考研辅导1.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,考研辅导,外语学院,范春香,考研辅导,Section I Use of English,Section II Reading Comprehension,Section III Writing,考纲透视,英语知识运用是测试考生综合运用语言能力的客观题。考生在规定时间内阅读一篇含有,20,个空的短文，并在全面理解文章的的基础上从,4,个选项中选出最佳答案。,此题的选材涉及全面，但社会生活类题材为出题的主导趋势。,考纲透视,这项测试的目的是考查考生两方面的内容：,1,、语篇水平。即考查考生能否看懂全文、能否看懂上下文之间的逻辑关系。,2,、语言基本功。即是否具有丰富的词汇知识和语法知识，具体为：同义词即近义词的辨别；短语或固定词组的用法；介词的用法；连词、关系代词等的作用和用法。,命题趋势,年份,近义词或词组辨析,介词,连词、关系代词,其他,2001,16,1,2,1,2002,11,6,1,2,2003,13,1,2,4,2004,11,2,5,2,2005,12,1,3,4,2006,12,2,3,3,2007,11,2,2,5,2008,13,1,2,4,2009,14,3,1,2,命题趋势,年份,体裁,题材,主旨,2000,议论文,经济,农民的生产和消费,2001,议论文,社会生活,政府对媒体进行限制,2002,说明文,社会生活,传媒技术的发展,2003,议论文,文化教育,对青少年的教育,2004,议论文,社会生活,青少年犯罪,2005,说明文,科普,人的嗅觉,2006,议论文,社会生活,美国无家可归者,2007,说明文,政治历史,新独立殖民国家的问题,2008,说明文,科普,人类智力的发展,2009,议论文,社会生活,网络对人们生活的影响,应试技巧,1,、利用上下文线索解题。,2,、通过词语搭配解题,3,、运用背景知识解题,4,、利用句际间的逻辑关系解题,考纲透视,考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的,3%,），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明和产品介绍等。根据所读材料，考生应能：,1,、理解主旨要义；,2,、理解文中的具体信息；,3,、理解文中的概念性含义；,4,、进行有关的判断、推理和引申；,5,、根据上下文推测生词的词义；,6,、理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系；,7,、理解作者的意图、观点或态度；,8,、区分论点和论据。,命题趋势,阅读短文内容涉及社会科学、自然科学和人文科学各个领域的知识，一般都和当年时世热点紧密相关，时代特色鲜明。文章多出于报刊杂志，以面向大众的社科类和科普类文章为主。大多是关于美国文化或用美国英语写作的，约占,60%,。考生应对当前英语世界的文化有足够的了解，否则会影响阅读速度和理解深度。,命题趋势,文章主要来源于：,Newsweek,（,新闻周刊,），,Times,（,时代周刊,），,The Washington Post,（,华盛顿邮报,），,USA Today,（,今日美国,），,The Times,（,泰晤士报,），,The Guardian,（,卫报,）和,WWW,（美国新闻在线）,命题趋势,National Geographic,（,国家地理杂志,）,Scientific American,（,科学美国人,）,Science,（,科学,）,New Scientists,（,新科学家,）,Discovery,（,探索杂志,）,Nature,（,自然,Business Week,（,商业周刊,）,The Economist,（,经济学家,）,Wall Street Journal,（,华尔街,）,Telegraph,（,英国电信报,）等,应试技巧,1,、主旨体,旨在测试考生掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。通常以如下提问方式出现：,What is the main topic of the passage?,What is the main idea of the passage?,What does the passage mainly deal with?,What does the passage talk about?,What is the subject of the passage?,The passage is mainly about,Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?,Which is the most appropriate title of the passage?,A good title for this short passage would be,应试技巧,解答此类题可采用辨认主体句的方法。一般来说每一段的首句应是主体句。当然也有末局和居中的时候。对于一篇文章来说，要关注首段，因为向主体句一样首段一般是主旨段。但须注意的是有时候也会位于中间段落。,应试技巧,2,、细节题,旨在测试考生阅读时掌握细节的能力。如：时间、人名、地名、物名、性格、特征、数据等。常见提问形式为：,Which of the following the passage mentions as a major advantage of?,Who objects to?,In what year did?,Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a fact?,The writer mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT,Which of the following is probably NOT considered as,Which of the following is true according to the passage?,应试技巧,解答此类题首先可采用“排除法”。即对照文章找出文内没有提到的叙述。,其次是“替换”。即对原文中词语进行“解释”或“替换”，或对原文的句型进行转换。,应试技巧,3,、语义题,语义题及猜词，常见提问形式有：,The word/expression(in line)most probably means,The author used the word to indicate,From the passage,we can infer that the phrasemeans,By,the writer probably means,The word“it”(in line)most probably refers to,We can f,ind word meanings through many different ways,.,Here we list as many as 9 different ways of finding out a words meaning which you may not be familiar with.,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,1.,Some sentences set off(mark off)the definition for a difficult word by using punctuation(,标点符号,).,Hint,Monogamy,the practice or condition of having one marriage partner,is now adopted by most countries as one of state policies.,Example,The definition“,the practice or condition of having one marriage partner,”,set off by two commas,gives a clear meaning of the word“,monogamy,”.,Explanation,下一页,上一页,Back,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,2.,Sometimes helping words,along with punctuation,provide important clues.,Hint,Still other people are not avoiding work;strictly speaking,they are merely,procrastinating,delaying their work.,Example,The