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Supplied by Pilbara Ports AuthorityFuelling the decarbonisation of ironore shipping betweenWestern Australia and East Asia with clean ammonia Green shipping corridor feasibility assessment2Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaTable of contentsAcronyms and glossary 4Acronyms 4Glossary 5Endorsements 6Acknowledgements 7Disclaimer 8Executive summary 10Background and introduction 151.1 Green shipping corridors and why they matter 161.2 The Western Australia-East Asia iron ore green corridor opportunity 171.3 Report objectives and approach 18Defining and exploring a decarbonisation scenario for the corridor 202.1 Applying the scenario to the Western Australia-East Asia iron ore corridor 222.1.1 Demand for zero-emission cargo transport 222.1.2 Required number of zero-emission vessels and clean fuel volumes 23Feasibility evaluation 263.1 Vessels 273.1.1 Initial deployment 273.1.2 Vessel availability 35Supplied by BPH3Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammonia3.2 Fuel 373.2.1 Clean ammonia fuel availability 373.2.2 Enabling mechanisms 473.3 Bunkering 513.31 Ammonia bunkering readiness in Singapore and the Pilbara 513.3.2 Tradeoffs between Singapore and Pilbara bunkering 53Appendix 574.1 Vessel and voyage assumptions 584.2 List of relevant planned Australian clean ammonia projects 604.3 Detailed risk rating assessment for initial clean ammonia-powered vessel deployment in 2028 624.4 Corridor vessel age distribution and turnover projections 684Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaAcronyms and glossary Acronyms AiP Approval in PrincipleAREH Australian Renewable Energy HubBAF Bunker Adjustment FactorCAPEX Capital ExpenditureCCS Carbon Capture and StorageCfD Contract for DifferenceCII Carbon Intensity IndicatorCOA Contract of AffreightmentEEDI Energy Efficiency Design IndexEOI Expression of InterestETC Energy Transitions CommissionEU ETS European Union Emissions Trading SchemeFID Final Investment DecisionGCMD Global Centre for Maritime DecarbonisationGMF Global Maritime ForumGO Guarantee-of-OriginGtZ Getting to Zero CoalitionGW GigawattH2 HydrogenHFO Heavy Fuel OilIEA International Energy Agencykg KilogramLCA Life Cycle AssessmentLCOP Levelised Cost of ProductionLNG Liquified Natural GasLOI Letter of IntentICS International Chamber of ShippingIFO Intermediate Fuel OilIGF Code International Code of Safety for Ships using Gases or Other Low-flashpoint FuelsIRENA International Renewable Energy AgencyIMO International Maritime OrganisationMCR Maximum Continuous RatingMoU Memorandum of UnderstandingMPA Maritime and Port Authority of SingaporeMPP Mission Possible PartnershipMt Million tonnesNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNH3 Ammonianm Nautical mileOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerPPA Pilbara Ports AuthoritySGMF Society for Gas as a Marine FuelSOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at SeaSTCW International Convention on Standards of Training,Certification and Watchkeeping for SeafarersSTS Sector Transition StrategySZEF Scalable Zero-Emission FuelUMAS University Maritime Advisory ServiceUN United Nations5Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaGlossary Clean ammoniaLow and zero-carbon ammonia.This umbrella term includes both“green”ammonia,produced with electrolytic hydrogen,and“blue”ammonia,produced from conventional hydrogen with applied carbon capture and storage.Zero-emission vessels and fuelsVessels and fuels with the potential to achieve zero-or near-zero greenhouse gas emissions on a lifecycle basis.See the Getting to Zero Coalitions definition of zero carbon energy sources for further clarification.Ammonia-powered vesselsVessels with the ability to use ammonia as their primary fuel.Clean-ammonia-powered vesselsVessels that operate on clean ammonia as their primary fuel.“Upper envelope”of clean ammonia demandThe amount of clean ammonia needed to power the full zero-emission fleet on the corridor,used for stress testing the fuels potential to contribute to the greening of the route.Port regionsThe geographical focus of this report covers seaborne trade of iron ore between Western Australia and the following groups of ports in East Asia:Port region 1:Bayuquan,Caofeidian,Caojing,Changzhou,Dalian,Dandong,Dongjiakou,Fangcheng,Huanghua,Jingtang,Kemen,Lanshan,Lianyungang,Liuheng,Majishan,Ningbo,Qingdao,Rizhao,Shanghai,Tianjin,Zhangjiagang,Zhanjiang Port region 2:Gwangyang,Onson,Pohang,Pyeongtaek,Ulsan,Yeosu Port region 3:Chiba,Fukuyama,Higashiharima,Hirohata,Ichihara,Kashima,Kawasaki,Kisarazu,Kobe,Kure,Mizushima,Oita,Tokuyamakudamatsu,Tokyo Bay,Yokohama Port region 4:Kaohsiung,Mailiao,Tiachung6Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaEndorsementsThis report is based on analysis by the Energy Transitions Commission,on behalf of the Australia to East Asia Iron Ore Green Corridor Consortium,a collaboration between the Global Maritime Forum,BHP,Rio Tinto Shipping(Asia)Pte.Ltd.,(Rio Tinto),Oldendorff Carriers GmbH&Co(Oldendorff Carriers)and Star Bulk Carriers Corp.