科普文章的撰写.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,How to Write a Scientific Paper,如何撰写科普文章,More reasons to publish,更多发表原因,Ethical obligation to subjects,对于研究对象的道义责任,Ethical obligation to society,对于社会的道义责任,To have the greatest public health impact,具备最大的公共卫生影响,To really understand your topic,完全理解主题,Academic capacity-building,学术能力培养,Future grant applications,未来应用广泛,“Publish or perish”,“,发表或消亡”,“Currency”of research,研究的“流通性”,Publications:,The Currency of Academic Research,发布：,学术研究的流通性,In any country:The“MPU”,在任何国家：,MPU,First Step:Where are you going?,第一步：写作目的,The“MPU”:Minimal Publishable Unit,“MPU”,：最小,发表单位,The best papers are,based on a single main finding,最好的科普文章均围绕,单个,主要研究,发现,撰写,Avoid saying everything,too much,too dense-other papers for other findings,避免,论述对象无所不包,、,篇幅过多过密,-,其他,研究,发现应,另文撰述,Easier to write if focused on 1 finding,如果仅关注一个研究发现，则更容易撰写文章,Build the paper around the“elevator test”,围绕“电梯测试”撰写文章,The best papers center on a,single,most important finding,最好的科普文章围绕最重要的,单个,研究发现撰写,The“Elevator Test”:,“,电梯测试”：,You get into the elevator with your boss.She asks:“What did you find in that research study you did?”,你,和老板一同进电梯，她问道：“,你,的研究有何发现”？,You have one minute before she gets off on her floor.,在她走出电梯前，,你,有一分钟的时间回答提问。,Explain the single most important finding of your study in one minute.,利用这一分钟阐述最重要的,单个,研究,发现。,The best papers center on a,single,most important finding,最好的科普文章围绕最重要的,单个,研究发现撰写,The“Elevator Test”:,电梯测试”：,Yeah,it was really cool!,哇,，这,真的,太棒了！,We did a survey of HBV prevalence among IDU entering jails in Tehran,Iran.,我们对伊朗德黑兰,(,Tehran,),戒毒所内收押人员进行了乙肝病毒感染率调查。,Chronic HBV infection was 6%,and 0%were vaccinated.,慢性乙肝病毒,(HBV),感染率为,6,，乙肝病毒疫苗接种率为,0,。,Iran will need to introduce special campaigns to vaccinate this group starting with jails.,伊朗需要开展,专门,的疫苗接种行动，为吸毒者接种乙肝病毒疫苗,-,从,监狱,开始。,The best papers center on a,single,most important finding,最好的科普文章围绕最重要的,单个,研究发现撰写,The“elevator test”,“,电梯测试”,The“SOCO”Single Overriding Communication Objective,“SOCO”,-,单,一最主要沟通对象,The newspaper headline,报刊,头条新闻,Your main hypothesis supported or refuted,被,支持或反驳的主要假设,The paper leads the reader to how you got to this main conclusion,文章要,引导,读者,得知你,是如何得出,该,主要结论的,Order of Paper,文章,内容,编排,Abstract,摘要,Introduction,引言,Methods,研究方法,Results,研究结果,Discussion,讨论,References,参考文献,Tables and figures,图表,Order of Writing,文章,内容,编排Willis Way)(Willi,的编排,方式,),Tables and figures,图表,Results,研究结果,Discussion,讨论,Introduction,引言,Methods,研究方法,Abstract,摘要,References,参考文献,Order of Writing,文章,内容,编排,Tables and Figures:,图表：,Have the results in front of you before you start to write,得出,研究,结果,后再开始写作,Identify the single most important finding,确定,最重要的,单个,研究,发现,Show the data that get you there,公布,让你得出此结论利用,的数据,Think 4 parts:,思考如何妥善编排以下四项内容：,3 Tables,1 Figure(usually enough),3,个表格、,1,个图解（通常足够）,Or,4 Tables,或,4,个表格,Order of Writing,文章,内容,编排,Results:,研究结果：,Think 4 parts:,思考如何妥善编排,4,个图表：,Express in words the important findings of the Tables and Figure,用文字阐述表格和图解包含的重要研究,发现,Subject