Francis_Bacon.3ppt.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Francis Bacon,Bacons Contribution,Francis Bacon(15611626)was a famous English philosopher and statesman,one of the pioneers of modern scientific thought in the Renaissance.His chief contribution lies in his role as the founder of materialism in philosophy and science in England.Hes also called“father of Modern Science”.,According to Marx,Bacon is the real father of English materialism&experimental science of modern times in general.,Bacon was born into the family of Sir Nicholas Bacon,keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth,The boy early won the favor of the Queen,He went to Cambridge at twelve and after graduating at sixteen,took up law,He soon became one of the most successful lawyers of the time,At twenty-three he became a member of the House of Commons and his judgment and eloquence made him famous,When James I came to England,，,Bacon obtained one important office after another until he became lord Chancellor and was made a peer(nobleman)in 1618,He was an admirable judge,but in the course of rising he had made enemies who charged him with bribery,He was convicted deprived of his office,fined 40,000 pounds and imprisoned in the Tower of London.He was free from improsonment in a few days and was later banished from London in 1621.Five years later,he died in disgrace,The Tower of London,Bacons works,1597,1605,1620,1621-1626,In 1597,Bacon published his first series of ten short essays,which were later expanded into a collection of 38 in 1612 and finally into a total of 58 in 1625.The famous“Of Marriage and and Single Life”,“Of Studies”are among them.,In 1605,he published“The Advancement of Learning”,which is a part of his ambitious work“Instauratio Magna”(or Great Renewal).,“The Advancement of Learning”is the only philosophical work of Bacon that was written in the English language.But later he also rendered into Latin with expansions as“De Augmentis Scientiarum”.In“The Advancement of Learning”,Bacon fiercely attacked the obscurantism of the Middle Ages,and emphasized the great power of knowledge.Besides,he also put out remedies for the dissatisfying situation of knowledge.,In 1620,Bacon published the“Novnm Organum”(or The New Instrument,新工具,)which was supposed to be the second and the most important of the six projected parts of his master-work“Instauratio Magna”.,“Novnm Organum”is written in Latin,and is Bacons most important philosophical work.The title is a reference to Aristotles work,Organon,which was Aristotles treatise on logic and syllogism.The central objective of“Novnm Organum”is to introduce the inductive method into the study of science or natural philosophy to replace the methods of Aristotle.,Truth is the daughter of time,not of authority.,Works of late years,The remaining years of Baons life were spent in literary and philosophical work.,The History of the Reign of Henry,The New Atlantis(a utopian work),some other parts of“Instauratio Magna”,such as“De Augmentis Scientiarum”,and so on.,Bacons,Essays,Bacons“Essays”,first published in 1597 and issued in its final form in 1625,have generally been considered as important landmarks in the development of English prose,and as the first collection of essays in the English language.,Bacons Essays,These essays are all short pieces of the authors reflections and comments,covering a wide variety of subjects,such as love,truth,friendship,parents and children,beauty,studies,youth and age and political issues.Naturally,these essays reflect the authors views on political and social and personal problems in the Renaissance period.,“Of Plantations”;“Of Riches”;“Of Marriage and Single Life”;“Of Beauty”;“Of Studies”,and so on.,Bacons Essays,They have won popularity for his clearness,brevity and force of expression.Many of his sentences have become wise old sayings:,“Wives are young mens mistresses,companions for middle age,and old mens nurses.”,(Of Marriage and Single Life),妻子是青年时代的情人，中年时代的伴侣，暮年时代的守护。,“,Chaste women are often proud and froward,as presuming upon the merit of their chastity.”,(Of Marriage and Single Life),一个独身的女人常常是骄横的。因为她需要显示，她的贞节似乎是自愿保持的。,“,Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man,and writing an exact man.Of Studies),读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。,“,Riches are for spending.”,(Of Expense),“Of great riches,there is no real use,except it be in the distribution;the rest is but conceit.”,(Of Riches),至于巨大的财富，它并无真正的用途，除了可以施舍与继承，就只能供自我陶醉或自欺欺人了。,Of Studies,“,Of Studies,”,is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays.It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for，the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies,how studies exert influence over human character.Forceful,persuasive,compact,and,precise,“,Of Studies,”,reveals to us Bacons mature attitude towards learning.Bacons language is neat,and,weighty.,Structure of the Essay,Part 1:The purpose of studies,Part 2:The method of studies,Part 3:The influence of knowledge on peoples,character,Part 1,1.Three different types of purposes of studies and three possible inclination of studies;,2.The relationship between studies and experience;,3.Different attitudes to studies held by different people;,4.Conclusion:the real purpose of studies.,论读书,读书为学的用途是娱乐、装饰和增长才识。在娱乐上学问的主要的用处是幽居养静；在装饰上学问的用处是辞令；在长才上学问的用处是对于事务的判断和处理。因为富于经验的人善于实行，也许能够对个别的事情一件一件地加以判断；但是最好的有关大体的议论和对事务的计划与布置，乃是从有学问的人来的。,Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Their chief use for delight,is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment,and disposition of business.For expert men can execute,and perhaps judge of particulars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots and marshalling of affairs,come best,from those that are learned.,dispzin,安排,eksikju:t,执行，完成,m:li,合理安排,To spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affectation;to make judgment wholly by their rules,is the humor of a scholar.They perfect nature,and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants,that need pruning,by study;and studies themselves,do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience.,在学问上费时过多是偷懒；把学问过于用作装饰是虚假；完全依学问上的规则而断事是书生的怪癖。学问锻炼天性，而其本身又受经验的锻炼；盖人的天赋有如野生的花草，他们需要学问的修剪；而学问的本身，若不受经验的限制，则其所指示的未免过于笼统。,slu,懒惰,.fektein,做作,pru:ni,修剪,Crafty men contemn studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them;for they teach not their own use;but that is a wisdom without them,and above them,won by observation.Read not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.,多诈的人渺视学问，愚鲁的人羡慕学问聪明的人运用学问；因为学问的本身并不教人如何用它们；这种运用之道乃是学问以外，学问以上的一种智能，是由观察体会才能得到的。不要为了辩驳而读书，也不要为了信仰与盲从；也不要为了言谈与议论；要以能权衡轻重、审察事理为目的。,kntem,蔑视,knfju:t,驳倒,Language of Bacons Essays,Bacons essays are known for their conciseness and brevity,simplicity and forcefulness.,In order to make the essay more readable,Bacon also make full use of different figures of speech,such as simile:“natural abilities are like natural plants”;parataxis:“Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtitle”;and so on.,论读书,王佐良 译,读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。起怡情也，最见于独处幽室只之时；起博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中。起长才也，最见于出世判事之时。炼达之士虽能分别处理细事或意译判断枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思着莫属。,读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文判事乃学究之故态。读书补天然之不足，经验补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而不当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，为明智之士勇读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，也不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。,书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。有只需读其部分者，有只需大体涉猎者，少数则需全读，读时需全神贯注，孜孜不倦。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。,读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动而除之。滚球粒睾丸，射箭利胸肺，漫步里肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即需重演。如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，该是辈皆吹毛求疵之人。如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。,