航海专业英语总复习.ppt

诚 毅,集 美 大 学,航海英语总复习,一、气压,atmosphic,pressure,测量仪器,气压计,microbarograph,低压,depression,在低压周围地区会形成闭合的等压线,closed isobars,在北半球，风是循环绕中心以反时针（,anti-clockwise,counterclock,wise,backing,）并向内吹。在南半球，风是向内并以顺时针（,clowise,veering,）向内吹，在低压区，通常伴随,associated with bad,weateher,。,高压：,high,prssuere,也称反气旋,anticyclone,闭合等压线构成的中心气压比,(compared with),周围高的区域。,伴随好天气,associated with fine weather,This area is characterized by quiet,settled weather.,难专业词汇,低压槽,trough(V,-shaped depression),：由低压向处延伸出来的狭长区域常伴有冷锋,front,或锢囚锋,occlusion,高压背,ridge,：由高压向外延伸出来的狭长区域。,鞍型区,col,：相对并相邻的两高压和低压组成的中间区域。,二、风,测量仪器,风速计：,anemometer,lee side,下风舷,方向：来向It is specified by the direction from which it blows.,Wind ward,上风舷,大小：蒲低风级表,Beaufort scale of wind,教材,P129,背，别是,8,级之后。,西北太平洋,Typhoon,西北大西洋、东北太平洋、南太平洋,Hurrican,印度洋、邦加尔（,Bengal,）阿拉伯海：,Cyclone tropical,澳大利西北称为,willy-willy,.,在北半球，沿台风移动方向的右边圆为危险半圆,dangerous,Semicirle,.,Monsoon,季风，,wet,410,月，在印度洋,from SW,Dry,113,月，在印度洋,from NE,三、湿度,humidity,测量仪：湿度计：,hygrometer,绝对,absolute/,相对,relative humidity,大小：,露点,dew point,通风,ventilation.,雾和能见度：,fog visibility,condensation,凝结,/,液化,（,1,）大雾,dense fog,浓度,thick fog,中雾,fog,轻雾,morderate,fog,薄雾,mistthin fog,haze,霾是尘埃、烟等引起（,caused by dust or smoke particles suspended in the air by rising currents.,由上升气流而悬浮在空气的尘埃或微粒导致,）,（,2,）能见度：,Visibility poor,maderate,good,very good.Exceptional,记住等级，名称和距离,P130,4,雨,P138 isolated shower,阴、阳转多云、阴有雨、偶尔阵雨、零星阵雨，局部阵雨、局部阵雨或雷雨、阵雨、雷雨,overcast cloudy/,withrain,occasional,scatlered,shower local showers and thunderstorms SCTTD=scattered,零星的,ISLTD=isolated,局部的,四、气象报告,主要有三部分,warning(gale/storm/hurricane/typhoon warnings),synoptic situation/General situation/synopsis/summary,Forecast c effective for 12 24 hrs,天气传真图缩写,气压梯度,pressure gradient,风力大小（记）,船舶操纵装置的种类,screw,propeller,FPP:fixed pitch propeller,CPP:controllable pitch propeller(Variable PP),船、桨、舵综合效应（右旋,FPP,）,1,吸入流：,suction current/,排出流，,discharge current,沉深横向力,transverse fore of propeller submergence,大小随桨叶在水面下的深度增加而增加，进车推尾向右首向左，加速影响明显。,伴流横向力,transverse force of wake current,伴流流速分布,上大下小，左右对称。进车推尾向右，静止后退不存在。,排出流横向力,transverse force of discharge carnet,打在舵叶右下方的水流冲角大，进车推尾向左首向右。,2,综合作用,静止中进车，作用使首向左，倒车,+,首向右,静止中倒车，、作用首向右，但,-V,个减弱。,操纵性能,1,反移量,kick1,罗经点，,1%,Lbp,/,偏移,2,进距,advance,3,横距,transfer,旋回初径,tractical,diameter,定常旋回直径,final diameter,滞距,reach,漂角,drift angle,转心,pivoting point,初始回转性能,initial turning ability,用诺宾指数,Norrbine,衡量，越大越好。,10,追随性指数,yaw quick,，用,T,表示，,T,大航向稳定性,Course stability,差。,11,旋回性指数,turning ability,用,K,表示，,K,大旋回性好。