expression,“delaying their work”,along with the dash“,”,provides an important clue as to the word,“procrastinating”,.,Explanation,上一页,下一页,Back,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,3.,Some sentences tell the opposite of what a new word means.From its opposite,you can figure out the meaning of the word.,Hint,If we desire to get rid of the,slovenliness,of our English we can,think carefully and clearly,before expressing ourselves in it.,Example,From the opposite,“,think carefully and clearly,”,of,“,slovenliness,”,you can make out the meaning of the word.,Explanation,下一页,上一页,Back,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,4.,Sometimes you can use your own experiences to figure out,the definition of a word.,Hint,Confinement,requires,jailers,and a,death punishment,calls for,executioners.,Example,According to your own experience,“,jailers,”,is linked with,“,prison(confinement),”,while,“,executioners,”,with,“,death punishment,”.,.,Explanation,下一页,上一页,Back,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,5.,Sentences before or after a sentence that has a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of the word.,Hint,I had a,kind,and,patient,teacher who often,praised,all of the students.Because of this,positive,method,I eagerly answered all the questions I could,Example,The sentence before the word,“,positive,”,gives a very clear hint as to the meaning of the word,“,positive,”.,.,Explanation,下一页,上一页,Back,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,6.,Some sentences are written just to give the definitions of the difficult wordswords that readers will need to know in order to understand what they are reading.,Hint,that I could,communicate,with many more people than before.,Talking with people,is one of my favorite activities.,Example,“,Talking with people,”,tells us the meaning of the word,“,communicate,”.,Explanation,下一页,上一页,Back,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,7.,Because some sentences give examples for a new word,you can build a definition.,Hint,The,“vicious cycle”,recurs throughout human life.,To cure her husbands faults,for example,a wife may find fault with him.His faults get worse,so she finds fault with him even more.Naturally his faults get worse still.,Example,Your definition of,“,vicious cycle,”,can be based on the example below it.,Explanation,下一页,上一页,Back,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,8.,Some sentences use a word you do know to help explain a word you,do not know.,Hint,The medical use of some drugs should be carefully regulated by doctors because they are,addictive,or,habit-forming.,Example,The word,“,habit-forming,”,helps explain the word,“,addictive,”.,Explanation,上一页,下一页,Back,Reading Skills:Clues&Examples,9.,Word part clues,stems,(,词干,)and,affixes词缀,)also help to find out word meaning.,Hint,With many factors,unforeseeable,there is no reason for us to show a sweeping optimism about our plan.,Example,un,(prefix:,否,),+fore,(prefix:,预先,),+see,(stem:,看,),+able,(suffix:,能,的,),Explanation,下一页,上一页,Back,应试技巧,4,、推断题,旨在测试考生的推断和引申的能力，是难度较大的测试题。有以下几种常见类型：,1,）推理题,What can be inferred from the passage?,Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?,The author implies that,The passage suggests that,It is most likely that,应试技巧,2,）结论题,From the passage,we can draw the conclusion that,What was probably the conclusion for,What can be concluded from the passage?,It can be concluded from the passage that,应试技巧,3,）评价题,According to the passage,what is the authors attitude to,What is the tone of the passage?,How does the author feel about,According to the passage,the authors view ofis,The author expresses,应试技巧,做推断题时须注意不能凭主观臆断、猜想，想当然地回答问题，出现“读得越懂，错得越多”的现象。要通过字里行间准确理解文章提供的信息，正确回答问题，切不可以自己的观点代替作者的观点。,Part B,Part B,主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑关系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。