1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第一章,翻译概述,1.What is translation?,(,翻译的定义,),The Oxford English Dictionary:to turn from one language into another,(,从一种语言转换成另一种语言,);,Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language:to turn into ones own or another language,(,转换成本族语或另一种语言,)
2、翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。,美国翻译理论家,Eugene A.Nida,:,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.,(,所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上,。,),Alexander Fraser,Tytler,:,
3、A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.,好的翻译应该是把原作
4、的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。,(,泰特勒,,,1790),Difference,“,翻译是纯粹的差异游戏,翻译总涉及差异,也掩饰差异,同时又偶尔显露差异,甚至经常突出差异。这样翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。,”,布朗绍,(,Blanchot,),(法国翻译理论家),Next Page,Difference,Message,Next Page,甲:这一点小,意思,,请务必收下。,乙:你这人真有,意思,,怎么也来这一套?,甲:唉,只是,意思意思,罢了。,乙:啊,真不好,意思,。,A:This is a
5、little gift as a token of my appreciation.Please do take it.,B:Oh,arent you a bit too polite?You shouldnt do that.,A:Well,it just conveys my gratitude.,B:Ah,thank you then,though I really dont deserve it.,Difference,Message,Art,Enjoyment,Next Page,综合各家之长,:(Sum Up),翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传
6、播文化知识、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。,Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.,2.The Relationship between Translation Theory and Techniques(Practice),Those who can,translate;those who cant,teach translation;those who cant teach trans
7、lation,teach translation theory.,Those who can,write;those who cannot,translate;those who cannot translate,write about translation.,。,彼特,纽马克(,Peter,Newmark,),孙艺风:,视角、阐释、文化,“接吻经验谈,有助于提高接吻质量,但在理论上谈接吻,情形会大不一样。在这方面,伊格尔顿打的一个比方很说明问题:如果你狠劲儿琢磨该怎样去吻一个人,准保弄得一塌糊涂。”,尤金,奈达,(Eugene Nida),:,“,If a translator is an
8、 absolute genius,probably he doesnt need to bother,at least not too much.An adequate theory of translation can also help people to understand not merely what to do,but why certain thing can be done and should be done.A good theory of translation is important in helping people tackle new problems.”,(
9、如果译者是一个绝对的天才,他可能无需理会理论。,然而,适当的理论会有助于人们对翻译问题不仅知其然,而起知其所以然。正确的翻译理论有助于人们解决新的问题。,),Relationship between Translation Theory and Techniques,Translation theory refers to the laws to help people to understand and solve different kinds of problems in translation,while translation techniques refer to the exp
10、erience people have accumulated in their practice of translation.Techniques are important,but they are not panacea.,In the point view of Eugene A.Nida,the famous American translator,“,translation practice without an adequate theory produces only haphazard results,while theory without practice is com