,12,冲程,stopping distance,倒车,，,revrese,急停,crash,拖轮作业方式有,吊拖,towing ahead,顶推,pushing,傍拖,towing alongside,浅水效应,shallow water effect,侧壁：,wall effect,受限水域效应,restricted water effect/confined water effect,船体下沉,squat,，用傅汝德系数衡量,F0.3,时，首沉大于尾沉。,锚泊方式,单锚泊,riding at single anchor,双锚泊,riding at two anchors,一字锚,mooring to two anchors,八字锚,bridle moor,riding to two anchors,一点锚,riding one point anchors,串联锚,backing an anchor,力锚,/,链,riding anchor/chain.,惰锚,/,链,lee anchor cable,大风浪中,滞航,heave to,顺航,scudding,漂滞,drifting,应急操船,应变部署,practice muster,拖滩,beaching,，弃船,abandon ship,，搁浅,stranding,触礁,strike on a rock,发现人员落水，立即大声呼叫，就近抛下救生圈，向落水一舷操满舵，盯落水者，报驾驶员。,船舶载货性能,1,表示某船某航次可载货物重量用：,Net deadweight/deadweight,或,Full loaded displacement/loaded displacement/displacement,表示。,2,容积,capacity,舱柜,compartment/,散载,Grain/,包装,Bale/,液货舱,Liquid/,液舱,Tank,3,舱容系数,Coefficient of load,较大的表示宜装轻货。,4,空载,/,压载航行排水量,light ship/ballasted displacement,表示船舶没有装货,unlaoad,/lighted,启航,5,吨位,tonnage,容积范畴，表示船舶规模。,登记,Registed,(,净吨位,Net,港口使费,charge,锐金、运河吨,canal,运河通航费、总吨位,Gross),货运业务中常碰到的“四心”,1,稳心,Transverse/Longitudinal metacenter(MT,ML),总在浮力与重力交点上。稳心高度,above base line(KMT,KML),2.,浮心，,Vertical center of buoyancy,浮心作用中心，水下体积中心,3,重点,Vertical center of gravity,4,漂心,Longitudal,center of floatation,水线面的形心,稳性,Transverse/,Longitudal,statical,/dynamical,initial/stability at large angles,1.GM=KM-KG,2.GM,大，复原力臂,the righting lever arm GZ,一般也大，稳性大,/,摇摆快,stiff,返之,tender.,(GZ=KN-KG,sin,),KN,形装稳性力臂,Lever of form stability,KH,重点稳性力臂,Lever of stability by weights.,3.,自由液面修正,free surface correction,使,GM,可看作,KG,或,G,重心的升高,4,力矩,moment,复原力矩,righting moment,载重线标志,the load line mark/load line,1.,储备浮力,reserved buoyancy,用于舷,Free board,表示在船中，从干舷甲板上边缘有关水线的垂直距。,2,MBDD,木材北大西洋冬季载重线，现用,LWNA,Timber North Atlantic load winter line,强度,strength of ships,1.,切力,shear fore,弯矩,bending moment,2.,中拱,hogging,，中垂，,sagging,，底部受拉延,bottom/tension.,吃水,draft,1.,实际吃水,real draft,从龙骨,keel,下绷量起，型吃水,moulded,draft,上缘量起,首尾吃水,Fare/oft draft,平吃水,even keel,首倾，拱头,/,昆倾、尾沉、拱尾，,trim by head/stern.,吃水差,trim.,正常航行时应保持适度尾倾。,2,水尺标志,draft mark,字高字隙,10cm,或,6,英尺,inch,危险货物,dangerous goads/cargo,1.,国际危规,IMDG code,2.,种类,.explosives,爆炸品。爆炸上,/,下限。,Upper/lower explosive limit(,气体,),（,P91-96,页货 运）气体,Gas,compressed,压缩，,liquefied and dissolved under pressure,加压溶解易燃液体,inflammable liquids,用,flash point(closed cup,opened cup,衡量，用规定仪器测定）。,固体,.Inflammable solids,spontaneously combustible substance,易自燃物质,and substances emitting inflammable gases when wet,遇水放出易燃气体的物质。,用燃点,inflammable point,自燃点,spontaneous combustion point,表示。