(Star Bulk).“Through this collaboration with the Global Maritime Forum and the consortium members,BHP is pleased to see that the rigorous,data-led analysis of this study indicates the feasibility of using clean ammonia on vessels sailing through the West Australia to East Asia corridor.In line with our net zero ambitions,we seek to influence this supply chain,with our ecosystem partners,by creating demand for low-and zero-GHG emission fuels and energy efficient vessels.”Rashpal Bhatti,Vice President Maritime and Supply Chain Excellence,BHP“The West Australia East Asia iron ore Green Corridor represents a great opportunity to aggregate green fuel demand and supply in support of the industrys journey towards net-zero in this major trade lane.As we build on the study to realise a safe and economic green shipping corridor,public-private partnership is key to bring this project to life.Rio Tinto remains committed to collaborating with value chain partners in support of this initiative as we work to deliver our climate commitments on shipping.”Laure Baratgin,Head of Commercial Operations,Rio Tinto“Being one of the founding members of the West Australia to East Asia iron ore Green Corridor Consortium was an excellent opportunity for Oldendorff Carriers to collaborate and share perspectives with the other Consortium members on the feasibility of reducing emissions on this strategic iron ore trade.We are pleased to join in sharing this feasibility assessment to show how a well-considered Green Corridor can facilitate our collective desire to decarbonize shipping with an alternative fuel.While outside the scope of this report,the safety concerns and environmental risks of ammonia have yet to be adequately addressed.As the safety of our crew is paramount,these challenges must be overcome to enable adoption.”Scott Bergeron,Managing Director Global Engagement&Sustainability,Oldendorff Carriers“Working closely with our business partners to assess the feasibility of green fuels and technologies is a core pillar of Star Bulks strategy.This study has allowed us to examine the potential for the demand,supply,and bunkering of clean ammonia in the West-Australia East Asia corridor,an important trade route for our larger vessels.Through this work,we aim to complement parallel efforts of the industry to tackle other challenges related to ammonia as a marine fuel,including safety protocols and new engine designs,and to help advance the sectors understanding on the pathway to a greener future.”Charis Plakantonaki,Chief Strategy Officer,Star Bulk 7Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaAcknowledgements About the Global Maritime ForumThe Global Maritime Forum is an international not-for-profit organisation dedicated to shaping the future of global seaborne trade to increase sustainable long-term economic development and human wellbeing.About the Australia to East Asia Iron Ore Green Corridor ConsortiumThe Australia to East Asia Iron Ore Green Corridor Consortium is a collaboration between the Global Maritime Forum,BHP,Rio Tinto,Oldendorff Carriers and Star Bulk Carriers,that was launched in April 2022,to assess the development of an iron ore Green Corridor between Western Australia and East Asia.About the Getting to Zero Coalition Iron Ore Green Corridor Task ForceMembers of the Getting to Zero Coalition and leading Australian shipping and energy stakeholders formed a Task Force,convened and chaired by the Global Maritime Forum,to support the development of the Western Australia-East Asia Iron Ore Green Corridor.Its Members are BHP,BP,Bureau Veritas,Cargill,ClassNK,the Clean Energy Finance Corporation,Fortescue Future Industries,Intercontinental Energy,Lloyds Register,Maritime Industry Australia Ltd,NYK Line,Oldendorff Carriers,Pilbara Ports Authority,Rio Tinto,Scaling Green Hydrogen Cooperative Research Centre Bid,Star Bulk,Woodside Energy,Yara Clean Ammonia.About the Energy Transitions CommissionThe Energy Transitions Commission(ETC)is a global coalition of leaders from across the energy landscape committed to achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century in order to limit global warming to well below 2C and as close as possible to 1.5C.Our Commissioners come from a range of organisations energy producers,energy-intensive industries,technology providers,finance players and environmental NGOs which operate across developed and developing countries and play different roles in the energy transition.This diversity of viewpoints informs our work:our analyses are developed with a systems perspective through