11、pletely sterile,”(Nida,1969).,(,缺少理论指导的翻译是随意的翻译,离开实践的理论是毫无根据用处的理论。,),3.,Scope of Translation,in terms of languages:,in terms of the mode:,in terms of materials,to be translated:,in terms of disposal:(full-text translation,abridged translation,adapted translation),1.,按语言分类:,语内翻译(,intralingual,transla
12、tion,),语际翻译(,interlingual,translation,),2.,按活动形式分类:,笔译(,translation,),口译(,interpretation,):,连续传译(,consecutive translation,),同声传译(,simultaneous translation,),3.,按翻译材料的文体分类:,应用文体翻译 科技文体翻译,论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译,艺术文体翻译,4.,按处理方式分类:全译,节译(摘译),编译,译述,Consecutive Interpreting,Simultaneous,Interpreting,4.Criteria of Tr
13、anslation,Yan Fu s(,严复,)“three-character guide”,which was first proposed in 1898,is the principle of,Faithfulness,(,信,),Expressiveness,(,达,),Elega,nce,(,雅,),“,译事三难:信、达、雅”,4.Criteria of Translation,Some revisions such as faithfulness,expressiveness and closeness(,信、达、切,);,faithfulness,expressiveness
14、and fitness(,信、达、贴,),Fu Leis(,傅雷,)spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit,(神似,),Qian,Zhongshu,(,钱钟书,)transmigration(,化境,),鲁迅:翻译:一,当然力求其易解,一则保存原作的丰姿。反对牛头不对马嘴,提出“宁信而不顺”之原则。,林语堂的“忠实、通顺、美”,梁实秋的“宁错务顺”,瞿秋白的“信顺统一”,许渊冲的“音美、形美、意美(三美)”,现在翻译的标准通常被概括为“忠实,通顺”,其中忠实是指忠实于原作的内容和保持原作的风格,Criteria for beginners,:,Fa
15、ithfulness,Smoothness,“,泰特勒三原则,”,奈达(美)的,“,动态对等,”,和,“,功能对等,”,纽马克(英)的,“,文本中心,”,论,Criteria in the West,十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大,泰特勒,(,Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814),。他在,论翻译的原则,(Essay on the Principles of Translation),一书中提出了著名的翻译三原则:,(,1,),译文应完全复写出原作的思想,(,A translation should give a complete transcript of the
16、 ideas of the original work.,),(,2,),译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同,(,The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original,.),(,3,),译文应和原作同样流畅,(,A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.,),Three Principles of Translation,:,美国翻译理论家,Eugene A.Nida,:,把翻译中的
17、意义”概括成“语义”和“语体”,:,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.,(所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上。,),A.Preparation:basic knowledge about both languages
18、as well as the background knowledge;basic skills in translation are necessary;,B.Comprehension:understanding accurately the meaning of the source language;,C.Expression/Representation:try to express the meaning in idiomatic Chinese;,D.Revision/proofreading:check again and again to polish the languag
19、e.,翻译过程是正确理解原文和创造性地用另一种语言再现原文的过程,大体上分为理解、表达和校核三个阶段。,5.The Process of Translation,理解与表达,直译,literal translation vs.,意译,free translation,归化,domestication Vs.,异化,foreignization,是,美国,著名翻译理论学家,劳伦斯,韦努蒂,(,Lawrence,Venuti,)于,1995,年在,译者的隐身,中提出来的。,翻译中两种最基本的方法是直译和意译,所谓直译就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的,内容又保持原文的形式。,异化和归化