description:,recruitment,eligibility,univariate,main outcome,研究对象说明：,招募、资格、单变量、主要研究,结果,Bivariate:,associations with main outcome,双变量：,与主要研究,结果,的联系,Multivariate:,strengthen hypothesis testing,多变量：,强化假设检验,Sub-analyses,secondary aims,子目分析、次要目标,Order of Writing,文章内容,编排,3.Discussion,4 parts:,讨论四项内容：,Answer the question.First present the single main finding quickly and clearly stated,回答问题,.,首先迅速明确地,表述单个,主要研究,发现,Relevant other findings,其他,相关研究,发现,Limitations of the study,研究局限,Public health implications,公共卫生意义,Order of Writing,文章,内容,编排,4.Introduction,引言,Now ask the question that you already answered!,现在,就你,已回答的问题,提问,！,Think 4 parts:,考虑以下四个问题：,General issue,一般问题,Specific issue(related to your single main finding),特定问题（与,单个,主要研究,发现,有关）,Gap:What was missing in the world,不足之处,：,有,哪些,遗漏,What you did to fill gap,如何,弥补不足之处,Order of Writing,文章,内容,编排,5.Methods,研究方法,Matches how you got the results,阐述,你,如何得出研究结果,No more,不能多,，,No less.,不能少,。,Not a protocol,并非,草案,Order of Writing,文章,内容,编排,6.Abstract,摘要,Write after you complete the other sections,完成,其他,部分后再开始,编写,Falls into place by lifting and paraphrasing a few sentences from each section,每部分,摘取几,句内容进行释义，确保文章有条不紊,Usually different from conference abstract,通常不同于会议摘要,Order of Writing,文章,内容,编排,7.References,参考文献,Do along the way,but dont spend too much time,边撰写正文边完成,，但无需花费太多时间,Leave place holders and find reference later,留注,补位,数字,供以后查找,参考文献,Dont let this be an excuse to put off writing,不要让参考文献成为推迟写作的借口,Tables and Figures,表格与图解,Figure 1:,Setting truck drivers sampled at a major cross-roads of Brazil,图,1,：背景：巴西一个主要交通十字路口卡车司机抽样调查,Table 1:,Subjects demographic and occupational variables,表,1,：,研究主题,-,人口与职业变量,Table 2:,HIV risk behavior,表,2,：可能感染艾滋病病毒的危险行为,Table 3:,Multivariate predictors of risk behavior,表,3,：危险行为多变量预测因子,Results,研究结果,General Recommendations for Results,针对研究结果的一般建议,Follow the sequence of Tables and Figures,遵循图表的,顺序,State in words the most interesting findings in table(not everything),利用文字阐述表格包含的最有趣的研究,发现,（,不是每个,研究,发现,）,Not all numbers,just main outcomes,most important,most interesting,unexpected,只需阐述主要,结果，要求,最重要、最有趣、意外,得出,，,而不是所有数字,Use sub-headings if complex,如果,内容繁多,，则可使用,副,标题,Think 4 paragraphs,考虑如何用,4,段,文字,阐释研究结果,Results in Four Paragraphs,分四段阐释研究结果,Describe study population,eligible and enrolled,key demographic variables,primary outcome(Table 1,univariate,prevalence by variables;Figure 1 setting),说明研究人口、有资格和注册的人口、关键人口统计变量、主要研究成果（表,1,，,单变量,，,通过变量得出的患病率,；图,1,-,设置）,Primary hypotheses,what is associated with the main outcome(,bivariate,Table 2),主要假设，与主要研究成果,关联的是,什么（,双变量,，表,2,）,Multivariate,analysis(confounding factors,interactions,Table 3),多变量,分析（混淆因素、相互关系，表,3,）,Stratification,subanalyses,examination of biases,corroborative analyses,secondary,objectives(Table 4,Figure 1 trend over time),分层,、,子,目分析、偏差,检查,、佐证分析、次要目标（表,4,，图,1,岁时间变化的,趋势）,Results Paragraph 1:,研究结果阐释 第一段：,Recruitment,Eligibility,招募、资格,Example:,范例：,“A total of 246,715 clients age 15 years or older had their first HIV test at the 4 VCT centers from January 1992 to December 2000.We excluded 44,974 who reported illness as a reason for testing to avoid selection bias.The proportions of clients excluded due to illness were similar across sites:15%Kampala;17%Jinja;25%Mbarara;and 20%Mbale.”,“,总共,246,715,名,15,岁以上的患者于,1992,年,1,月至,2000,年,12,月在,4,个自愿咨询检测中心首次进行艾滋病,病,毒检测。