英语词汇学教程.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语词汇学教程,A Survey of English Lexicology,授课对象：英语专业2008级,授课教师：申屠益芳,授课时间：2010/3-2010/7,词汇：记还是不记？,这是一个问题吗？,因为：,没有滴水无以成大海,没有泥砖无以建高楼,“Without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”,没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几；,而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。,英国语言学家威尔金斯（Wilkins),英语词汇学教程,A Survey of English Lexicology,理论指导：现代英语语言。,研究对象：英语词汇。,学习内容：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。,学习目标：,1.,比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识；,2.,比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程；,3.,能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。,牛津英语字典,所收英语单词是六十多万个。,韦伯斯特大词典,所收英语单词几乎达到一百万之多。,现代英语词汇超过两百万个！,汉语大字典,所收汉字五万六千个。与英语相比，汉语的词汇量是非常小的。,How Much Do You Know About the English Vocabulary?,莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。,丘吉尔能使用90000个词。,一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握25000词以上。,美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握4000词。,学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左右的内容。,大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量,4500,大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量,5500,英语专业四级（,TEM-4,）词汇量,6000,英语专业八级（,TEM-8,）词汇量,8000,托福（,TOEFL,）,词汇量7500,雅思（IELTS）,词汇量,8000,研究生入学考试（,GRE,）,词汇量12000,你的词汇量?,词汇测试,2000,词汇量（高考词汇量）,Averagecontaindivideimagine,expectsuffertreatsafety,Score restaurantdamagehonor,4000,词汇量（,4,级词汇量）,Abandon benefitconflictdramatic,Encounterflexiblemerchantprinciple,schedulesponsortypicalwithdraw,6000,词汇量（,6,级、专业,4,级词汇量）,accumulateboundarycoherent dilute,edibleformidablegorgeousheritage,judicialoverlapsubvertunprecedented,词汇测试,8000,词汇量（雅思、托福、专业,8,级词汇量,）,asymmetry bilateralcentrifugaldismantle,epidemic hecticingenuityopaque,simultaneously variation perpetuateparalysis,8000-15000,词汇量（,GRE,词汇量）,abrasion belligerent coalesce divulge,equivocate fortuitous immaculate loquacious morbid peccadillo procrastination taciturn,龙之九子,长子，赑屃,/,囚牛,次子，螭,吻,三子，,蒲牢,四子，狴犴,五子，饕餮,六子，蚆嗄,七子，睚眦,八子，狻猊,/,负,屃,九子，,椒图,/,貔貅,龙之九子,长子，赑屃（,b x,）,/,囚牛（,qini,）,次子，螭吻（,chwn,）,三子，蒲牢（,plo,）,四子，狴犴（,b n,）,五子，饕餮（,to ti,）,六子，蚆嗄（,b xi,）,七子，睚眦（,y z,）,八子，狻猊（,sun n,）,/,负屃（f x,）,九子，椒图（,jiot,）,/,貔貅（,pxi,）,Skill of memorizing new words,insomnia,Anyone can suffer from,insomnia,although such problems are more common among women,the ill,the elderly,smokers,and alcoholics.,(if you suffer from insomnia,you are not able to sleep,失眠,),In=not/somni=sleep,Somnambulate=sleepwalking,Somniloquence=sleeptalking,In,som,e,ni,ghts,a,wake,Skill of memorizing new words,charisma,Chairman Mao revealed his,charisma,to the whole world.,(a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you,领袖魅力/气质/风采,),Ch,in,a,ris,es,Ma,o,（中国出了一个毛泽东，,毛就是领袖魅力的代名词！）,Loom,Suddenly a mountain,loom,ed up in front of them.,(to appear as a large unclear shape,especially in a threatening way,隐约出现,),An economic crisis is,loom,ing on the horizon.,(if a problem or difficulty looms,it is likely to happen very soon,逼近,),物体,/,困难就在眼前,100,米！,Skill of memorizing new words,英语词汇概说,Unit 1,1.1 Language,Linguistics and Lexicology,What is language?,Language is,a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.,“Language is mans way of communication with his fellow man and,It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”,What is linguistics?,Generally speaking,linguistics can be defined as,the scientific study of language,.To be more exact,linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication,What is lexicology?,Lexicology is,a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language,.It deals with words,their origin,development,structure,formation,meaning and usage.,1.2 Aims and Significance of the Course,The role of vocabulary in the language system,Vocabulary is,the building material of the language system,.It is one of the three essential elements of language:speech sounds,grammar and vocabulary.,“Without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed,.”,“there is a sense in which,learning a foreign language is basically a matter of learning the vocabulary of that language,.Not being able to find the words to express yourself is the most frustrating experience in speaking another language.”,Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.,Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary.,Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation,Study the use of English words,their meanings and changes in meaning,their sense relations.,Aims of the course,Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power(active vocabulary).,Understand word-meaning and organize,classify and store words more effectively.,Raise your awareness of meaning and usages,use words more accurately and appropriately.,Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences.,Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.,The significance of the course,2.1 The structure of English words,Entry,（词条）,Lexeme,（词位）：列入词典的每个词条,Word form,（词形）：词的不同形状,Lexical unit,（词汇单位）：一个词形跟一个意义的结合,词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。