20、可以被视为直译和意译的概念延伸,但又不完全等同于直译和意译。,直译和意译主要是局限于语言层面的价值取向,而异化和归化则是立足于文化大语境下的价值取向,两者之间的差异是显而易见的。,-“What do you think of the man?”,-“Youve stolen my question!”,“,你怎么看这个人?”,“,你偷了我的问题!”,She kept her hands clasped on mine a moment longer than was necessary.,她紧握着我的手,比必要的时间长一点。,她紧握着我的手,没有马上松开。,An American girl f
21、ell in love with her Chinese classmate,but the young man didnt share her feelings.,一个美国女孩爱上了她的中国同学,但是那个年轻人却和她的感觉不一样。,一个美国女孩爱上了她的中国同学,可惜她只是一厢情愿。,(X),(“我正要问你)呢!”,Kill two birds with one stone,异化:一石二鸟,归化:一箭双雕,一举两得,Crocodile tears,异化:鳄鱼的眼泪,归化:猫哭耗子,表达(简洁),电报:“母病危,速归。”,Mom sick,back quickly.,Mom dying,bac
22、k now.,6.,History of Translation in China,我国翻译活动大致经历了四个不同的发展时期,即古代、近代、现代和当代。,古代,-,起于先秦时有关翻译的零星论述,至清朝乾隆初年,翻清说,为止。这一时期包括两次翻译高潮,即东汉至宋代的佛经翻译和明清的宗教、科技翻译。,笔译佛经始于,东汉桓帝建和二年,(公元,148,年),译者叫安世高,是安息人(即波斯人)。,此后月支国(我国古代西部民族名)的,娄迦谶(又称支娄迦谶),来中国,译了十多部佛经。他的译笔生硬,大概从那时起,就有了直译和意译这一类问题了。,他和他的弟子,支亮,及支亮的弟子,支谦,号称“,三支,”。月氏派另
23、有一翻译家叫,竺法护,,,此人共译佛经,175,部,。上述翻译佛经活动为,民间译事,。,到了苻秦时代,在,释道安,的主持下设置了,译场,。翻译事业成为,有组织的活动。,隋代至唐代,是我国佛经翻译事业发展的鼎盛时期。,唐代到了顶峰,造就了包括古代翻译巨星玄奘在内的一大批著名译者。其中,鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘,一直被视为我国佛学三大翻译家,.,玄奘的贡献:,1.,将佛经由梵文译成汉文,2.,首次进行了汉译外的尝试,3.,理论上提出“即须求真,又须喻俗,”,翻译标准,即“忠 实、通顺”。,近代,-,起于鸦片战争止于“五四”运动。主要内容包括洋务派和维新派人士的理论。,徐光启和意大利人利玛窦合作,翻译了
24、欧几里得的,几何原本,、,测量法义,等。,清,林纾和他的合作者,以,口述笔译,的形式译了,一百六十多,部文学作品,其中最著名的有,巴黎茶花女遗事,、,黑奴吁天录,、,块肉余生述,、,王子复仇记,等,清末翻译界最重要的代表人物是资产阶级启蒙思想、翻译家,严复,,他常借西方著名资产阶级思想家的著作表达自己的思想。,他的贡献不仅在于翻译实践,更重要的是他根据我国古代翻译佛经的经验,结合自己的翻译实践,在,天演论,卷首的,译例言,中提出了,“信,达,雅”(,faithfulness,,,expressiveness and elegance,)的翻译标准。,信,-,忠实、达,-,通顺、雅,-,文采(涉
25、及风格、文体、修辞等)。,现代,-,从五四运动到,1949,年新中国成立,主要研究,鲁迅、瞿秋白、林语堂,等人的译论及其译作。,鲁迅和瞿秋白,是“五四”时期翻译界的杰出代表。鲁迅译过许多,俄国和苏联的优秀作品,。,鲁迅倾向于,直译,,他提出了,“宁信而不顺”的原则。,鲁迅也提出:,凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿,.,当代,-,从建国后至今。这一时期具有代表性的翻译理论著作和译作不仅来自老一辈翻译家和文学家,还包括港澳,台三地的翻译者。,翻译事业进入了新时代期。翻译工作成了多方位,多层次的交际媒体。翻译规模、质量进一步提高,题材扩大,形式繁多。口译,(,含同声传
26、译,),和笔译并驾齐驱,并出现了机器翻译。,翻译史上四次翻译高潮:,1.,东汉,-,唐宋,(佛经翻译),2.,明末,-,清初,(科技翻译),3.,五四时期,(西学翻译),4.,改革开放后(科技、文化、教育、经济等领域),1)佛经翻译时期,从东汉开始至唐宋,1000余年道安,,鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘,2,)明末清初:西方科技翻译,(徐光启、利玛窦,(,Matteo,Ricci,),;李之藻),3,)清朝后期:西方哲学、文学翻译,重要人物:林纾、严复,4,)中国近代翻译史:“五四”运动是分水岭;,重要人物:鲁迅、瞿秋白、林语堂、朱生豪,5,)繁荣阶段:新中国的成立,佛经翻译三大家,Western t
27、ranslation history,第一个高潮是在公元前,3,世纪中叶,。,第二个高潮发生于公元,4,世纪至,6,世纪之间,。,第三个高潮是,11,世纪至,12,世纪之间,。,第四次高潮,是,14-16,世纪,的欧洲文艺复兴,时期。,第五次高潮,是第二次世界大战结束以来,。,翻译的标准,一古今中外,各抒己见的翻译标准,玄 奘,信、达、雅,力求其易解,;,保存原作丰姿,神 似,直译兼意译,严复,鲁 迅,傅 雷,钱钟书,化 境,泰特勒,译文应与原文的思想完全相符。,2.,译文应与原文的风格及体裁相同。,3.,译文应与原作完全一样通顺自然。,奈 达,(,1,)传达信息;(,2,)传达原作的精神与风格;,(,3,)语言顺畅自然,完全符合译语规范和惯例;(,4,)读者反应类似。,张培基,忠实,通顺,faithfulness,,,smoothness,阎庆甲,深刻理解原文,,确切表达译文。,