,氧化剂和有机过氧化物,Oxidizing,substancesand,organic peroxides.5.2,限于甲板,有毒物质和感染性物质,Toxic and infections substances,放射性物质,Radioactive substances运输指数,TI transport index,腐蚀品,corrosive substances,杂质,Miscellaneous dangerous substances.,隔离要求,Away from,远离,/separated from,隔离,/separated by a complete compartment or hold from,隔离了，用一整个舱室或货舱壁离,/separated by an intervening complete compartment or hold from.,4,，用介于中间的一整,离。,货物类别,dry cargo,杂货,重大件,Awkward and lengthy cargo/heavy cargo,易腐冷藏货物,Perishable and reefer cargo.,如水果，冷藏舱,散装货物,bulk cargo,（少量才是杂货）,气味货物,smelly cargo,液体货物,liquid cargo,食品类货物,foodstuffs,扬尘污染货,dusty and dirty cargo,清洁货,clean or fine cargo,、易碎品,fragile cargo,贵重货,Valuable cargo,，活动植物,Live cargo,普通货,general cargo,集装箱运输,container,1,场,cyYard,货运站,freight station CFS.,门,Door,2.,台架式,/,平台式集装箱,platform based/platform,适装重大件。,3,满箱,FCL LO/LO,RO/RO/LASH,RO/RO,有,ramp,斜坡道，倾斜道。,拼,LCL,4,系固件,角锁紧装置,/,扭锁,Twistlock,用于上下层或与船体连结,水平连结。,绑扎杆,lashing bar.,松紧螺杆,Turnbuckle.,箱与船体连结，水平,/,垂直。,桥锁,bridge fitting,上层相邻箱连结。,固体散货,1,分三类,2,流动水分点，,flow moisture point,1,衬垫,dunnage,，油布,tarpaulin,，帆布,canvas,，防水,resistant to water,，污染、沾污,tainting,2,现货,tally foreman stevedore,3,绑扎,lashing,4,扫舱,cleaning work,5,污水沟,bilge,，排放规定，如港口需得到同意。,6,货物装卸可用,handle,7,隔票,segregation,8,正浮,upright,9,出汗,perspiration,，船体出汗,ships sweat,，吸湿,hygroscopic absorption,。,10,溢油、停止作业,shut down operation,，若溅到衣服，应脱掉洗净,remove doting and wash.,11,抛货,jettision,12,选港货,optional cargo,13,远离,keep away from,14,绑扎,lashing,searing,15,装卸作业、禁止吸烟,No smoking is allowed,消防信号,fire-fighting,着火,onfire,警铃和汽笛短声,continous,ringing/sounding general,连放,1,分钟,over 10s alarm/whistle,（,+,前、,2,后、,3,上、,4,下,机舱,）,fuel,燃料,燃烧三要素（,oxygen,氧气,用测氧仪,oxygen indicator,探测，用后用,fresh air,冲净,purge.,Spread Ignition,火源,/electricity,火热曼延途径,.Conduction,传导、,radiation,辐射,convection,对流,灭火方法,窒息法,suffocate,/smothering/choking/asphyxiation,冷却法,cooling,中断法,.Burn-back protection,灭火剂,1,CO2,carbon dioxide,近似于惰性,inert,气体（如氮,nitrogen,）,损失最小,minimize damages,先撤离,evacclate,，后封闭再释放并放完。,称重,weight,释放时，取下锁钉,remove the locking pin,，压扣把手,fullpin,squeeze grip,用,CO2,扑救后，准备水或其他灭火剂是适当的,advisable,2.dry chemical,化学干粉,/,卤素,halon,电气火灾，扑救前应先切断电源,de-energize the circuit,比,CO2,作用距离更长，有利于保持操作者。,超分子作用,Decompose,最初起到中止反应链,breating,the chain reaction,往往有毒，但可多用途,Multipurpose ability,扑救棉、纤维如草席,Mat/mattress,释放用,CO2,喷射。,3,Foam,泡沫,窒息，断氧供给。,灭油类火，还可用,CO2,干粉，油类,grease fire,缺点、弱导电,conduet,electricity,易燃液体喷出火灾最好的扑救方法是切断油气流、,stop the flow of gas,4,水,冷却,消防栓,fire hydrant,皮龙,fire hose,装备,firemans outfit,1.self-contained breathing apparatus,自给或呼吸器，用过后要,tobe,refilled,2,防毒面具,gas mask,filter,过波空气。