年以前超级计算机发展趋势,2000,年 每秒,10,万亿次浮点运算,2005,年 每秒,100,万亿次浮点运算,2009,年 每秒,1000,万亿次浮点运算(,Pflop/s,),2013,年 每秒,1,亿亿次浮点运算,2016,年 每秒,10,亿亿次浮点运算,2020,年 每秒,100,亿亿次浮点运算(,Eflop/s,),基本上每,10,年左右性能提高,1000,倍,超级计算机发展路线图,时间,2020,年,2030,年,2050,年,器件,CMOS,纳米量子器件,量子、生物分子,计算速度,Exaflops(1
25、0,18,),Zettaflops(10,21,),Yottaflops(10,24,),并行度,10,9-10,10,11,-10,12,10,13,-10,15,内存容量,25PB,EB(10,18,B),ZB(10,21,B),功耗,40MW,MW,MW,用途,核聚变模拟,蛋白质折叠等,地球模拟,生命科学等,MEMS,优化,脑科学模拟等,2010,2020,2030,2050,必须突破并行编程模型,几十年来由于微处理器一直按照,Moore,定律预测的性能增长速度争发展,使得并行处理得不到强烈的需求牵引,导致以并行计算机为主业的公司几乎全部夭折。,单处理器性能的提高遇到阻碍以后,计算机要提
26、高性能基本上只剩下一条路可走依靠并行处理。过去几十年的编程模式主要的串行,现在必须转到并行编程,这一迫不得已的转变,对软件界既是挑战也是机遇。,未来的微处理器少则几个十几个核,多则数千个核,连每个用户手中的终端都是多核处理器,如何让一个任务分解到多个核中运行成为今后编程的大问题。在现有串行编程模型上做并行化没有出路,一定回到原始问题,从新考虑并行算法和并行编程,这可能是今后几十年计算机科学和软件界必须突破的科学问题和关键技术。,功耗与绿色HPC,每个节点耗电在,300,到,1500,瓦之间,而一个机柜耗能在,20,到,30,千瓦左右。以百万亿次超级计算机,-,曙光,5000A,为例,其采用近,
27、7000,颗四核处理器构建,总内存容量超过,100TB,,存储容量达,700TB,,总体功耗达到,700,千瓦(不含冷却系统),其每年的电费开销预期为,1000,万元人民币。其效能虽然在世界目前的高性能计算机里面已经相当优越的了,但依旧让我们普通人感到十分震惊。,而一台持续千万亿次计算的超级计算机系统每小时需要消耗,20,兆瓦或更高的电能,其每年的电费开销也将高达亿元人民币以上,www.green500.org,说明,计算机技术六十年,的发展,尤其是近十年的发展十分迅猛,新概念、新技术不断涌现,对社会和生活的有巨大影响,计算机应用的广度和深度日益扩大,概念有所变化:,广度:信息家电(,PDA,
28、手机、,MP3,等)、嵌入式系统,深度:高性能计算,(HPC),、网格计算,(Grid Computing),、,Web,服务,(Web Services),、云计算(,Cloud Computing,)、多核技术,(Multicore),、众核技术(,ManyCore,)等,软、硬件技术发展不均衡。,计算机的应用不是简单的编写程序,而是解决方案,(solution),,集成,(Integrated),,标准,(Standard),技术的研发要从商业运营模式出发考虑,才能体现其价值,课程学习的特点,本科专业的重要课程,可能是在其他学院不开的,很少的几门,计算机科学与技术的专业课程之一,宏观上
29、看计算机系统,,不是单纯的硬件课程,而是硬件和软件的结合点,综合知识,牵扯到多门课程。,计算机组成、编译原理、操作系统、计算机网络、高级语言程序设计,微机原理与接口、嵌入式系统等,课程学习的特点(续),重点讲解基本原理和相关的新技术、新概念。,重视听课、课下复习,不用记笔记,课件上网,课程主页:,郑纬民 汤志忠 清华大学出版社,计算机系统结构,陆鑫达主编 高等教育出版社,计算机体系结构,石教英主编 浙江大学出版社,计算机体系结构,张晟曦著 高等教育出版社,Computer Architecture:A Quantitative Approach,第五版,,2011,年,John L.Hennessy,David A.Patterson,ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Kai Hwang,联系方式,主讲人:龚 斌,计算机科学与技术学院,办公室:山东大学软件园校区,高性能计算中心,二楼,,227,房间,联系电话:,88391261,E-mail:,gb,个人主页,:,,






