串讲(词汇语法).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Note:,作为整体使用时，集体名词视为单数，谓语动词相应为单数；强调个体成员时，集体名词视为复数，谓语动词相应为复数,The family _the basic unit of our society.,(is,are),The family _agreed among themselves to present a solid front.(has,have),Part One Special Uses of Nouns,2)The class _ big.(is,are),The class _taking notes in English.,(is,are),3)The committee _(favor)early,adoption of the plan.,The Committee of Public Safety _,(quarrel)as to who is its next chairman,should be.,一般不可数名词前不用,a/an,，,但是当物质名,词和抽象名词用来表示具体、个别的事物,时，通常是可数的。,Some rich men live in luxury.,A refrigerator is a luxury here.,当物质名词用于表示“各种不同品种”时，转化为可数名词。,This is a store selling many different teas.,4.Regular plural forms,The plural of a noun is usually made by adding,s,to the singular:days,dogs,Nouns ending in o or,ch,sh,ss,or x form their plural by adding,es,:tomatoes,brushes,boxes,churches,kisses,Notes:if words ending in o following a consonant form their plural by adding,es,:heroes,potatoes,But if words ending in o following a vowel:form their plural by adding s:radios,zoos,studios,Words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in o add,s,only:pianos,kilos,photos,3)Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding,ies,:,Babybabies,flyflies,ladyladies,Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their,plural by adding s:keys,boys,days,guys,4)Fifteen nouns ending in f or,fe,drop the f or,fe,and add,ves,.They are:calf,half,knife,leaf,life,loaf,self,sheaf,shelf,thief,wife,wolf,hoof,scarf,wharf,Wifewives wolfwolves,Other words ending in f or,fe,add s in the,ordinary way:cliffs,handkerchiefs,safes,5.Irregular plural forms,1)A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:footfeet,mousemice,Womanwomen,goosegeese,2)The plurals of child and ox are children,oxen.,3)A few words dont changesheep,deer,fish,aircraft,Chinese,Japanese,4)Some words of foreign origin remain the original plural form:,Memorandummemoranda,Stratum,strata,Phenomenonphenomena,Criterion,Criteria,Thesistheses,basis,Bases,Appendixappendices,6.Compound nouns:,Normally the last word is made plural:,Boy-friends break-ins travel agents,But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are,made plural:men drivers,women drivers,2)The first word is made plural with compounds,formed of noun+preposition/adverb or with compounds composed of noun+preposition+noun or with compounds composed of,ing+adverb,/preposition,Lookers-on,runners-up,Sons-in-law,editors-in-chief,Comings-in,3)The last word is made plural with compounds formed of ed+adverbs,Grown-ups,4)Initials can be made plural:,MPs(Members of Parliament),VIPs(very important persons),UFOs(unidentified flying objects),试题分析,1.Our two CPAs both asked for _ in June.,A.leaves of absences B.leaves of absence,C.leave of absences D.leave of absence,2.Two _ were missing from the shipment.,A.bills of ladingsB.bill of ladings,C.bills of ladingD.bill of lading,3.ProfessorJohnsonhassupervisedfourthesisonmanagement.,4.Curricula_currentlybeingdevelopedinofficetechnologiesA.are B.is C.were D.was,5.Our two _(Certified Public Accountants)both asked for leaves of absence in June.,A.C.P.A.s B.CPAs,C.CPAs D.CPA,系动词,(linking verbs),1),特点：系动词通常跟形容词和介词短语连用形成,S+V+C(,主语动词表语）的句式,2),分类：系动词除了,be,以外，可归为以下几类：,A:,表示“感官，好像”的动词，如：,Part Two:Special Uses of Verbs,Feel,smell,taste,soundappear,seem,look,Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.,B:,表示“变化，成为”的动词，如：,Become,turn,come,grow,Note:We are growing old.,The child is growing rapidly.,Mother grows tomatoes for us.,C:,表示“保持某一状态”的动词，如：,Keep,remain,stay,试题分析,1.Our secretaries seem _ to meet important visitors.,A.confidently B.confidence,C.confident D.confidential,2.The secretary feels badly about the mistake.,主谓一致,1)a number of,谓语用复数形式,the number of,谓语用单数形式,A number of,students,were,absent