,为了检测需要，,我们排除了,44,974,名声称患病之人，以避免选择,偏差,。,以,下地点因疾病原因被排除在外的患者比例类似：,15%Kampala,、,17%Jinja,、,25%Mbarara,以及,20%Mbale,。,Results Paragraph 1:Describe Key Variables,研究结果阐释第一段：关键变量说明,Univariate results(Table 1),单变量结果（表,1,）,Focus written text on main findings,重点着墨于主要研究,发现,Relevant demographic characteristics,相关的人口统计特征,Interestingly high or low levels of variables,较高或较低水平的变量,A few unexpected findings,maybe,少数意外,得出的,研究,发现,Main outcome,主要研究成果,Results Paragraph 1:Describe Key Variables and Primary Outcome,研究结果阐释,-,第一段：关键变量与主要研究,结果,说明,Examples:,范例：,“,The majority of participants were under 25 years old(72%),male(52%),and had less than secondary education(67%).,(Table 1),.,“,大多数参与者的年龄低于,25,岁（,72,），男性占多数（,52,），,中等教育水平人群,占多数（,67,）,.,（表,1,）,。,Overall,prevalence of HIV infection was 7.1%.No HIV infections were detected among adolescents age 15 to 19 years.”,总体来说，艾滋病感染率为,7.1,。,15,岁至,19,岁的青少年均未,检测出,艾滋病。,”,Results Paragraph 2:Associations with Outcome,研究结果阐释,-,第二段：研究,结果,关联因素,Bivariate associations with main outcome(Table 2),与主要研究成果,关联,的双变量,Focus written text on significant findings,重点着墨于,重大,研究,发现,Statistically significant,统计重大研究结果,Clinically significant,临床重大研究结果,Unexpectedly not associated,意外的无关联的研究结果,Some say include all tested,maybe,有些论述可能,包括所有,检测结果,But:No interpretations,no comparisons to other studies.,但是：无需对,其他,研究进行说明，无需与,其他,研究进行对比。,Just the facts,maam,只需陈述事实,Results Paragraph 2:Main Associations with Primary Outcome,研究结果阐释第二段：主要研究,结果,关联因素,Example:,范例：,“In bivariate analysis,(Table 2),HIV seropositivity was associated with age 25 44 years,female gender.”,“,双变量分析,（表,2,）,表明，艾滋病,病,毒检测,血清状态,呈阳性的全部为,25,岁至,44,岁的女性,.”,“,Over time,prevalence of HIV infection declined from 23%in 1998 to 13%in 2003,with a decreasse from 17%to 9%among men(P 0.001)and from 31%to 17%among women(P 0.001),(Table 2),.”,“1998,年至,2003,年，艾滋病毒感染率从,23,降至,13,，男性艾滋病,病,毒感染率从,17,降至,9,(P 0.001),，女性艾滋病,病,毒感染率从,31%,降至,17%(P 0.001),(,表,2),.”,Results Paragraph 3:Multivariate Analysis,研究结果阐释,第三段：多变量分析,Independent associations with main outcome(Table 3),与主要研究,结果关联,的独立因素（表,3,Confirm or refute main hypothesis,支持或反驳主要假设,Ruling out confounders,排除混淆因素,Results Paragraph 3:Multivariate Analysis,研究结果阐释,第三段：多变量分析,Example:,范例：,In multivariate analysis,(Table 3),independent predictors of truckers having unprotected sex with non-wife partners while on the road were using the stimulant“,arribite,”within the calendar year(Adjusted odds ratio AOR 4.7,95%CI 1.2 18.0),not professing a religious affiliation(AOR 6.1,95%CI 1.9 19.8),and being separated or divorced(AOR 5.1,95%CI 1.3 20.4).,多变量分析,（表,3,）,，,一年中,与妻子以外的,性伴侣进行,未采取保护措施,的,性交并在,行车,途中使用兴奋剂,“,arribite,”,的卡车,司机,的独立预测因子（调整后的优势,率,AOR 4.7,95%CI 1.2 18.0,），未公开声明宗教信仰（,AOR 6.1,95%CI 1.9 19.8,），分居或离婚（,AOR 5.1,95%CI 1.3 20.4,）。