Chapter10.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 10 Roles of Members,Each member assume or is placed into particular roles by members.These roles may be functional or dysfunctional.The group is an ideal situation for members to learn performing roles.,思考,:,工作者有哪些方法可以用于干预团体成员承担不同角色,?,重要名词,role,performance(,角色履行）,;,role,differentiation,（角色区分）,;,institutionalized,roles,（制度化的角色）,;,conventional,roles,（习俗的角色）,;,task roles,(,任务角色,information-seeker,or giver,activity initiator,critic,demonstrator,teacher,elaborator,coordinator);,socioemotional,roles,(,社会情绪角色,encourager,clown,scapegoat,help-rejecting complainer,harmonizer,bully);role,flexibility,（角色灵活性）,;,tit-for-tat,discussion,（针锋相对的讨论）,;,psychological,withdrawal,（心理退缩）,;,isolates on the fringe of the,group,（小组边缘的孤立者）,.,Main contents,1.How people enact various,roles,（人们怎么行使不同的角色）,2.Types of,roles,（角色类型）,3.Flexible roles are better than fixed roles in,group,（小组中灵活的角色比固定的角色好）,.,4.Some,dysfunctioning,roles,and causes that they,generate them.(,一些功能不良的角色，产生它们的原因）,5.Intervention methods to correct dysfunctional role in,group,（小组中矫正功能不良角色的干预方法）,.,Role,theory,（角色理论）,1.Static,perspective,（静态的视角）,:,analogize life with,drama,（将生活类比为戏剧）,A,passage from Shakespeares,work,（莎士比亚作品中的一段话）,:,All the worlds a stage,and all the men and women merely players:,They have their exits and their entrances;,And one man in his time plays many parts.,According to this view,role is connected to larger social structures by virtue of incumbency in status,positions,（由于在一定位置任职，角色与大的社会结构有关）,.,2.Dynamic,perspective,（动态的视角）,:,definition of role from cultural framework is,loose,（从文化体系定义的角色是松散的）,.,Role-taking happens in social,interaction,（角色承担发生在社会相互作用中）,.,People seek for role consistency and,verification,（人们寻求角色一致性和证实）,I.Understanding,role,（理解角色）,1.Role,performance,（角色履行）,:,enact a role to others expectations and own expectations and,motives,（根据他人的期待和自己的期待与动机行使角色）,.,Role performance is influenced by many,factors,（角色履行受很多因素影响）,and feedback to role performance has important meaning to role,definition,（对角色履行的反馈对于角色说明很重要）,.,2.Role,differentiation,（角色区分）,:,roles become differentiated as definitions develop about what is to be done in what way by whom.Many roles are,institutionalized,（许多角色是制度化的）,.,3.Each member in a group assumes certain roles that facilitate or hinder the success of group,work,（小组中每个成员承担一定角色，促进或妨碍小组工作的成功）,.,Social worker regard role as an approach to empower clients psychosocial,functions,（社会工作者将角色看作增强案主心理社会功能的途径）,.,I.Understanding role,（理解角色）,4.Roles in group,work,（小组工作中的角色）,:,There exist roles in relation to social worker,members of the group,and various people in the external,system,（存在与社会工作者、小组成员、外部系统中不同的人有关的角色）,.,Roles in a group is based on a mutual aid system in which each member participates in all aspects of the group with democratic,spirit,（小组中的角色基于相互帮助系统，每个人以民主精神参与小组各个方面）,.,The structure of a group objectively requires role,differentiation,（小组结构客观上要求角色区分）,.,Members can practice external roles through role-play,game,（成员通过角色扮演游戏练习外部角色）,.,Roles are collaborative in group work,e.g.help-giving and,help-using,（小组工作中，角色是合作的，例如帮助给予者、帮助使用者）,.,Mutuality is,essential,（相互性是本质）,but,it doesnt deny the development of,leadership,（但它不否定领导角色的发展）,.,I.Understanding role,（理解角色）,5.Types of roles,Institutionalized,roles,（制度化角色）,:,division of labor engenders some roles with predetermined,expectations,（劳动分工产生了一些有预先期望的角色）,.,Task,roles,（任务角色）,:,task roles exist whether the task be personal problem solving or decision making for corporate,action,（任务角色存在，不管任务是个人问题解决、或共同行动的决策）,such as information-seeker(giver),elaborator,coordinator,critic,initiator,recorder,（例如信息寻求者和给予者、阐述者、协调者等）,.,Socioemotional,roles,（社会情绪角色）,:,orient toward the socioemotional needs and