全国研究生英语试卷真题解析省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,硕士英语真题解析,1/39,Section I Use of English,Directions:,Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points),The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot,1,its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law,2,justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that,3,the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.,2/39,Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be,4,as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not,5,by an ethics code.At the very least,the court should make itself,6,to the code of conduct that,7,to the rest of the federal judiciary.,This and other similar cases,8,the question of whether there is still a,9,between the court and politics.,3/39,The framers of the Constitution envisioned law,10,having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions,11,they would be free to,12,those in power and have no need to,13,political supportOur legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely,14,.,Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social,15,like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it,16,is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily,17,as unjust.,4/39,The justices must,18,doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves,19,to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,20,convincing as law.,1.Aemphasize Bmaintain,Cmodify D recognize,2.Awhen Blest,Cbefore D unless,3.Arestored Bweakened,Cestablished D eliminated,5/39,4.Achallenged Bcompromised,Csuspected D accepted,5.Aadvanced Bcaught,Cbound Dfounded,6.Aresistant Bsubject,Cimmune Dprone,7.Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies,8.Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle,9.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict,6/39,10.Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards,11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough,12.Aserve Bsatisfy,Cupset Dreplace,13.Aconfirm Bexpress,Ccultivate Doffer,14.Aguarded Bfollowed,Cstudied Dtied,15.Aconcepts Btheories,Cdivisions Dconceptions,7/39,16.Aexcludes Bquestions,Cshapes Dcontrols,17.Adismissed Breleased,Cranked Ddistorted,18.Asuppress Bexploit,Caddress Dignore,19.Aaccessible Bamiable,Cagreeable Daccountable,20.Aby all mesns Batall costs,Cin a word Das a result,8/39,Section II Reading Comprehension,Part A Directions:,Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points),Text 1,Come on Everybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.,9/39,But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.,Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.,10/39,The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to be different,please dont smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.,11/39,But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.,12/39,Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.,13/39,Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.,14/39,21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as,A a supplement to the social cure,B a stimulus to group dynamics,C an obstacle to school progress,D a cause of undesirable behaviors,22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should,A recruit professional advertisers,B learn from advertisers experience,C stay away from commercial advertisers,D recognize the limitations of advertisements,15/39,23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails to,A adequately probe social and biological factors,B effectively evade the flaws of the social cure,C illustrate the functions of state funding,D produce a long-lasting social effect,24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors,A is harmful to our networks of friends,B will mislead behavioral studies,C occurs without our realizing it,D can produce negative health habits,16/39,25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is,A harmful,B desirable,C profound,D questionable,17/39,Part B Directions:,In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）,Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying,higher than a bird.Now think of your laptop,thinner than a brown-paper envelope,or your cellphone in the palm of your hand.Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.,18/39,The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses,warriors,entrepre,neu,rs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press,studio and theatre,paintbrush and gallery,piano and radio,the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41),The networked computer is an amazing device,the first media machine that serves as the mode of production,means of distribution,site of reception,and place of praise and critique.The computer is the 21st centurys culture machine.,19/39,But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer,we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons.First,most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode.Second,the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.,All animals download,but only a few upload.Beavers build dams and birds make nests.Yet for the most part,the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.Humans are,20/39,unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods-paintings,sculpture and architecture-and superfluous experiences-music,literature,religion and philosophy.(43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines,most people are still stuck in download mode.Even after the advent of widespread social media,a pyramid of production remains,with a small number of people uploading material,a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content,and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.(44),21/39,Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes.The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.,(45),What counts as meaningful uploading?My definition revolves around the concept of stickiness-creations and experiences to which others adhere.,22/39,A Of course,it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human.Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills,but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.,B Applications like,which allow users to combine pictures,words and other media in creative ways and then share them,have the potential to add stickiness by amusing,entertaining and enlightening others.,C Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.,23/39,D This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading-between passive consumption and active creation-whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.,E The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.,24/39,F One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century,much of the worlds media culture has been defined by a single medium-television-and television is defined by downloading.,G The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow,to encourage thoughtful downloading and,even more importantlymeaningful uploading.,25/39,Part C Directions:,Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points),Since the days of Aristotle,a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways,this quest for commonalities defines science.Newtons laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.,26/39,(46),In physics,one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everythinga single generative equation for all we see.,It is becoming less clear,however,that such a theory would be a simplification,given the dimensions and universes that it might entail,nonetheless,unification of sorts remains a major goal.,This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47),Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity,27/39,could also be traced to more constrained beginnings,.Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection,perhaps the worlds languages,music,social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.(48),To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms,.That,at least,is the hope.But a comparative study of,28/39,linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check.Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.,The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,who suggested that humans are born with an innate languageacquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language,which is why children can learn it so quickly.,29/39,(49),The second,by Joshua Greenberg,takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits(particularly in word order)shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.,Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50),Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it,whereas Greenbergian,30/39,universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.,Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis,suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals.,31/39,Section III Writing,Part A,51.Directions:,Some internationals students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students Union to,1)extend your welcome and,2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.,You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter.Use“Li Ming”instead.,Do not write the address(10 points),32/39,Part B,52.Directions:write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should,1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and,3)give your comments,You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）,33/39,34/39,46.在物理学上，一个方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点而且导找到一个万能理论-一条我们都能够看见，明白普遍公式。,47.在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则，假如全部人类都有共同起源，那么文化差异能够追寻到更早可控起源也是合理。,48.从我们共同特征中过滤独特征能够使我们明白文化行为复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认知方面指导我们人类。,49、其实，由约书亚格林伯说，将更多经验主义用在了普遍性上，验证许多语言所共有特点，这些特点被认为是代表了由认知限制造成偏见。,50.乔姆斯基语法应该表现了语言更改模式，是经过独立家谱或由它所跟踪路径，而经过性预测特定类型间合作关系35/39,Dear my friends,I am writing this letter to welcome you to our university.I expect you to arrive here with increasing joy as well as excitement.It is of great pleasure to anticipate your coming soon.,As foreign students,you will find everything on our campus quite different,fresh and alien.Therefore,after arriving,you can take full advantage of every opportunity to communicate with us directly to bridge the gap.To be more specific,the climate in Beijing is considerably different from your hometown,but you will soon,36/39,get accustomed to living here.Finally,I hope to accompany you and