促进节能的政策措施【能源基金会北京代表处】.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,促进节能的政策措施,Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures,能源基金会北京代表处,Energy Foundation Beijing Office,2006,年,5,月,May 2006,International EE Programs and Policies,国际能效项目与政策,Mandatory Voluntary,法规,Regulations,Information Dissemination,信息传播,标准,Standards,自愿协议,Voluntary Agreements,Demonstrations,示范,税收,Taxation,Training Programs,培训项目,Energy Codes and Standards Most Important Policies for EE,能效标准是最重要的节能政策之一,Savings Exceed 6,000 MW in California today and 13,000 MW as of Year 2010(Compared to About 45,000 MW of Total Electricity).,在美国加州，今天的能源节约超过,6000,兆瓦，到,2010,年将超过,13000,兆瓦（与大约,45000,兆瓦的总耗电量相比）,Fuel Cost Savings Are at Least Twice the Cost of Efficiency.,燃料成本的节约至少是节能成本的两倍GWH Impacts from Programs Begun Prior to 2001,2001,年以前节能项目产生的节能量,0,5,000,10,000,15,000,20,000,25,000,30,000,35,000,40,000,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,GWH,百万千瓦时,Utility Programs,电力公司的节能项目,Building Standards,建筑节能标准,Appliance Standards,家用电器节能标准,14%of Annual Use in California in 2001,2001,年加州年用电量的,14%,美国的冰箱能耗与价格演变,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,1972,1976,1980,1984,1988,1992,1996,2000,Year,Index(1972=100),Effective Dates of,National Standards,=,Effective Dates of,State Standards,=,Refrigerators,冰箱,Central A/C,中央空调,Gas Furnaces,燃气灶具,Impact of Standards on Efficiency of 3 Appliances,标准对,3,种电器节能的影响,Source:S.,Nadel,ACEEE,in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study,www.eceee.org,75%,60%,25%,国标生效日期,州标生效日期,Annual Usage of Air Conditioning in New Homes in California,加州新建住宅年空调用电量,Annual drop averages 4%per year,平均每年下降,4%,0,500,1,000,1,500,2,000,2,500,3,000,1970,1972,1974,1976,1978,1980,1982,1984,1986,1988,1990,1992,1994,1996,1998,2000,2002,2004,2006,kWh/YEAR,Source:CEC Demand Analysis Office,1992 Federal Appliance,Standard,1992,年联邦电器节能标准,California Title 20,Appliance Standards,家用电器节能标准,1976-1982,Initial California Title 24,Building Standards,建筑节能标准,Estimated Impact of 2006 SEER 12 Standards,预期到,2006,年,SEER12,标准产生的节能量,100%,33%,Sales,Units,%,by,GfK MS,-,Italy,-SDA-MDA,Dept,.,Average,AT,BE,DE,ES,FR,UK,IT,NL,PT,SE,4,8,53,4,31,5,7,2,3,2,8,49,1,38,1,6,4,3,5,11,65,7,16,8,4,3,7,57,9,32,7,32,5,47,6,12,8,6,8,6,52,6,33,3,4,5,61,26,1,9,5,3,2,47,2,32,15,5,21,2,66,6,3,3,8,35,1,45,7,7,9,10,7,3,2,70,24,3,Energy,Class A+,Energy,Class A+,Energy,Class A,Energy,Class B,Energy,Class C,Others,2004 Refrigerator,sales in ten EU countries,2004,年欧盟销售的冰箱能效水平,Tax Incentives,税收激励,Performance-Based,基于绩效,Incentive depends only on meeting an energy target,激励程度取决于要满足的某一节能目标,Cost-Based,基于成本,Incentive depends only on how much you spend on energy efficiency,激励程度取决于由于提高能源效率而导致的成本增加,Consideration for Incentive Policy Design,激励机制设计,Part of a broad energy policy package,，,Provide for positive interaction between energy codes,labelsand financial incentives.,是综合能源政策的一部分，与能源法规、标准、标识产生积极互动,Incentives should be based on performance and not cost,whenever