characteristics of the,group,（取向于社会情绪需要和小组特征）,such as,encourager,（鼓励者）,harmonizer,（调和者）,self-confessor,（自我坦白者）,dominator,（支配者）,verification-seeker,（证实寻求者）,cynical,egocentric,trouble-maker,fence-mender,（筑篱笆者）,.,Functional and dysfunctional,roles,（功能良好和功能不良角色）,:,Roles in social work group:help-using and help-giving roles,II.Guidelines to intervening role,system,（干预角色系统的准则）,1.Help members understand the process of role,performing,（帮助成员理解角色履行的过程）,:,positive and negative feedback,self-definition of role,expectation and demands of social milieu all influence the process of role performance.,2.Help members coordinate diverse role expectations,especially role,conflict,（帮助成员协调不同的角色期望，尤其是角色冲突）,.,Clarifying expectations and explicit cognitions about role determines the effectiveness of a groups role system.,3.Help members understand that roles depend on the reciprocal interaction between,members,（帮助成员理解角色依赖成员间的相互作用）,.,4.The worker needs to consider both sides of a role,and takes fair position to intervene,dysfunctioning,role理解角色双方，干预功能不良角色时采取公正立场）,.,II.Guidelines to intervening role system,（干预角色系统的准则）,5.Promote role,flexibility,（提高角色的灵活性）,1)Role stereotype about a person is destructive for both the individual in the role and for the,group,角色刻板印象对于个体和小组都是破坏性的,.,After,a person labeled,then behavior caught in a type,participation and contribution limited,self-perception and self-esteem affected,some aspects neglected.,2)It is important that the worker attempt to promote flexibility of roles between group members and try to keep members from becoming locked permanently into particular,roles,（,工作者要改善小组成员角色的灵活性、避免使成员永远固定于特定角色,）,.,Give members chance to test out different ways of behaving,reinforce roles consistent with group goals and group organization,discourage roles harmful to individual and group development for the benefit of each.,II.Guidelines to intervening role system,（干预角色系统的准则）,6.The workers aim is to help each side of a role system honestly and openly communicate,so that each can begin to accept and empathize with the,other,（工作者的目标是帮助角色系统中的每一方诚实地、坦率地沟通，以便每一方能开始接受和理解另一方）,.,7.Dysfunctional roles may,lapses or backslides,the worker may ask members to look periodically at role,change(,功能不良角色可能终止或复发，工作者要求成员周期性考察这些角色）,.,8.Help members understand why sometimes people place others in one-down,position,（帮助成员理解为什么有时人们把他人放在低人一等的位置上）,.,III.Some familiar,roles,（一些熟悉的角色）,1.Monopolizer,（垄断者）,:,a dysfunctional role whose undertakers feels compelled to hold the center of the stage.,In the very beginning of the group,when members are feeling uneasy and unsure of themselves,the,monopolizer,may be welcomed.As the group progresses,and members begin to have and to want more to say,the,monopolizer,now engenders the annoyance of others in the group.,Sometimes the,monopolizers,incorrect cognitions take effects.In the viewpoint of the,monopolizer,talking continuously is a way to appease the group and in return get rewards and avoid,chastise.,III.Some familiar roles,（一些熟悉的角色）,2.The,isolate,（孤立者）,:,lack of bonds with,others,（与他人缺乏联系）,.,All isolates are not the same or in similar positions in a group.Isolation may be temporary or lasting,forced or voluntary.Sometimes isolation is psychological withdrawal from others.Temporary isolation is not abnormal.,The reasons that a group rejects an isolate:Isolates deviate far from the values of the group that other members cannot understand them;Isolates may attempt to break through the usual initial isolation in ways that are inappropriate.,Some persons feel minimum acceptance,yet they are not quite a,membership.,III.Some familiar roles,（一些熟悉的角色）,3.The,scapegoat,（替罪羊）,:,a person upon whom group members project their hostility and negative feelings they may have about