yesterday.,The number of,pages in this book,is,two hundred.,2)one of the+,复数名词,+,定从,谓语用复数,the one of the+,复数名词,+,定从,谓语用单数,This is,one of the labs,that,have been built,this year.,He is,the one of the students,who,was praised,3)one and a half,谓语用单数,One and a half,bananas,is left,on the table.,half of,取决于,of,后的名词是单数还是复数,Half of,the books,are,novels.,Half of,the food,is,unfit to eat.,4)a lot of/plenty of,of,根据短语中名词的数来,确定,Three-fourths of,the people,are,against the plan.,Three-fourths of,the surface,of the earth,is,sea.,5),用,and,连接的两个单数名词作主语,若前面有,each,every,no,等修饰,谓语动词用单数形式,Every,boy,and,every,girl,has,the right to receive,education.,6)or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also,谓语动词形式同最近的主语保持一致,Neither,I,nor,he,is,to blame.,7)as well as,together with,表示“和”,当这两个词组连接主语时,谓语形式同位于这两个词组前面的主语保持一致,Indirect taxation,together with,a direct taxation,is,the best arrangement.,The teacher,as well as,her students,is,going to the,concert.,8),动词不定式,动名词,从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,To work hard,is,necessary.,9),分词与逻辑主语保持一致,Hearing,the bad news,she,burst into tears.,10)Many a+,单数可数名词作主语时，谓语,动词用单数形式,Many a,student has,passed the exam.,试题分析,1.You and I _ the only members of the committee who oppose the plan.,A.are B.were,C.am D.was,2.Thecontract,whosestipulationshavebeennegotiatedoverthepastsixmonths,_,tobesignedthisweek.A.was B.is C.were D.are,3.Your credit cards _ by the time you reported the loss.,A.were recovered B.have been recovered,C.recovered D.had been recovered,4.One of every two new businesses fail within two years.,5.Threefourthsoftheresearchbeginnext,year,6.A hundred dollars _to pay for a computer.,A.are not many B.are not too much,C.are not much D.is not too much,7.The vice president and general manager of this big company _ she.,A.beingB.are,C.wereD.is,8.Yesterday the manager,along with the office secretary and accountant,_ invited to the conference.,A.was B.were,C.is D.are,分词,(participle),特点：分词有现在分词和过去分词两种,(1).,当状语时,分四种情况,doing与主句动作同时发生,主动语态,having done,先于主句动作发生,being done,与主句动作同时发生,被动语态,having been done,先于主句动作发生,done,上述两种情况都适用,A._(hear),they immediately set off.,Hearing the news,B._(try ones best),he failed in the,exam.,Not having tried his best,C._(beat seriously),the enemy retreated.,Having been beaten seriously,D._(beat by ones father),he cried out.,Being beaten by his father,E._(give another chance),Ill do it,much better.,Given another chance,(2).,定语,:,现在分词,(,主动语态,正在进行,),过去分词,(,被动语态,动作已完成,),falling leaves(,正在进行,),fallen leaves(,动作已经完成,),a moving story(,主动语态,),a moved audience(,被动语态,),A.The plant _(build)is a steel mill.,being built,The plant which is being built is a steel mill.,B.The man _(plant trees)in front of the,building is our dean.,Planting trees,C.The idea _(put forward)aroused great,Interest among us.,put forward,3),动名词,(gerund),特点：动名词的形式与现在分词一样，在,句子中起名词的作用，可以充当主语、主,补和宾语,一些动词或词组后的宾语只能是动名词。如：,avoid,appreciate,advise,enjoy,finish,imagine,mind,suggest,resist,Be worth doing,have difficulty(in)doing,it be no good/no use/useless doing,there be no need/no point doing,be busy(in)doing,spend(in)doing,how/what about doing,Note:,动名词在句子中多用作主语、动词和介词的宾语；现在分词在句子中多作状语和定语,试题分析,1.,_,by the speeches,they asked that the meeting be adjourned.,A.Being bored B.Bored,C.Having been bored D.Boring,2._,_,_,the president decided to reward all of his subordinators.,A.Having satisfied completelyB.Satisfying completely,C.Completely satisfiedD.Completely satisfying,3.His ask for a pay rise was considered premature4.Having completed twenty years of service,a gold watch was presented to Mr.Brown.,5.Before starting the project,permission must be obtained.,6.Checkanaccountwhenitisunpaidfor30daysmeanscollectingthemoneydue.,7.Skilledatprogrammingcomputers,thepersonnelmanagerhiredJeaninstantly.,Specialize in