,Results Paragraph 4:Sub-Analyses,研究结果阐释 第四段：,子,目分析,Stratified analyses(Table 4),分层分析（表,4,）,Special sub-population,特定细分人口,Ruling out biases,direction of biases,消除偏差、偏差方向,Secondary aims,次要目标,If dont stand alone in a separate paper,如果,并非单独存在于某篇独立的文章中,Additional Tips for Results,阐释研究结果的其他秘诀,Dont mix Methods into Results,研究方法不得混入研究结果,If you conduct a new analysis or sub-analysis,add into Methods,如果重新进行分析或子目分析，则增加研究方法,Dont mix Discussion into Results,讨论内容不得混入研究结果,No interpretation,无需解释,(Also,dont introduce Results into Discussion,go back),（同样，研究结果也不得混入讨论内容）,No references,无需参考文献,OK to be very,very short,简短即可,Double check numbers,do they add up?,仔细核查数字，数字是否累加总计？,Discussion,讨论,The Discussion Section,讨论部分,Highlights the public health impact of your study,突出研究对公共卫生的影响,The most interpretative part,解释性最强的部分,The most creative part,最富创意的部分,The most prone to writers block,最容易成为作者阻碍的部分,Simplified template:,简化模板：,Think of the Discussion as 4 paragraphs,考虑如何用,4,段文字叙述讨论内容,Template for Discussion,讨论模板,Mission accomplished!,任务完成！,The single most important finding,最重要的单个研究发现,Not only that,不仅,Secondary findings次要研究发现,Mea culpa,过失,Limitations,局限,But,redemption,!,但必须,补救,！,Kumbaya,Kumbaya,Public health implications,公共卫生意义,Mission Accomplished!,任务完成,The“elevator test”,newspaper headline,SOCO,main hypothesis,“,电梯测试”、报刊头条新闻、,SOCO,、主要假设,The first sentence of Discussion,讨论的开场白,“We found”,“,我们发现,”,State the single most important finding as succinctly and accurately as possible,尽可能简洁准确地陈述最重要的研究发现,Expand the single sentence into a paragraph,将一句扩展成一段,Put your best case forward,拿出最佳案例,Corroborative evidence within your study,你的研究中的确凿证据,Corroborative evidence from others studies,其他研究中的确凿证据,Be as certain as you possibly can be,尽可能保证确定性,“Mission Accomplished!”,“,任务完成”,Oops,try again,哎呀，再来一次,Examples of“Mission Accomplished!”Sentence,“,任务完成”句例,“,The overall prevalence of HIV infection among women participating in ANC surveys decreased between 2000 and 2004 in Zimbabwe.”,“,2000,年至,2004,年津巴布韦,(,Zimbabwe,),参加嗜中性细胞绝对计数,（,ANC,）调查的女性的艾滋病病毒总体感染率逐年下降。”,Expand the“Mission Accomplished!”Sentence,“,任务完成！”句扩展,“,This decline was seen in all age groups,in all provinces,in all locations.,“所有年龄段、所有省份以及所有地点的艾滋病病毒感染率均出现了下降。,Three local research studies also found declines in HIV prevalence during the same period.”,当地机构同期做的三次研究也发现，艾滋病病毒感染率出现下降。”,Expand the“Mission Accomplished!”Sentence,“,任务完成”句扩展,“,The decline is similar in magnitude to that experienced by Uganda.,“乌干达,(,Uganda,),的艾滋病病毒感染率也大幅下降。,The trend is corroborated by changes in reported sexual behavior.”,报告显示的性行为改变证实了该下降趋势。”,Not only that,不仅,Relax,now that main point is made,既然已得要点，请放松,“,We also found”,“,我们还发现,”,Three additional findings(maybe more),其他三个研究发现（或许更多）,Sub-group findings:,子组研究发现：,Men vs.women,男性与女性的对比,Young vs.old,年轻人与老年人的对比,Secondary questions,次要问题,Unexpected findings,意外的研究发现,Contradict other studies,反驳其他研究,Contradict conventional wisdom,反驳传统观点,Examples of“Not only that”Sentences,“,不仅,”,句例,“,VCT data may help surveillance systems to overcome major limitations of ANC data.”,“,自愿咨询检测数据可能有助于对系统进行监控，克服嗜中性细胞绝对计数数据的重大局限性。”