,我们学过一种阅读技巧叫,Predicting the authors ideas,对我们做,Part B,很有帮助。,One way to read effectively is to predict.Making predictions while reading keeps your mind involved in the passage.It is a great aid in understanding what comes,next.,I.Predicting an Authors Ideas,II.Practice the Skill,1.Buying a personal computer is never easy,no matter how much you know about them.,You expect the author to mention_.,a variety of choices,the range of prices,various makes and models,and advice,from every angle,2,.,In both Japan and China,people have long,believed that earthquakes can be forecast,.,You predict the author is to mention,_.,In Japan,scientists have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements.The Chinese have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes.For example,Part C,Part C,测试考生根据上下文准确理解英语句子并用汉语正确表达。一般句子都较长，有时可能会出现“只可意会，不可言传”的现象。但只要掌握一些翻译技巧，就能迅速提高本部分的得分。,翻译技巧,一、增词,After a series of experiments important,phenomena,have,been ascertained.,一系列的实验查明了,许多,重要现象。,A stream,was winding its way through the valley into the river.,一,弯,溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，进入江河。,Whereas Kissinger,had once,needed Nixon as a channel to power,Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power.,当年,，基辛格曾需要尼克松的援引而获得权势；如今，尼克松,则,需要基辛格,来,帮他继续掌权。,翻译技巧,We didnt admit escape was impossible.To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.,我们认为逃跑不是不可能的。,如果认为不可能,，那就等于把我们仅存的一点希望也放弃了。,Day after day,he came to his work-,sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.,他每天来干活,扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。,翻译技巧,Speed and reliability,are the chief advantages of the electronic computer.,速度快、可靠性高,是电子计算机的主要优点。,Dont take it seriously.Im just making fun of you.,不要认真,嘛,！我不过跟你开个玩笑,罢了,。,The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.,美日,双方,在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。,翻译技巧,二、省略,A teacher should have patience in,his,work.,当老师应该有耐心。,One,can never get real rest without,a,peaceful mind.,心情不平静是休息不好的。,The more he tried to hide his warts,the more he revealed for,it.,他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会报露。,翻译技巧,Why do,we,feel cooler when,we,fan,ourselves,?,我们扇扇子时，为什么感到凉快些？,Outside,it,was pitch dark and,it,was raining cats and dogs.,外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。,The first electronic computer was produced,in,our country,in,1958.,1958,年，我国生产了第一台电子计算机。,He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement,since,he had not read the text.,他没有看到总统讲话的文本，不愿进一步阐述。,翻译技巧,三、词类转换,Rockets have found,application,for the,exploration,of the universe.,火箭已经用来探索宇宙。,I barreled straight ahead,across,the harbor and,out over,the sea.,我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。,Formality has always,characterized,their relationship.,他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是以礼相待。,翻译技巧,They did their best to help,the sick and the wounded.,他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。,They were considered,insincere,.,他们被人认为是伪君子。,In science and engineering,it is of great importance to,state,the laws and principles,accurately.,在科学和工程方面，定律和原理的准确叙述非常重要。,翻译技巧,It was,a clear and unemotional exposition,of the presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.,这篇发言清楚明白地、平静地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。,When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his,instinct,is to win him over with charm and humor.,只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。,翻译技巧,四、词义的选择与引申,Like,charges repel;,unlike,charges attract.,同性相斥，异性相吸。,He isthe last man,to come.,他最不可能来。,At present coal is the most common,food,of a steam plant.,目前煤是蒸汽动力厂最常用的能源。,翻译技巧,五、正义反译与反义正译,His refusal is not,final.,他的拒绝不是不可能的。,It was,beyond,his power to sign such a contract.,他无权签订这种合同。,The doubt was still,unsolved,after his repeated explanations.,虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。