possible.,尽可能使激励手段基于绩效而非成本,Energy performance goals should be ambitious enough to:,节能绩效目标应该能：,Minimize free,ridership,使“搭便车”行为减至最少,Control costs,考虑承受能力、控制成本,Consideration for Incentive Policy Design,激励机制设计,Targets may be provided in several tiers.,可对目标分批、分级实现,An administrative structure to oversee incentive awarding,建立管理机构来监督激励项目的实施,To maintain integrity,需要监督来保证公正性,not burdensome,程序不应该太繁琐,Compliance documentation should have market value,达标证书应该具有市场价值,Provide complementary programs for education,outreach,and marketing of the tax incentives.,要针对激励政策开展教育、推广以及宣传活动，提高效果,Delivery Mechanisms,实施机制,State agency grants or loans,政府机构拨款或贷款,Tax incentives at national or provincial level,d,esigned by officials,由政府部门决定国家或地方的税收激励,State or national tax incentives fixed by legislation or decree.,通过立法或法令确定州级或国家级的税收激励,Administrative Mechanisms,管理机制,Utility-run rebate programs.,公用事业部门实施的补贴项目,Private sector or non-profit programs.,私营部门或非营利部门,Provincial or national Energy or Environmental Agency administration of programs.,由地方或国家的能源或环境机构来实施项目,Finance Ministry processes applications.,财政部门处理相关申请手续,Funding Sources,资金来源,General government revenues,一般性政府财政投入,Public Benefits Fund for utility customers,公共效益基金,Carbon taxes or pollution taxes,碳税或污染税,Enhanced revenue collection from businesses,提高企业征税,States with PBF,采用公共效益基金的州,PBF in the US,美国的公共效益基金,See,www.aceee.org/briefs/mktabl.htm,for details,UK Climate Change Program,英国气候变化项目,Established in 2000,2000,年设立,Kyoto Protocol commitment of a 12.5%reduction in,GHG,京都议定书要求减排,CO2,目标,Domestic goal of a 20%CO2,emissions reduction relative to 1990 by 2010,国内目标减排,20%,Programmes Aimed at Industry and Business,项目针对工商行业,Climate Change Levy and Agreements,气候变化收费和协议,UK Emissions Trading Scheme,国内排放交易,Carbon Trust,碳基金,Enhanced Capital Allowances,为企业提高能效提供资金支持,EU Emissions Trading Scheme,欧盟内部排放交易,Climate Change Levy,气候变化税,Energy tax applied to industry,commerce,agriculture,and the public sector,针对工业、商业、农业和公共部门所开征的能源税,Not apply to domestic customers or charities,不对居民和公益事业征收,Electricity produced through CHP or RE not taxed,热电联产和可再生能源电力免征,Climate Change Levy,气候变化税率,燃料类型,Fuel,税率,Tax Rate,天然气,Gas,13/,tonne,CO2,煤,Coal,7/,tonne,CO2,液化石油气,LPG,电力,Electricity,14/,tonne,CO2,Climate Change Levy “Revenue Neutral”,气候变化税,收入中性,To,protect the planet,not a way of raising money,为了环保，不是提高税收手段,收入通过如下渠道返回 给企业：,Revenue,returned to industry through,:,0.3%reduction in the rate of employers National Insurance Contributions,0.3%,社保贡献减免,F,unding of the Carbon Trust(a,PBF,)and,建立弹基金（公共效益基金）,R,eductions or exemptions for meeting targets or switching to,renewables,or cogeneration,达标减免或采用热电联产和可再生能源,Carbon Trust a type of PBF,碳基金,-,公共效益基金,An independent body to promote carbon reductions in industry,commerce and public sector,独立机构促进碳排放减排,Advises industry e.g.through site visits,给工业提供咨询,Provides low costs loans for EE projects,提供优惠贷款,Provides venture capital for investments in early-stage carbon reduction technologies,对未商业化的减排技术提供风险基金,Climate Change