英语语法汇总.doc

第一章 名 词
一、名词的分类：
名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations
个体名词：man, expert, factory
可数名词
集合名词：audience（观众），class, family
普通名词：
物质名词：water, coal, rice
不可数名词
抽象名词：surprise, honour, help
二、可数名词的复数形式
1．一般情况，直接加-s。 port（港口）→ ports；technique（技术）—techniques
2．以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es
bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes
branch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s）
3．辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es university—universities
y前为元音字母，直接加-s boy—boys
4．以O结尾加-es hero—heroes
O前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-s
zoo—zoos radio—radio piano—pianos photo—photos
5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es leaf—leaves wife—wives
※以下f结尾单词直接加-s belief—beliefs（信念） roof—roofs（屋顶）
proof—proofs（证据） safe—safes（保险柜）
chief—chiefs（首领） gulf—gulfs（海湾）
6．不规则名词
man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, tooth—teeth,
goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen
注1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：

sheep 羊 fish 鱼 deer 鹿
means手段，方法 works工厂，作品 series系列
注2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：cattle 牛 people 人民 police 警察
注3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。例如：audience（观众） class（班级） family（家庭） group（小组）
Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。
His family are quarrelling severely about the property.
她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。
改错：1. Every possible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness.
A B C D
2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up.
A B C D
3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）?
A B C D
三、不可数名词
物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a / an，词尾也不能加—s。
请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。
news 消息 information 信息 advice 忠告，建议 progress 进步，进展
knowledge 知识 weather天气 fun 乐趣 equipment 设备
English 英语 furniture 家具 wealth 财富 damage 损坏
traffic 交通，车辆及行人 baggage / luggage 行李 clothing 衣服，衣着
※word 消息，信息 work 工作 homework 家庭作业 housework 家务
改错：
1．What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in summer.
A B C D
2．At the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, he was full of joy
A B C D
3．What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift !
A B C D
4．I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers.
A B C D
5．Word of his sudden death came as shock to us.
A B C D
说明1：部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这些词有：surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success等。
当这类词在句中作表语（例3），作宾补（例4）及在介词as之后，词义发生变化，通常要加a / an。
说明2：paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。
四、名词的所有格
名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况：
1）表示有生命的名词
my brother’s car children’s books（儿童读物） students’ rooms
2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词
China’s population Beijing’s weather
3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词
the moon’s surface ten years’ hard work 十年的辛劳
today’s newspapers 20 dollars’ worth of a stamp 一张价值20美元的邮票
其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。
the object of the sentence 句子的宾语
the title of the film 影片的名字
五、名词的作用
1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。
Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office.
主语 宾语
We elected him monitor of our class.

宾语 宾补
2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。
a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 车牌号 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石桥
※※名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。
a man teacher 一个男教师 ten women doctors 十个女医生
a sport（s）shirt 运动衫 the arms race 武器竞赛（特例）
选：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isn’t it ?
A．bird hit cost B．birds hit costs C．bird hits cost D．bird hit costs
本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。
六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题
1）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析
选：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good .（2001年上海高考题）
A．sight B．scene C．view D．look
辩析：sight 1.看见 2.视力 3.视野 4.风景
scene 1.（事件发生的）现场2.场面 ; 情景3.景色 4.（拍电影）场景，（舞台）布置
view 1.眺望2.视野 3.风景，景色。
look 1.看 2.神色,表情 looks =appearance外貌
本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为C。
近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。
2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则
选：1. Summer in ________ south of France are for ________ most part dry and sunny.
A. /; a B. the, / C. /, / D. the, the
2． Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.
A．the ；a B．不填 ；a C．the ；the D．不填 ；the
名词练习
1. He is a man of ________ and he has_______ interesting_______ in his life.
A. much experience; a lot of; experiences B. many experiences; much; experience
C. many experience; much; experience D. many experiences; a lot of; experience
2. Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______ for our new students.
A. place B. area C. room D. space
3. If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _______?
A. hand B. seat C. drive D. lift
4. Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you are looking for a job.
A. chance B. importance C. assistant D. advantage
5. The _______ of building the Great Theater ______ only one year.
A. job; spent B. work; spent C. position, took D. works, took
6. He had run away from home and gone to _______ when he was 16 years old.
A. the sea B. a sea C. seas D. sea
7. Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _________ the new rules.
A. in favour of B. in agreement of C. in for D. wit the side of
8. Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no ______ of it being tried out in the film festival.
A. sign B. use C. possibility D. doubt
9. Can your ________ with you---- money , jewellery, cameras and so on.
A. gifts B. suitcase C. bags D. valuables
10. Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_______.
A. of themselves B. of their own C. for their own D. on their own
11. When he is angry, his _______ stands up on end.
A. head B. uniform C. hair D. skin
12. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.
A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. guess
13. ---Is Mr Smith in? --- No, he’s asked for _______ leave.
A. a two week’s B. a two-week C. a two-week’s D. a two weeks
14. -----______ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too fast.
---- Every boy and every girl _____ to drive that fast.
A. Tom and Jane’s; wish B. Tom’s and Jane’s ;wishes
C. Tom and Jane’s ; likes D. Tom’s and Jane’s ; want
15. _____ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his keys.
A. What a poor memory B. What poor memory
C. How good a memory D. How poor memory
16. The _____ change of weather may have some _____ his health.
A. sudden; caused B. sudden; effect on
C. suddenly; bad results to D. suddenly; effect on
17. Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country have steadily gone up the buying _______ of the dollar has gone down.
A. energy B. force C. power D. strength
18. _______ of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______ English literature.
A. A good knowledge; study B. A good knowledge ; studying
C. Good knowledge; study D. Good knowledge; studying
19. ---Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.
--- It’s no _______ that he always gets the first place in any examination.
A. doubt B. problem C. question D. wonder
20. Mary’s handwriting is better than_______ in her class.
A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. anyone’s else D. other students
21. It really doesn’t make any _____ whether to buy a laptop puter or a desktop puter.
A. choice B. decision C. difference D. sense
22. Many students signed up for the _____ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.
A. 800-meter-long B. 800-meters-long C. 800 meter length D. 800 meters length
23. His behaviour at the party last night seemed rather______. Many of us were quite surprised.
A. out of practice B. out of place C. out of politeness D. out of pity
24. These football players had no strict ______ until they joined our club.
A. practice B. education C. training D. exercise