,3,防火网,spark arrestor,、防火星,spark from getting out of,废气,exhaust,系统。,Flame screen,演习,1,drill,2,重点盘查求生和消防设备，,Inventory rescue and fire,equipement,3,听到演习警报，应在,2m,达到,station.,报告并示范操作，,reportand,demonstrate,4,每人应熟悉,be familiar with,救生,/,消防设备的放置位置，,boarding,和操作,operating.,5,将下置于下风,leeway.,6,发现火灾、首先报警,sound the alarm,（拉响警铃）。,遇险,in distress,信号,1,释放遇险信号，表示船舶需要立即得到求助,keqaire,/need of assistance,2,种类,P175,a continuous sounding with any of fog-,singaling,apparouts,雾号器具,a smoke signal give off orange-colored smoke,，桔黄色，白天易被发现,visible,气胀式,inflatable,liferaft,1,液压自动释放器,hydrostatic release,must be,sumerged,to a certain deep to release auto.,其存放筒外表不能油漆。,2,当人员已全部登上,after everyone is onboard,筏，首先砍断首缆,cut the painter,。,3,通过收,heave,拉环（,towing bridle,）拖索,towing line,回收,retrieve,liferaft,.,4,未满员时,not loaded to fully capacity.,人员应尾部左右对称。,Loaded equally on both side with more aft.,5,筏倾覆,capsize,用扶正带扶正,right the raft using the righting strap,6,重力式释放,a davit-launched life raft,不会因翻滚至舷外,rou,it over the side,而损坏,7,上边沿,underside,的扶手绳或带,hand holds or straps,用于扶正救生筏。,8,船沉至,15,英尺深时，静水力释放环,hydrostatic trip,通过释放系带,by releasing the tie-down strap,从其支架,cradle,释放救生筏箱。,9,带压力释放系统,on-load release system,在任何时候,at any time,均可释放筏。,10,筏抛海充后，海锚展开,the sea anchor deploys,以便停留原地,stay in the general location.sea anchor,可用多种桶缶帆布构成。,11,筏可人工抛海,hand-launched by throwing the entire container overboard.,然后拉打开绳索,the operating cord,充气，气无毒,Non-toxic gas,12,筏有稳定水袋,water stabilizing pockets.,13,首先进入吊式救生筏（机械吊入式）,a davit-launched life raft.,应良好通风,救生艇,lifeboat,1,在大浪中,in the rough sea,放艇，从登艇位,from the embarkation level,下降前应先放松吊艇装置。,2,全封闭,totally enclosed lifeboat,中有一空气罐,air tank,可供人机用约,10,分钟救生艇编号右单左双，小号在前，入水后应,reqular,chechs,of bilge levels,3,桨档水,hold water,时的动作。,4,人员要不从,5m,以直接跳水，而使人突然浸入冷水伤害或最小，,to minimize the shock of sudden cold immersion.,是为了在危急中,in perils,自我保护,to survive themselves.,5,当人员全部登艇后，吊索,tricing,pendant,才应解脱,to be released.,6,登艇处,at embarkation level.,止荡索,frapping lines,减少晃动,swing.,7,乙醚,ether,可用于冷天气下发动机器,start the engine.,8,有一份载员名单,a list of persons assigned to the lifeboat.,9,船长负责每,6,个月至少一次once in each months,，每艇降低一次，油每年至少换一次。,求生浮具,1,求生浮具,life preserver,，求生衣,life jacket.,应标上船名,vessels name.,2,木棉,kapok life jacket,不能当作座椅,seat,，忱头,pillow,，不能堆放,stow,放出烟火或甲板上,flame,smoke,on open deck.,3,气胀式救助艇,inflatable rescue boat,各种不同尺寸,several various-sized,螺丝钳,sealing clamps,可用于应急补大洞,to repair a large hole,。