,“VCT data can also be used for program monitoring purposes.”,“,自愿咨询检测数据也可用于项目监测目的。”,Mea Culpa,过失,“,We recognize limitations of our study”,“,我们认识到自身研究的局限性,”,Confess,come clean,完成承认,No study is without potential bias,所有研究都有可能存在偏差,No study is perfectly executed,所有研究都不可能完美进行,No study is definitive,所有研究都是绝对正确的,Head off criticism,防止批评指责,Redemption,补救措施,Mea Culpa,过失,Start with single biggest threat to internal validity,从内部有效性的最大威胁开始叙述,Explain(if you can):,解释（如果可能）：,Likely size of this bias,可能的偏差幅度,Likely direction of this bias,可能的偏差方向,Proceed to next most important,and so on,继续下一个最重要的项目,Example of“Mea Culpa”Sentences,“,过失”句例,“,Our findings are subject to several limitations.,“我们的研究发现存在诸多局限。,First,VCT clientele may not be representative of the general Ugandan population.”,首先，自愿咨询检测患者无法代表乌干达一般人群。”,Mea Culpa,过失,Address common problems and biases,only,if they are a particular concern in your study:,解决普通问题与偏差，即使你在研究中特别关注它们：,External validity,representativeness,外部有效性、代表性,Self-reported behavior,自发报告的行为,Sample size,power,样本大小、影响力,Incomplete responses,data quality,不完整的答复、数据质量,Causality in cross-sectional study,交叉部分研究的因果关系,Unmeasured and unknown confounders,无法衡量的未知的混淆因素,Not enough money,资金不足,Mea Culpa and Redemption!,过失,与补救措施！,Mea Culpa and Redemption!,过失,与补救措施！,How you did your best to address the bias in the design and analysis,你如何尽力解决设计与分析的偏差,Analyses or other evidence that bias is not likely to change primary conclusion,不会因分析或其他证据的偏差而改变主要结论,Not!“Other studies are worse”,不！“其他研究更糟,”,But,may include how we avoided biases of other studies,但是，可能包括我们避免其他研究出现偏差的方法,Examples of“Mea Culpa”Sentences(with Redemption),“,过失”句例,（,附补救措施,）,“,Second,our data were drawn from only 4 major towns in Uganda and do not represent the whole country.,“其次，我们的数据仅来自于乌干达,4,个主要城镇，不能代表乌干达整个国家。,However,the fact that our data were comparable with national ANC data suggests that our major findings of declining prevalence are not likely to have been affected significantly by such differences.”,但事实上，我们将自己的数据与该国嗜中性细胞绝对计数数据进行了对比，结果显示，两者的差异不太可能严重影响我们得出的感染率下降的研究发现。”,Kumbaya,Kumbaya,Dont end negatively!,不能以负面陈述结尾！,Human nature likes to be positive,人类天生喜欢积极正面的事物,Science is incremental improvement,科学意味着逐步进步,Big picture,way forward,重点，奋勇直前,Public health implications,公共卫生意义,Clinical practice implications,临床实践意义,Setting the future research agenda(be specific),设定未来研究日程（必须具体）,Segue from Mea Culpa“Despite these potential limitations”,从过失中吸取教训并继续前进，“尽管存在这些潜在的局限,”,Examples of“,Kumbaya,”Sentences,“,Kumbaya,”,句例,The Iranian and US,CDCs,agree that HIV prevention services be made available to inmates of correctional facilities,including voluntary HIV counseling and testing upon entry into prison,before release,and during incarceration.Such programs provide potentially great benefit to inmates and to wider society.Harm reduction program