themselves,A scapegoat represents the qualities and becomes a symbol of tendencies or characteristics that other group members do not like in themselves,is attacked verbally or physically.The scapegoat performs a valuable function in channeling group tensions and in providing a basis for group solidarity.,The reasons that generate scapegoat:The scapegoats behavior is provocative or passive.Peoples general tendency to put down others.,IV.Differential intervention of dysfunctional roles by the,worker,（功能不良角色的干预）,1.Intervention depends on the groups stage of development,In the early life of a group,the worker uses indirect means to help the member not get stuck in a role and to help other members not trap that person into a negative role,such as support,limit-setting.,In the middle stage of group development,problem-solving skills are used to address dysfunctional roles.The worker confront the group and the individual in the negative role with the situation,help them explore the process that has led to the establishment and maintenance of the dysfunctional role,and assist to determine how to address this issue.,IV.Differential intervention of dysfunctional roles by the worker,2.Intervention in the beginning stage of the,group(,小组开始阶段的干预）,Features,of group,development,（小组发展的特征）,:,inclusion-orientation;dysfunctional roles have not been established,Workers,aim,（工作者的目标）,:,preventing a member from assuming a dysfunctional role and stopping the group from placing any member in such a role.,Workers,technique,（工作者的技术）,:,actively give direction,structure,and,limits members,to foster respect and acceptance,encourage members to try out new patterns of behavior.,回答和讨论问题,:,在团体开始阶段如何干预垄断者,(,monopolizer,),、孤立者,(isolate),和替罪羊,(scapegoat),？,如何干预小丑,(clown),、欺负别人的人,(bully),IV.Differential intervention of dysfunctional roles by the worker,3.Intervention in the middle stages of the,group(,小组中期的干预）,Groups,task,（小组的任务）,:,uncertainty-exploration,or mutuality,or goal achievement.Negative roles established.,Focus of workers,efforts,（工作者努力的焦点）,:,to request the entire group to engage in problem-solving around negative role issue.,Problem-solving,process,（问题解决过程）,:,help identify the problem of dysfunctional role behavior,;encourage both sides to explore the problem;help decide how to resolve the situation.,Requirements for,worker,（对工作者的要求）,:,be fair to both sides;be self-aware and recognize,countertransference.,V.Addressing negative roles provides a pivotal opportunity for the person in the role and for the group to,learn,（解决消极角色为处于这些角色位置的人和小组提供了关键性的学习机会）,People who have difficulty relating to others in the group also have similar struggles in their lives outside the group.To address such roles in the group can make a huge and highly significant difference for such persons.,Others can examine their behavior,how they treat others,and how they want others to regard and relate to them.,Exercises,1.Which is the function of the scapegoat for the operation of a group?,A)Other members feel superior and powerful when they compare themselves with the scapegoat.,B)Scapegoat bring pleasures to the group.,C)Resolving the problem of scapegoat provides an opportunity for the group to participate in tit-for-tat discussion.,D)The scapegoat channels group tensions and provides a basis for group solidarity.,2.How can a social worker intervene the role system of a group to facilitate members psychosocial functioning?,Exercises,3.Which role is dysfunctional in a group?,A)Opinion-seeker B)Critic C)Harmonizer,D)Help-rejecting complainer,4.In which stage of the group development is a,monopolizer,welcomed?,A)Inclusion-orientation stage,B)Uncertainty-exploration stage,C)Mutuality-goal attainment stage,D)Separation-termination stage,