,其他,1,发现人员落水,overboard,，应立即抛救生浮具，,life preserver call for help and keep the individual in sight,2,抛绳器,line throwing equipment,不能在爆炸大气中,in an explosive atmosphere,操作,3,弃船后,24hrs,内，反对伤病,sick or injured,人员供水。,4,穿多衣服,to wear extra clothing,入水是为了保持身体热量,preserve body heat,。,5,人员均应熟悉,be familiar with,筏的登乘和操作步骤,boarding and,operat,procedures,。,6,捞起,pickup,落水者应从其下风驶近。,Approach the person against the wind,（顶风）,7,救生索,a,lofe,line,与艇筏四周,all round,相联,to be connected,。,系缆,/,泊 设备,1,天然纤维缆,natural fiber rope/line,manila,马尼拉，西沙尔,sisal.,合成纤维缆,synthetic fiber rope/line,nylon,尼龙,dacron,涤沦。,2,展开新圈,manila line,应穿过圈眼拉有标志的一端。,Pull the tagged end through the eye of the coil,展开新圈,nylon line coil,应从线轴反绕,should be,unrealing,from a spool.,3,自然纤维绳应放于干燥,dry,，能风足够,adequate ventilation,处，以防止腐烂。纤维绳会因潮湿,dampness,损坏应是因为腐烂,rot,。打开股绳,open the stands,检查内部纤维,examine the inner fibers,以便探测,manila line,的腐烂程度。用木笔可打开股,stands4,右搓股,righted-hand strand,的,manila line,应顺时针盘绕,coiled/faking.,在甲板,on deck,，成扁长环状,in long bights.,5,manil,比,sisal,强度大,nylon,的危险性在于其伸长性，,it stretches.,比,manila rope,的优点,advantage,之一是多股纱,yarns,受损仍可使用,6,钢丝绳纽结,kinking,时，应在其下盘一圈,take a turn under it.,7,撇缆,heaving line,是引缆,messenger.,8,bollard,在码头，,bitt在船上，同一桩系两根缆时，第,2,根要穿过第一根眼环,through the eye of the first,，再套一缆桩,place it on the bollard,。,9,单套 结,bowline,可作临时眼环，系缆应换头,to be turned end for end,使用，因为正常磨损,normal wear,区间不同。,10,任何时候，不要跨在绳圈中,bight of a line,。,送受力缆应快速,pay out/slack,under strain,surge,化纤缆绞紧时,heaving,，增加圈数,take extra turns,可防止打滑,to slip,。,同一方向二根缆时，长度应一样,to be of the same length,。,11,钢丝绳系缆桩时要防止突然伸拉缆桩,to avoid,parbuckling,the,bitt,。,12,制索绳,/,链,rope/chain,仅起暂时受时。,Temporarily hold.,防摩擦装置,chafting,gear,起防止纤维绳擦伤,protect fiber rope from abrasion.,13,系船缆名称、作用、伸出方向。,例,.A spring line leads fore and aft from the ships side,running diagonally to the keel.,倒缆从船舷伸向首尾，与龙骨成夹角。,Head line/head breast line/forward spring line/assistant fore spring aft line/aft breast line/stern spring line/assistant fore aft,Buoy rope,单头缆,slip wire,钢丝回头缆,slip wire.,Bow rope,回头缆，包头缆,towing hawser,拖缆。,Fender,碰垫,.Mooring chock,导缆钩,.,14,船首系坞码头，首例缆,bow spring,受力最大。,设备/,装卸,1,A stay is standing rigging,稳索是固定索具止动索是辅助索,preventers are auxiliary guys.,后支索,backstays,（舷外吊杆边稳索），从桅向尾方向固定,leading aft from the masts.,镀锌,galvanizing,钢丝绳用作,to be used for stay,（稳索一保险稳索）,2,舷外吊杆稳索,outboard guy,应与吊杆投影（水平角）,Viewed from above,成直角,at right angle,系牢,make fast,the union purchase,双杆联吊the married falls rig,3,基座式,pedestal crane,加长吊杆,lengthened,，起吊能力,the lifting capacity,下降。,4,转矩,torque,超过,winch,能力，过载保护装置,Overload safety device,切断电源,Cut the current,。