25. If it was not an accident, he must have done it ________.
A. on purpose B. in mon C. on occasion D. in time
26. We must keep our room clean. Dirt and disease go _______.
A. from time to time B. hand in hand C. step by step D. one after another
27. _____ is known to us all, feed on grass while horses on grain.
A. It , cattle B. This; cattles C. What ; cattles D. As; cattle
28. ______ everyone can hear the speaker there is no______ in turning up the radio.
A. Now that; point B. Even if; point C. Now that, need D. Even if; need
29. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _______.
A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire
30. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the ______ of how life began.
A. cause B. problem C. reason D. puzzle
31. Jack tried hard to get a gold medal in this Winter Olympic Games but he had no ______.
A. luck B. time C. fate D. entrance
32. The young man owes his success to many people , his parents _______.
A. after all B. by chance C. on purpose D. in particular
33. I should like to try that coat on, for I don’t know if it is my _______.
A. shape B. model C. design D. size
34. It is important for us to employ a word or phrase to the _______ in language studies.
A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation
35. Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at _______.
A. Gate 21 B. 21st Gate C. the Gate 21 D. 21 Gate
36. ----Shall we take a walk before dinner?
----- Oh, yes, ______ is my favourite time of a day.
A. the early evenings B. in the early evening
C. the early of the evening D. early evening
37. Being poor, she had to borrow a new _______ so as to attend the party.
A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress
38. Popular music is liked by many people, but it is not to everyone’s _______.
A. manners B. smell C. taste D. thought
39. Such good ______ should be made of one’s spare time to study another foreign language. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. use
40. She thought the painting was of little ______ , so she let him have it for only $15.
A. cost B. important C. price D. value
41. There are three _______ in our clinic.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. women doctors
42. I tried every ______ to make him give up smoking.
A. mean B. ways C. meaning D. means
43. ______ will conquer nature.
A. The man B. Man C. Any man D. The men
44. Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at _______.
A. Turners B. the Turners C. Turners’ D. the Turners’
45. Jess went to a _______ for some shoes.
A. shoes’ store B. shoe store C. shoe’s store D. shoes store
46. Standing on top of the mountain, you’ll get a wonderful _______.
A. joy B. seeing C. view D. nature
47. He was chosen _____ of the pany.
A. manager B. a manager C. the manager D. as a manager
48. ---What can I do for you? --- I’d like to have a ______ of China Daily.
A. piece B. sheet C. lot D. copy
49. ______it is to listen to music!
A. How fun B. How a fun C. What a fun D. What fun
50. What the expert has said and done will be _______ to the department managers.
A. value B. benefit C. of valuable D. of benefit
1-5 ACDDD 6-10 DACDD 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 BCBDB 21-25 CABCA 26-30 BDABA 31-35 ADDAA 36-40 DDCDD 41-45 DDBDB 6-50 CADDD
第二章 主谓一致
句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型：
1．带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。
（together）with …
except / but …
S + besides … V
rather than …
as well as …
A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift.
Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash.
两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。
2．部分—整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。
70 percent
two-thirds
part of the / one’s + n +V
half （整体）
all
the rest
1）About 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water.
2）Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest（of them）are of no value.
※注：all单独作主语时，All指人谓语用复数。All指物或事情谓语用单数。
1）All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于达成协议。
2）All is going well. 一切都进展顺利。
3．定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。
Each / Every
Either / Neither
Another + n（单数）+ V
Many a
More than one
More than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China.
不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。
Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那个男孩失踪已有许多天。
4．就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及there be句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。
A or B 1）Either you or I am to meet them at the station.
Either A or B 不是你就是我要去车站接他们。
Neither A nor B 2）Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan.
Not only A but also B 3）There is an air-conditioner and two puters in his office.
There be A, B and C 在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。
5．需记住的其他规则
Either
1）Neither of + n 作主语，谓语用单数。
Each
None of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。
None of + n（单数）作主语，谓语用单数。
Either of the answers is right. 两个答案中有一个是对的。
None of the cars was / were damaged. 这些车都没有受损。
None of the food has gone bad. 食物没有变质。
2）a number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。
the number of + n（复数）作主语，谓