Agreements,气候变化协议,Energy efficiency agreements,能效协议,80%discount on Climate Change Levy for meeting targets,达标气候变化税减免,80%,Duration:2001 to 2013,Projected carbon savings of 2.5MtC by 2010,到,2010,年，预计每年减排,250,万吨碳,Ten times the estimated price effect of the levy alone,协议所取得的效果是税收本身效果的,10,倍,Impact of the CCL on IndustryCCL,对行业的影响,Energy has become a high-level issue.Chief executives and finance directors are alert to the additional costs of their energy and to the importance of ensuring they meet their targets and maintain their levy reductions.,提高了高层管理人员对能效和达标的重视,Industry is saving over 450 million($832 M)a year on the energy it has not bought as a result of meeting the CCA targets,in addition to the savings on the Climate Change Levy itself.,除在气候变化税上投入减少外，每年节约的能源开支达,4.5,亿英镑,CCA,气候变化协议,Actual savings实际减排量,2002 target 1.6MtC-performance 4.4,MtC,2002,年,目标：,160,万吨碳,实际,440,万吨,2004 target 1.5MtC-performance 3.9,MtC,2004,年,目标,150,万吨碳,实际,390,万吨,How did the,CCAs,produce this response?,气候变化协议效果是如何实现的？,Crucial link between the levy and the agreements,收费和协议目标联系起来,CCAs,were not a simple price signal,CCA,不是一个简单的价格信号,To get the discount on the tax,the companies HAD to take action and report the results,为获得税收减免企业必须开展节能活动并上报效果,Voluntary Programs and Policies,自愿协议项目与政策,信息传播,Information Dissemination,案例研究,Case studies-,基准评价,Benchmarking,通讯,Newsletters-,审计,/,评估,Audits/assessments,设备标识,Equipment labels,技术示范Technology Demonstration,新兴技术,Emerging technologies,最佳实践,Best practices,培训,Training,能源审计与评估,Energy audits and assessments,能源管理,Energy management,International VA Programs,国际上的自愿协议项目,澳大利亚：,精英能源企业项目，温室气体挑战,加拿大：,工业节能项目,丹麦：,工业能效协议,法国：,CO2,减排自愿协议,芬兰：,工业节能方法协议,Australia,:Energy Smart Business Program,Greenhouse Challenge,Canada,:,Industry Program for Energy Conservation(CIPEC),Denmark,:Agreements on Industrial Energy Efficiency,France,:,Voluntary Agreements on CO2 Reductions,Finland,:,Agreements on Industrial Energy Conservation Measures,International VA Programs,国际上的自愿协议项目,德国：,预防全球变暖德国工业声明,日本：,Keidanren,环境保护自愿行动计划,荷兰：,长期能效协议、基准协议,挪威：,挪威工业能效网络,Germany,:,The Declaration of German Industry on Global Warming Prevention,Japan,:,Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment,Netherlands,:Long-Term Agreements on Energy Efficiency,Benchmarking Covenant,Norway,:Norwegian Industrial Energy Efficiency Network,International Voluntary Agreement,国际自愿协议项目,瑞典：,EKO,能源,英国：,气候变化税收，高耗能工业部门能效目标，最佳能效实践项目，,合作协议运动,美国：,铝业工业自愿伙伴关系，,PFC,减排伙伴关系,Sweden,:,EKO-,Energi,U.K,.,:Climate Change Levy,Energy-Intensive Industry Sector Efficiency Targets,Energy Efficiency Best Practice Program,Make a Corporate Commitment Campaign(MCCC),U.S,.,:Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership;PFC Emissions Reduction Partnership for the Semi-Conductor Industry,VA:Focus on Four Key Aspects,自愿协议：,4,个主要方面,自愿协议框架,Framework for voluntary agreements,节能潜力分析及目标设立,Analysis of potential and target-setting,企业的义务,Industry obligations,政府的支持性政策与项目,Government supporting policies and