the export of Chinese food stuffs,we wish to express our desire to trade with you in this line.,Maybe he is right.,He may be right.,情态动词,+,现在完成式,1)may/must+,动词完成时：用于推测过去的行为,She said that he might have missed the plane.,2)can,和,could+,动词完成式,(1),表示过去能做而没做的事,In those circumstances we could have done better2),推测过去的行为,where can she have gone?,3)Must+,动词完成式,表示对过去行为的推断，具有较大的可能,性，“一定，想必”,She must have gone there.,4)Neednt+,动词完成式，表示一种已经做过的但无必要的行为,You neednt have watered the flowers,for it is,going to rain.,5)should+,动词完成式,(1),表示应做的事没有做,You should have given her more help.,(2),意思为：“本以为”,I should have thought she wouldnt agree.,Ought to+,动词完成式，表示应做的事没有做,You ought to have returned the book earlier.,Exercise:,1.You _ her at the beginning,but now it is,too late.,A.ought to refuse B.have ought to refuse,C.ought to have refused D.ought have refused,2.She _ the hospital so soon,for she had not got recovered.,A.has left B.did leave,C.must have left D.shouldnt have left,3.We _ his luggage.His brother carried it himself.,A.needed to have B.didnt need carrying,C.neednt have carried D.didnt need to carry,4.We _ him the news because he,knew it already.,A.told B.would have told,C.neednt have told D.needed to tell,5.The boy _ the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.,A.has finished reading,B.will finish reading,C.cant have finished reading,D.cant have finished to read,6.If we had taken the other road,we _earlier.,A.might arrive B.had arrived,C.might be arriving D.might have arrived,7. you _ it again?,A.Dodare to toughing,B.Dare to touch,C.Dodare touching,D.Daretouch,8.He knew he _ tell her that.,A.ought not B.ought to not,C.didnt ought to D.ought not to,Part Three The uses of adjectives and adverbs,形容词比较级：,1.The+,比较级，,the+,比较级,“越,越,”p25,2.senior,junior,superior,inferior+to,P26,3.,集体内部比较,than any other,than any one else p26,4.,合成形容词,Thirty-year-old manager=a manager of thirty years old,P27,5.,形容词的位置,The first five rows p29,试题分析,1.A _ for middle management personnel is typical in this industry.,A.$40,000 a year salary,B.salary of$40,000 a year,C.$40,000 a year salary,D.a$40000 year salary,2.SanFranciscoismorecosmopolitanthan_inCalifornia.A.anycity B.otheranycities C.anyothercity D.otheranycity,3.She is more conscientious than _ teacher I have ever had.,A.any B.other any,C.any other D.other,4.Theforeigninvestmenthasfurtherimprovedin_years.A.pastthethree B.thethreepast C.threepast D.thepastthree,5.I am sure that this quality is superior _ that.,A.from B.to,C.than D.for,3.,绝对修饰词（,absolute modifiers),1,）,一些形容词和副词是用来描述人、事或,物完善、完美或完全绝对状况或特征的，,因此从逻辑上讲不能用于比较的形式中,（,1,）表示“完全、特别”的形容词，例如,Complete,final,universal,absolute,perfect,excellent,(2),表示“极限、主次”的形容词，例如,extreme,maximum,minimum,(3),表示“几何形状、方位、住所、时间”的形容词，例如：,square,left,future,(4),表示“性质、材料、国籍”的形容词,(5),表示“独一无二”的形容词，例如,unique,single,2),但是上述修饰词与,nearly,同时使用时可以表示比较含义，使比较形式变成,more nearly,most nearly,试题分析,Larry has the most perfect performance in the business.,副词的位置,1,）,To do,（,行为动词）前,To be,（,连系动词）后,第一个助动词后,2,）时间副词一般放在句首或句末,He will come back tomorrow.,3),地点副词和状态副词一般放在句未,They are playing outside.,Bill drove very carefully;.,4),几个副词放在一起的顺序：,程度状态地点时间,They played fairly well there yesterday.,Part four:The Uses of Pronoun,代词包括,人称代词,、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词和关系代词等,The difference between each and every,each,every,表示两者或两者以上中的每一个,三者或三者以上中的每一个,强调每个人,强调整体,可作,代词，形容词，副词,只作形容词,若干固定数目中的每一个用：,Each of the,若干固定数目中的每一个用：,Every one of the,Each has his merits.,Each/Every person cast a vote.,The tickets are$5 each.,试题分析,1.If it wasnt Janes fault,maybe it was _.,A.mineB.I,C.meD.,mys,2.Perhaps some will take small gifts to _ friends.,A.hisB.her,C.his or herD.their,3.Imsureitis_whousuallyanswersthetelephone.A.her B.them C.she D.they,4.Theirpricesisnotsocompetitive_.A.asyou B.asyour C.asyours