extensive exchanges with experts and practitioners.Our ambition is to inform the decisions of public and private decision-makers and support the leaders at the forefront of climate action to speed up the deployment of low and zero-carbon solutions.Authors Global Maritime Forum:Joe Boyland,Marieke Beckmann,and Jesse Fahnestock Energy Transition Commission:Jason Martins,Mark Meldrum,and Evgeniia Mingaleeva 8Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaDisclaimerPresentation of information and data and forward-looking statements This document contains forward-looking statements which make assumptions,including about long-run demand for iron ore in East Asia,levels of and potential constraints to clean ammonia-powered vessels deployment,and clean ammonia fuel and bunkering availability based on a combination of independent and new analysis by the Energy Transitions Commission.These assumptions are adopted to seek to assess the feasibility of implementing an iron ore green corridor between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammonia as a fuel and shall be used for this purpose only.Except as required by applicable regulations or by law,neither ETC,Global Maritime Forum nor the Consortium members undertake to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements,or other content in this document,whether as a result of new information or future events.The statements in this document do not represent guarantees or predictions of future financial or operational performance and involve known and unknown risks,uncertainties and other factors,many of which are beyond the control of ETC,Global Maritime Forum or the Consortium members and which may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the statements contained in this document.Readers are cautioned not to place reliance on any forward-looking statements or graph-based projections.Numbers presented may not add up precisely to the totals provided due to rounding.Due to the inherent uncertainty and limitations in measuring greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and operational energy consumption under the calculation methodologies used in the preparation of such data,all GHG emissions and operational energy consumption data or references to GHG emissions and operational energy consumption volumes(including ratios or percentages)in this document are estimates.There may also be differences in the manner that third parties calculate or report GHG emissions or operational energy consumption data compared to the approach in this document,which means that third-party data may not be comparable to the data or information in this document.Reliance on third party information The views expressed in this document contain information that has been derived from publicly available sources that have not been independently verified by the Consortium members.No representation or warranty is made as to the accuracy,completeness or reliability of the information.This document should not be relied upon as a recommendation or forecast by any of the Consortium members.Use of this document and no reliance This document has been prepared to assess the feasibility of implementing an iron ore green corridor between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammonia as a fuel.ETC and Global Maritime Forum request that any references to this document are appropriately attributed.The Consortium members make no express or implied warranty or representation in relation to any information or data contained in this document,and to the greatest extent permitted by law,exclude any liability in negligence or otherwise for any loss arising from any use of this document or any other information or material comprised of or derived from any content of this document.9Fuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammoniaMaps and bordersThis publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory or area.Supplied by Pilbara Ports AuthorityFuelling the decarbonisation of iron ore shipping between Western Australia and East Asia with clean ammonia10Executive summaryThe Next Wave report by the Getting to Zero Coalition identified the iron ore shipping routes from Western Australia to China and Japan as strong candidates for first-mover green shipping corridors,with favourable conditions for early action and the potential to have a large impact on the decarbonisation of the sector.An accompanying pre-feasibility assessment found that clean ammonia “green”ammonia,produced with electrolytic hydrogen,and“blue”ammonia,produced from conventional hydrogen with applied carbon capture and storage would be the most likely fuel to power the green corridor.This study takes the findings of the earlier pre-feasibility study as a point of departure and assesses the feasibility of implementing an iron ore green corrido