programs,监督、评估与实施,Supervision,evaluation,and enforcement,Recommendations for Successful VA,成功实施行业目标建议,自愿协议必须是政策体系的一部分，包含相关的支持项目和法规,VAs,must be part of larger,overall policy including supporting programs and regulations,协议各参与方（公司、工业协会、第三方、政府）都应该参与自愿协议的设计和磋商,All parties to the agreements included in the design and negotiation of VA,在目标设定以前，必须准备和商谈好相关的规则和程序,Rules and procedures prepared&negotiated prior to target-setting,Recommendations for Successful VA,成功实施行业目标建议,必须进行机构能力建设，以适应长期协议目标的完成,Institutional capacity developed to support achievement of targets over the long term,如果设定行业级的目标，那么单个公司也必须签定单独的协议,If targets are set at the sector level,then individual enterprises must also establish specific agreements,财政激励和,/,或制裁手段将使自愿协议更加有效和有力,Financial incentives and/or sanctions,make,VAs,stronger and more effective,Recommendations for Successful VA,成功实施行业目标建议,Target Setting,目标设定,可以通过多种节能活动实现目标,Targets must allow for inclusion of a wide range of energy-saving activities,目标设立要有长期性（至少,5,年）,Targets should be set for the longer term(at least 5 years),设立阶段目标衡量进展,Milestones should be set to measure progress,目标设立必须公开透明，保证信誉度,Target setting should be transparent to retain credibility,Recommendations for Successful VA,成功实施行业目标建议,Supervision and Evaluation,监测和评估,评价应由独立的第三方来完成,Evaluation done by an independent third party,清晰、透明的监测和数据报告体系是必须的,Clear and transparent supervision and data reporting system,报告和监测应该以提高能效的具体措施为基础,Reporting and supervision base on EE measurements,评价项目进展，必要时可以用来进行调整（如：分年度评价进展情况）,Project progress evaluated for adjustment if necessary(e.g.evaluate progress towards milestones every year),需求侧管理,需求侧管理,不只是缺电情况下的应急工具,需求侧管理,保证系统可靠性、控制市场操纵力、提高经济效率、保证可持续发展的长期工具,有效,DSM,工作需要,法律法规支持和明确义务和权利,明确的政策目标和切实可行的实施计划,有效的激励机制和资金支持,强有力的监督和实施效果的评估,广泛的公众教育和相关的能力建设,1.,能效优先,最小社会成本的电力发展规划，综合考虑,DSM,和节能,确保,DSM,由负荷管理向提高能效转变,提高能效比负荷管理更有效降低负荷增长,提高能效能长期发挥作用,与短期负荷管理相比能效潜力巨大,0.00,0.50,1.00,1.50,2.00,2.50,3.00,3.50,4.00,4.50,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,Hour,Watts per Square Foot,Load Management,Baseline,Efficient,能效与负荷管理同时进行,0.00,0.50,1.00,1.50,2.00,2.50,3.00,3.50,4.00,4.50,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,Hour,Watts per square foot,Baseline,Efficient and Load,Mng,Efficient,2.,能效标准、标识,制定和实施建筑物、工业设备和家电产品的最低能效标准和认证制度,标准、标识能够提高高效产品的市场份额,标准实施的有效监督,政府采购和示范作用,3.,市场设计鼓励,DSM,需求方竟标或相关项目参与竞争性电力市场,DSM,和需求侧竟标是应对操纵市场和降低电价的有效手段,包括终端用电效率、短期负荷反应、分散式发电、热电联产等,长期来讲，可以节约,30%,以上的电力消费,4.DSM,对电力公司有利可图,目前输配电价制约,DSM,、,能效和分时电价,电力公司投入到,DSM,和能效上收益不低于发电投资,收入上限可以排除电力公司开展,DSM,的潜在利益冲突,5.,为,DSM,提供资金支持,对,DSM,的支持应该与支持发电同等重要,稳定和可遇见的支持机制可以对,DSM,活动进行规划和实施,DSM,资金的管理方式相对政府的决心和承诺并不重要,6.,改善价格形成机制,完善的发电和终端销售电价,改善发电和终端销售电价努力应该与,DSM,资金支持活动相互协调,销售电价应该与上网电价实行互动,阶梯式电价,利用高峰电价建立公共效益基金支持,DSM,Framework for VA Denmark,丹麦自愿协议框架,协议的焦点,Focus of Agreement,化石燃料消费的,CO2,税,CO2 tax on fossil fuel consumption,签订自愿协议的高耗能工业的税收豁免,Energy-intensive industries can be exempted if they sign a voluntary agreement,目标,Target,至,2005,年全国,CO2,排放减少,20%,20%,reduction in national CO2 