,Function word,（功能词）,e.g.pro.prep.,Content word,（实意词）,e.g.v.n.adj.adv.,I(,pron,.,我）,Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis(n.,肺尘病）,What Is a Word?,The definition of a word,It is quite difficult to state the criteria by which a word can be defined;so far no completely satisfactory definition has been given.,In brief,a word may be defined as,a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form;with a unity of sound and meaning(both lexical and grammatical meaning),capable of performing a given syntactic function.,Therefore,from the lexicological point of view,a word is a combination of form(phonological)and meaning(lexical and grammatical).In addition,a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence.,The definition of a word,To sum up,the definition of a word comprises the following points,A minimal free form of a language,A sound unity,A unit of meaning,A form that can function alone in a sentence,Compare:,Book books bookish bookcase,Tolerate tolerance tolerant toleration tolerable intolerable,Telephone telegram telescope telecommunication,book+s book+ish book+case,Toler+ate toler+ance toler+ant toler+ation toler+able in+toler+able,-ate,Tele-,-phone,2.2 Morphemes,The definition of a morpheme,The morpheme,(,词素,),is,the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms.,A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning.Structurally,however,a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units.,Words are composed of morphemes,.What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:,Example,One morpheme:nation,Two morphemes:nation-al,Three morphemes:nation-al-ize,Four morphemes:de-nation-al-ize,2.3 Types of Morphemes,Free morphemes(,自由词素,),Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.Therefore,we might as well say that free morphemes are content morphemes or,free roots(,自由词根,).,man,earth,wind,faith,red,write.,Bound Morphemes(,粘着词素,),Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words.Unlike free morphemes,they do not have independent semantic meaning;instead,they have,attached meaning,(,un-kind,hope-ful,)or,grammatical meaning,(,cat-s,slow-ly,walk-ing,call-ed,).They are also called grammatical morphemes.,Types of bound morphemes,Bound roots(,粘着词根,):,A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.Unlike a free root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.For example:,dict-conveys the meaning of say or speak-,contradict,predict,contradiction,prediction,dictate,diction,dictionary.,dur-conveys the meaning of,continuous,-during,duration,durable,endure,Types of bound morphemes,Affixes(,词缀,):,Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.According to the functions of affixes,we can put them into two groups:,inflectional,and,derivational,affixes.,Inflectional affixes(,曲折词缀,),Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.For example:,cat,s,walk,ed,walk,ing,John,s,book,Derivational affixes(,派生词缀,),Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes,Prefixes,(,前缀,),Suffixes,(,后缀,),Diagram of morphemes,Morphemes,Free,Bound,Bound root,Affixes,Inflectional,Derivational,Prefix,Suffix,2.4 Allomorphs,An allomorph(,词素变体,)is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.For example:,The morpheme of plurality-s:/s/after the sounds/t,p,k/;/z/after/d,b,g,l/;/iz/after/s,z,/,go:went,gone,-,ion/-tion/-sion/-ation,are the positional variants of the same suffix.,Verbs ending with the sound,/t/,usually take,ion,(as in,invent,invention,);,verbs ending with consonants other than,/t/,take,tion,(as in,describe,description,);,verbs ending in,ify,and,ize,take,ation,(as in,justify,justification;modernize,modernization,);,verbs ending in,d,-de,or,mit,take,sionas in,expansion,decision,omission,);there are exceptions:,attend,attention;convert,conversion,etc.,A prefix like,im-,occurs before,p,b,or,m,(,imperfect,imbalance,immobile,);its allomorphs are,ir-,before,r,(,irregular,irresponsible,);,il-,before,l,(,illogical,illegal,);,in-,before all other consonants and vowels(,inflexible,incomplete,).,-ish adj.有似的 bookish,childish,-case n.箱子 bookcase,suitcase,-ate v.成为 negate,evaporate,-ance n.性质、状态 arrogance,importance,-ant adj.的significant,elegant,-ation n.动作、状态、结果education,dictation,-able adj.Eatable,accetable,-scope n.观察的仪器、镜 microscope,stethoscope,-gram n书写或描绘出来的东西 telegram,diagram,-dom/-hood/-ship n.