D.asyours,5.Each month John saves as much as _.,A.him B.them,C.her D.they,6.Paul was unwilling to accept _ suggestion.,A.somebodys B.nobodys,C.anybodys D.every bodys,7._ are going to Hawaii on holiday tomorrow.,A.They and us B.Them and us,C.They and we D.Them and we,8.Each month John saves as much as _.,A.him B.them,C.her D.they,Part Five:The uses of preposition,短语动词,:,Accompany with,sth,附上,Accompany by,sb,由某人陪同,Correspond with,sb,与某人通信,Correspond to,sth,与某物一致,Be different from,sb/sth,与某人某物不同,Be indifferent to,sb/sth,对某人某物态度冷漠,Be content with,sb,/,sth,对某人某物满意,Be satisfied with,sb/sth,某人某物满意,P42,试题分析,1.We prefer to buy from you,because you do business with all countries,big or small,_ equal basis.,A.on B.for,C.in D.with,2.As you know the growing demand for the above commodities has doubtlessly resulted _ increased prices.,A.for B.in,C.with D.from,3.The goods arrived _.,A.in the good condition B.in good conditions,C.in good condition D.in the good conditions,4.This offer is firm,subject to your reply _ us before May 30.,A.arrives B.reaches,C.arrive D.reaching,5.The Fair was cancelled because most of the members _ the date.,A.objected toB.object to,C.subjected toD.agree on,6.We always adhere _ our commitments.,A.toB.for,C.ofD.with,7.Weshallbegladifyouwill_thematteratonceandletusknowthereasonforthedelay.A.lookon B.lookfor C.lookafter D.lookinto,定语从句,关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代,词,功能,作用,用于非限制性从句或限制性定从,只用于限制性定从,代替人,代替物,代替人或物,主语,who,which,that,宾语,whom,which,that,定语,whose,(of whom),whose,(of which),1),当先行词为人,并且在定从中充当主语,He is,a man,who,always helps others.,2),当先行词为人,并且在定从中充当宾语,The man,whom,you met yesterday is from,England.,3),当先行词为人,并且在定从中充当定语,He is,the boy,whose,father is a teacher.,4),当先行词为物,并且在定从中充当主语,The bicycle,which/that,was damaged has been,repaired.,5),当先行词为物,并且在定从中充当宾语,The book,which/that,you are reading is a novel.,6),当先行词为物,并且在定从中充当定语,This is,the building,whose,windows were all painted green.,关系副词分别表示时间,地点或原因,副词,被,替代的先行词,在,从句中的作用,When(=at,in,on,during which),表示时间的名词,时间状语,Where(=in,at,which),表示地点的名词,地点状语,Why(for which),只有,reason,原因状语,1),当先行词为时间,并且在定从中充当时间状语,This was,the time,when(at which),she left for,Beijing.,2),当先行词为地点,并且在定从中充当地点状语,The bookstore,where(in which),his sister works,is the largest one in Nanjing.,3),当先行词为,reason,并且在定从中充当原因状,语,I dont know,the reason,why(for which),he didnt,come to the meeting yesterday.,Cf.The bookstore _ I mentioned just now is over there.,That/which,The bookstore _ I bought a book just now,is over there.,Where/in which,I always go to the bookstore _ books are,all imported from foreign countries.,Whose,一些特殊情况,:,1),当先行词是,anything,nothing,everything,something,none,或者如果先行词被形容词最高,级以及,first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very,all,little,这些形容词修饰,关系代词用,that,2),当先行词是,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词用,who,whom,3),当先行词在定从中充当宾语时,关系代词,that,或,which,可以省略,强调句,It is/wasthat,试题分析,1.Barbra was a member of the group _ visited us.,A.which B.that,C.whom D.to whom,2.The contract,_ stipulations have been negotiated over the past six months,is to be signed this week.,A.that B.which,C.whom D.whose,3.Weenclosedourofficialorderfor40cases,_youwillnotethattheshipmentistobeeffectedinSeptember.A.fromwhich B.aboutthat C.aboutwhich D.which,4.It was on page 4 _ I noticed an error.,A.where B.which,C.while D.that,5.ItwaslastFriday_sheandImetforlunch.A.which B.that C.when D.where,Grammar,虚拟条件句,1.,在由,if,引导的条件状语从句中,分为三种情况,:,1),与现在事实相反,主句,从句,Would do,did,2),与过去事实相反主句,从句,Would have done,Had done,3),与将来事实相反,Eg,.If he had gone to the doctor right away,he would be alive now.,如果他马上去看医生，现在就还活着。,主句,从句,Would/should do,Did,Were to do,Should do,2.Wish+,宾从，,if only“,要是,就好了”,As if“,仿佛，好像”,would rather,，,would sooner“,宁愿”,分为两种情况：,1,）与现在事实相反，或与将来事实相反：,Did,2),与过去事实相反：,Had