emissions by 2005,其中,4%,由工业部门实现,4%from the industrial sector,Analysis of Potential and Target-SettingDenmark,丹麦的节能潜力分析与目标设立,有资格的专家对单个工厂进行的能源审计,Energy audits,for individual plants by approved consultants,有资格的专家出具的审计报告，并经独立的有资格的验证机构核实,Audit report by approved consultant,verified by independent certified verification agency,工厂的能源消耗,Energy consumption at plant,列举提高能效的潜力,List of potential energy efficiency improvements,特殊检测的建议,Suggestions for special investigations,Analysis of Potential and Target-SettingDenmark,丹麦的节能潜力分析与目标设立,工业部门行业报告,Sector reports,for industrial sectors部门能耗及生产过程分析,Sector-wide analysis of energy consumption and production processes,公司内部提高能效的一般性潜力的确认、,Identification of general potentials for improving energy efficiency in the companies,Industry Obligations Denmark,丹麦企业的义务,节能项目的强制性执行,Mandatory implementation,of energy-saving projects,公司必须实施“营利性”节能项目如能源审计所确认每个项目均有,4,年的回报期）,Companies must implement“profitable”energy-savings projects(all projects with payback periods of up to 4 years as identified in an energy audit),能源管理,Energy management,公司必须引用能源管理并且激励员工保证新投资的设备高效节能,Companies must introduce energy management and motivate staff to ensure investments in new equipment will be energy-efficient,Industry Obligations Denmark,丹麦企业的义务,能源管理必须包括：,Energy management must include:,能源政策和能效目标,Energy policy and energy efficiency targets,能源帐目,Energy accounting,能效采购与设计的程序,Procedures for energy-efficient procurement and design,员工教育与激励,Education and motivation of staff,Government Supporting Policies and ProgramsDenmark,丹麦政府支持性政策与项目,丹麦能源机构提供如下支持：,Danish Energy Agency provides support:,与工业协会磋商一揽子协议，以使单个公司免于此类商谈,Negotiates collective agreements with industrial associations so that individual companies do not have to negotiate,为能源管理系统的实施与能源审计的执行制定特别准则,Developed specific guidelines for implementation of energy management systems and performance of energy audits,Government Supporting Policies and ProgramsDenmark,丹麦政府支持性政策与项目,提供节能潜力与技术信息,Provides information on energy-saving potentials and technologies,管理投资资金,Administers investment grants,政府提供年度,CO2,税收返还,Government provides annual CO2 tax rebate,Supervision,Evaluation,&Enforcement Denmark,丹麦监测、评估与实施,监督与评估,Supervision and Evaluation,公司向丹麦能源机构递交年度进展报告,Annual progress report by company given to Danish Energy Agency,数据的自行报告,Self-reporting of data,丹麦能源机构所收集并核实的数据,Data collected and verified by Danish Energy Agency,用来评估工厂行动的数据,Data used to evaluate plant performance,Supervision,Evaluation,&Enforcement Denmark,丹麦的监测、评估与实施,实施,Enforcement,没有进行行动项目中所列举活动的公司要退回当年所享受的,CO2,税收返还部分,Companies who fail to take actions outlined in Action Program must pay back CO2 tax rebate from that year,Canada:Framework for VA,加拿大自愿协议框架,协议的焦点,Focus of Agreement,能源效率,Energy efficiency,目标,Target,从,1995,年至,2000,年间工业能效（即每单位产出的能源消耗）以年均,1%,的速度增长,1%,per year average annual improvement in industrial energy efficiency,(energy use per unit of output)from 1995 to 2000,Canada:Analyze Potential&Target-Setting,加拿大节能潜力分析与目标的设立,参与方,P