状态，性质,freedom,kingdom childhood,manhood friendship,leadership,toler-忍受、容忍 tolerate,intoerrable,Tele-遥远 telephone,telegraph,Cred-信任 credit incredible,Loqu-说话 loquacious,eloquence,Dur-持续 duration,edure,Aqu-水 aquatic,aqueduct,Video-看、视 videotape,videodisc,Super-超级 supermarket,superpower,Mono-单、一 monocracy,monologue,Inter-在中/间 interaction,international,基本构词方法,Unit 2,Word-formation,In English,there are various ways of word-formation,such as affixation,conversion,composition,blending,shortening etc.,Affixation,Affixation is a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes to roots.It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation.,The three major processes,affixation or derivation(17.5%),Prefixation,suffixation,conversion(10.5%),composition or compounding(27%),一、Derivation,派生词缀和词根结合，或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法，为派生法。用派生法构成的词叫派生词。,词根、前缀、后缀：扩大词汇的三把钥匙！,I.,Prefixation,The definition of prefixation,Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.However,there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes,Nonclass-changing prefixes:,natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair,Class-changing prefixes:,force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege,The classification of prefixes,In some reference books,prefixes(and suffixes)are classified according to their source,but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view.It seems,more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning,into the following ten categories:,a-/an-,amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchy,dis-,dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagree,in-,Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregular,non-,nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,nonalcoholic,un-,uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrest,1.Negative prefix,Order,Literate,Symmetry,Governmental,Relevant,Productive,Believable,Vulnerable,Sane,Related,Aligned,Mature,Disorder,Illiterate,Asymmetry,Nongovernmental,Irrelevant,Unproductive,Unbelievable,Invulnerable,Insane,Unrelated,Nonaligned,Immature,2.Reversative or privative prefix,de-,defrost,deregulation,degeneration【,衰退,】deformed,畸形的 残疾的,】denationalize,un-,undo【,解开 取消,】,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmask【,揭去面具,】,dis-,disconnect,dishearten【,沮丧,】,disinterested【,漠不关心的,】,Centralize,Plane,Infect,Zip,Regulate,Possess,Pollute,Decentralize,Deplane,Disinfect,Unzip,Deregulate,Dispossess,Depollute,de-,But it was error when I want to,debug,my project.,Why the hell do we,deplane,when we exit an airplane?Or stow our luggage in the overhead bins?Cant we just store our luggage in the overhead bins and exit the plane when we reach our destination?,We need to,decentralize,our cities.Too many people live in our cities,we live too close together.,More examples:,deforest,deport,defoam,defog(ger),deice(r),BUG:,电脑系统或程序中隐藏的错误,缺陷问题,.,DEBUG:,排除错误、程序调试,人们将计算机错误戏称为虫子,(bug).,而找寻错误的工作称为,(debug).,3.Pejorative【,贬义的,】prefix,mis-,misguide,misapplication,misbehavior【,行为不轨的,】,mischoice,mal-,maladjustment,maldigestion【,不消化,】,malfunction【,失调,】,maldevelopment,maltreat,malodorous【,有气味儿的,】,malnutrition,pseudo-,【,冒充的，假的,】,Pseudonym【,笔名,】,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic【,拟古典的,】,pseudo-friend,pseudodemocratic,4)Prefixes of degree or size,hyper-,超过，极端,hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautious,ultra-,超过，极端,ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservative,mini-,minibus,minicamera,miniskirt,out-,超出 超过，,outdo,outgrown,outlive,over-,overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburden,under-,underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduate,super-,supermarket,superpower,superstar,sub-,subadult,subtitle,subbreed,subatom,Computer,Critical,Conscious,Natural,Sensitive,Simple,Number,Statement,culture,Minicomputer,Ultracritic/hypercritic,Subconscious,Supernatural,Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive,Oversimple,Outnumber,Understatement,Subculture,5)Prefixes of orientation and attitude,co-,Co-author,co-star,co-prosperity,cooperation,counter-,Counterexample,counterclaim,counteractive,counterattack,counterculture,countermeasure,anti-,anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibody,pro-,pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,pro-student,proslavery,6)Locative prefixes,fore-,forearm,foreleg,forename,foreword,inter-,international,intergovernmental,interdisciplinary,intercollege,trans-,transatlantic,transoceanic,transform,transplant,tele-,telephone,telegram,telecommunication,View,Conference,Continental,Ground,Cast,Pacific,Racial,Shore,Interview,teleconference,Intercontinental,Foreground,Telecast,Transpacific,Transracial,Foreshore,U.S.,intercontinental missile,洲际导弹 是指射程在,8000,千米以上的导弹。是战略核武器的重要组成部分。拥有这种导弹的国家，不必远涉重洋就能直接对敌国实施战略性攻击。,7)Prefixes of time and order,ex-,ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convict,fore-,foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarn,pre-,premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premarital,post-,postwar,postgraduate,postdocto