,He,carelessly,glanced through the note and go away.,他草草地看了看那张便条就走了。,翻译练习,It may be said,that the measure of the worth of any social institution,is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,;,but this effect is not a part of its original motive,.,或许可以说,衡量任何社会制度价值的标准,是其在拓展与增进经验上的成效,但这种成效不是它的最初的目的,或许可以说，衡量任何社会制度价值的标准在于其在拓展与增进经验上的成效；但这种成效却不是该制度最初想要的东西。,翻译练习,Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still,was this effect considered as,a directive factor in the conduct of the institution,.,制度的副产品只是逐渐被人注意到,只会更逐渐地,是这一成效被视为,制度运行中的一个指导因素,制度的这一副产品只是逐渐被人注意到，而其被视为制度运行的指导因素则需要更加漫长的过程。,翻译练习,While it is easy to ignore,in our contact with them,the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults,.,尽管很容易忽略,与他们的接触中,我们的行为对他们性情的影响,不像同成人交往那样容易,在和他们的接触中，我们的行为会对他们的性情取向产生影响；对这一影响视而不见固然容易，但也并非像同成人交往时那般轻松。,翻译练习,Since our chief business with them,is to enable them to share in a common life,we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers,which will secure this ability,.,既然我们对于他们的主要工作,是让他们参与共同生活,我们就不禁会考虑我们是否在形成了力量,保证这个能力,既然我们的主要职责是让他们参与共同生活，我们就不禁会思考这样一个问题：我们是不是也在履行职责的过程中锻炼了自己的能力，这些能力反过来保障我们职责的履行。,翻译练习,We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process,which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of education,-,that of direct tuition or schooling,.,因而我们可以辨别,宽泛的教育过程中,我们一直在考虑的,正规的教学或学校教育,更为正规的教育,我们因而可以在迄今为止一直考虑的宽泛的教育过程中区别出一种更为正规的教育，即直接的教育或学校教育。,writing,考生应能写出不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：,1,）语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；,2,）遵循文章的特定文体格式；,3,）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；,4,）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语域。,writing,评分原则,A,部分：应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。,B,部分：评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的组织连贯性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。writing,评分时先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。,A,部分作文的字数要求在,100,词左右。,B,部分要求是,160-200,词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。,拼写和标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。,如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。,writing,一、书信写作,一封正规的英文书信的结构框架有以下六部分组成：,1.the heading,信端,2.date,日期,3.the salutation,称谓,4.the body,正文,5.the close,结尾,6.the signature,签名,Guangxi,University,Nanning,Guangxi,530004,China,6 Sept.,2003,heading,date,Dear Sir,salutation,Body of Letter,Yours sincerely,complimentary close,Wan Lin,signature,Writing,正文一般可以分成三个部分：开头、正文、结尾,常见的开头语有：,I was so pleased to receive your letter,Thank you for your kind letter,Sorry for delaying this letter so long,常见的结束语有：,Best wishes to you.,Take good care of yourself and write often.,Our warm regards to your parents.,writing,万能框架,If one carefully studies the two cartoons above,he will find that they are closely related in meaning.In the upper one However,in the lower picture,The cartoons seem to,but actually they are referring to;,The cartoons have wider social significance that Only in this way can we meet the demands of the future.,writing,The cartoon depicts an inspiring scene in the above drawing,The drawing reminds us of By drawing the cartoon,the cartoonist tries to remind us that,Since many of the philosophic principles we adhere to are abstracted from daily life,it is easy to find examples in the world around us.The idea illustrated in this picture is no exception.,writing,As is implied in the cartoon and well known to all of us,On the other hand,there do exist some,If still blind to this,the is sure to So its urgent and essential for the to analyze more rationally and microscopically.It must keep in mind that,Although the condition is unsatisfactory now,with the awareness of the in the cartoon and all the society efforts,improvement and even brighter future are not only possible but also,inevitable.,