翻译课作业.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,汉语语言类型对比与翻译,TEM8(2006)汉译英试卷评析,邵志洪 张大群,2006年专八汉翻英原文,中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。,因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小；因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。,农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。况中国古代素来以不滞于物，不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫里哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家来，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正和平、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。,作者简介,邵志洪：华东理工大学外国语学院教授，博士生导师。研究方向：翻译理论与实践，对比语言学，英汉语对比与翻译。,张大群：上海交通大学外国语学院博士生，南昌大学外国语学院教师。研究方向：翻译理论与实践,一.汉英“比较”表现形式对比与翻译,二.汉英语序对比与翻译,三.具体表达和抽象表达法,四.参考译文,五.心得体会,目录,一.汉英,“,比较,”,表现形式对比与翻译,本次试卷是在检验考生对英语形态变化，尤其是比较形态的变化的掌握情况。由于汉英语言类型的差异，试卷中出现了各种相关错误，总结如下：,(,一）英语有形态变化的比较,(,二）英语无形态变化的比较,1.比较级的屈折变化形式,应该用-er时，却用了more,或者相反。,e.g.People in agricultural society do not enjoy a,comfortbaler,life than in the industial society,thus they have,more few,ambitions.,2.,可数名词与不可数名词的比较,英语中less是little的比较级，做形容词：较少，较小。一般不修饰不可数名词，可数名词多用fewer修饰,。,Therefore we generally have,fewer,depression than Westerners.,应改为：Therefore we generally have,less,depression than Westerners.,3,.,倚变关系的表达,英语中表示倚变关系的最典型的格式是the more.the more.,表示在程度上后者随前者的增加而增加。但比较词不一定用more,必须因语义关系而异。,句,苦闷的强弱原是随着欲望与野心的大小而转移的。,（1）,The more,the desire and ambition,the more,our depression is.,(语义搭配不符),改译为：,The greater,our desire and ambition,the stronger,our depression is.,4,.比较结构之前的程度状语,英语比较结构之前可以用程度状语修饰，例如，more than 结构前可以用(so)much,(quite)a lot,a great deal,(just)a bit,somewhat,still,far等词修饰。,句,农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多,。,(1)People in agricultural times suffered,a lot of,more than people in the industrial times,so they had less desire.,改译为：People in agricultural times suffered,a lot,more than people in the industrial times,so they had less desire.,二.汉英语序对比与翻译,(一)名词词组的语序,句,况中国古代素来以不滞于物，不以物役为最主要的人生哲学。,许多学生按照汉语名词词组的词序翻译“中国古代最主要的人生哲学”：,the,Chinese ancient main,life philosophy,导致了错误。,英语修饰性形容词的词序如下,：,限定词+限定性形容词性结构+程度状语+描写性形容词性结构+名词性修饰+中心名词。,因此译文为,：the main Chinese ancient life philosophy,(二)句子的语序,汉语句子是开放性的,“,竹式结构,”,，根据思维之流来安排句法单位的排列顺序，在意的是,“,思维之流,”,。而英语句子是封闭性的,“,树式结构,”,，句子结构必须重,“,形,”,。,英语是以动词形态变化为主轴的句法结构模式，意义紧紧与句法形态结合,。,句,中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。,句为典型的汉语,“,竹式结构,”,，是原文的主要部分。由于学生译文在用英语,“,树式结构,”,组句表达方面普遍存在问题。,以下是高分与低分的对比,低分与,高分,对比,Since ancient times the,Chinese people have never,considered themselves surperior to all other things.People occupy a proportionally suitable place with other things in nature from the prospect of philosophy and arts.They are not the absolute ruler of all.,The Chinese nation has never considered man surprior to all from ancient times.This can be seen in works of philosophy and art,which reveal that man is positioned at a proper place with everything else but not playing a dominant role ruling all the otherthings,句,况中国古代素来以不滞于物，不为物役为最主要的人生哲学,Besides,among the Chinese ancient life philosophies than man shoula neither be confined nor be enslaved by material concerns had been chief.(首重),改译,：,Besides,chief among the Chinese ancient life philosophies had been that man should neither be confined nor be enslaved by material concerns.(尾重),（,三）句子结构中的重量趋势,末端中心和末端重量是决定英语语序的两条重要原则，这两条原则都要求把新信息或其主要部分安排在句子的尾部。,从结构中看，凡是字数较多或者语法结构较复杂的部分一般出现在句末，这叫做末端重量或尾重。,英语句子要遵循尾重原则，而汉语句子无所谓的,“,尾重,”,原则。,三.具体表达方法和抽象表达方法,总体来说，汉语倾向于使用具体表达法，英语倾向于使用抽象表达法。在汉英翻译中，尤其是像本文这样正式文体的翻译中，往往可以或者需要把汉语中的具体表达转换成英语中的抽象表达。以下是四中翻译方法。,以用英语抽象表达译汉语具体词语为例,句,中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切。,The Chinese people have never considered man above everything else.(具体),改译为：,The Chinese people have never believed in human supremacy.(抽象),参考译文,The Chinese nation has never believed in human supremacy.And the nation finds full expression in the philosophy,literature and art that humans coexist with other species in nature with a proportionally proper rather than an absolutely dominant position.Therefore we generally suffering less depression than Westerners,as the degree of the suffering varies with that of our desire and ambition.People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society,and hence less desire.,People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society,and hence less desire.Moreover,the main Chinese ancient philosophy of life is always to be free from the encumbrance or enslavement of the outside world.Certainly there are among us misers who,however,pale in the presence of the misers and careerists depicted by Moliere and Balzac.In comparison with Westerners,the Chinese people,easier to be satisfied,are mostly unbiased,peaceful,unworldly and guileless,五.心得体会,1.平时练习中注意形态变化。(如可数名词与不可数名词的用法；比较级的形态变化),2.注意句子的语序问题,3.注意抽象与具体的表达法,