,液压起货机在起吊过程中突然故障，检验阀,a check valve,会关闭,close,，以阻止运转状态,prevent reverse circulation,起货机,cargo gear,故障,breakdown,主要,majority,原因是稳索失效,guy failures.,5,Crane,的操作指示信号,Radar/ARPA,1,显示方式及特征,true/relative motion display.North-stabilized display north/course/head up display.,2,开关机步骤,On/standby/off,3,增益,Gain,调谐,Tuning,海浪干扰抑制,Anti-clutter sea,雪干扰抑制,Anti-,Clutlers,rain,对比度,contrast,等的应用。,4,雷达脉冲宽度,/,频率和峰值,Radars pulse width/frequency and peak power,对有效作用距离有影响,the,effedive,range of radar,物标亮度,target brightness,对,range,不影响,5,近距离可能存在多重回波,multiple echoes,且相隔等距,6,间接回波,indirect radar echo,方向几乎不变,almost constant,回波点不规则,abnormal.,常出现阴暗区,usually appear in shadow sectors.,7,雷达波遇硬质物体沿原路反射，,be reflected back from trough their com,雷达波仅几厘米长,only a few centimeters.,8,珊瑚礁,coral atolls radar,上的显示受波束宽度,beam width,影响,9,雷达不仅能测方位，也能测距离，距离船位线是弧线,arc line,，通过比较,compare to,测距和已知特标,Rnown,object,实际距离来校正雷达。,10,在相对运动显示下，同航向速目标,contact,不动,remain,。,11,ARPA,的两个警戒区,two guard zones,内,the inner guard zone,比外,outer guard zones,最初发现小物标更近。,12,ARPA,以被跟踪,be tracked/,捕获,acquisition,的目标可算出,generate,速度和航向，可马上评估,immediate assessment,危险性。,当与,log,显示的速度比对地速度,the speed over the ground,更快，则,ARPA,求出的真航向速可能存在误差,be in error,。,13,雷康,Radar beacons,会产生,produce,有区别,/,特殊的像点,distinctive image,。在近距离,at close range,可能产生不想要的干扰,unwanted interference.,14,雷达反射器,Radar reflector,可增加被探测到的可能性probability of being,deteded,.,锚设备,1,锚链缩短,shorten,抓力,holding power,减少，锚,+,钢丝组合增加抓力,2,重量轻的锚,LWT,，,light weight,难在软质土,soft soil,中卧底,tripping,（抓牢）,3,增加锚爪,anchor flukes,面积可增大抓力,holding power,。,4,持链软,wildcat,（山猫）是带齿轮,with,sporockets,的深凹槽圆桶,deeply-,groved,drum,。,5,链尺寸以链环直径,link,表示，单位,in/cm,。,6,位于锚爪两侧，纠正抓地位置,correct tripping position,的是锚掌,palms,。,7,海锚成圆锥形袋,a cone shaped bag,。,8,防止链纺结,prevent kinking,的链结构是采用存档链环,stud link,。,舵设备,1,侧翼舵,flanking rudder,因为作用于舵上的推进水流影响，而对航向产生影响。,2,舵设备,steering gear,指航向控制系统,course,controuing,system,。,罗经,1.gyro-compass error,电罗径差，东十，西一。,2,应与主罗径同步，由电伺服系统实现。,3,多项因素导致（详见航海学部分4,罗径指针是灵敏部分,sensitive element.,没有找北能力,north-seeking capability,的罗径指针是亚罗径,pelorus,1,设备须有效,valid,证书。,2,卫导重新启动,reaply,需,2 hrs,可定位。,3,气压计,barometer,的核对，通过对比,against,无线电或气象报告（近）。,4,DF,面板上,on the,panal,of DF,，有清零,zero clearing,，测角计,goniometer,。,5,propeller,大多由锰青铜,manganese bronze,结构。,6,防撞舱壁,couision,bulkhead,要求水密,water-tight mast,桅为钢结构。,舷侧板,side plating,的纵向轻型加固结构,lighter longitudinal stiffing frames,是纵桁,stringers.,水密门,terminology,板闩,dog,是抵抗作用于水密门作用力的装置,device,。,舷梯与引水梯组合,gangway is rigged combining with pilot ladder.,尾部,a vessels quarter,包括船尾两则,on either side of the stern.,船内台级,interior stop,下层到上层