高级英语 Everyday Use 背景资料.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Background,ofEveryday Use,英语,1091,姚莉 胡慧,1,The short story,Black Power Movement,Civil Rights Movement,(1955-1968),African Americans,Other movements,American Civil War(1861-1865),origin,slavery,Terms,2,Story Background,The short story“Everyday Use”,from the collection,In Love and Trouble,published in 1973,was written during,the heyday of the Black Power movement,when,African-Americans,were trying to gain racial equality and called for self-determination and racial dignity.,African-American short stories of this period often dealt with problematic issues like separation,integration and redefinition of the African American past.,Blacks were seeking their cultural roots in Africa,the slogan,“Black is beautiful”,and the,Afro hair style,arose.,Everyday Use,is Alice Walkers answer to the social discourse of that time,especially concerning the African American concept of heritage and identity.,3,1.Written in 1973 and included in the,Norton Anthology of Short Fiction,（,诺顿短篇小说集,）,.,2.One of the best-written short stories by Alice Walker,describing three women.,3.The mother is a working woman without much education,but not without intelligence or perception.The two daughters from a sharp contrast in every conceivable way:appearance,character,personal experience,etc.,About,the,Story,4,Everyday use,a story addresses itself to the dilemma of African Americans who,in striving to escape prejudice and poverty,risk a terrible deracination,（隔离）,a sundering from all that has sustained and defined them.,About the story,5,Through the title of her short story,Alice Walker conceptually expresses her wariness of the,Black Power Movement,.During the mid-1960s,young black African Americans proclaimed they would no longer be oppressed by their current lifestyle and began to celebrate African culture by exploiting it for exotic names and ethnic appeal.,About the story,6,African-American history,starts in the 16th century,with,African slaves,who quickly rose up against the,Spanish explorer,Lucas,Vsquez,de,Aylln,and progresses to the present day,when,Barack Obama,has been elected as the,44th,and current,President of the United States,.,African Americansin the United States faced,discrimination,segregation,and,stereotyping,especially in the Southern and Midwestern United states for decades after the,American Civil War,.,7,African Americans,(also referred to as,Black Americans,or,Afro-Americans,and formerly as,American Negros,)are citizens or residents of theUnited Statewho have at least partial ancestry from any of the native populations ofSub-Saharan Africaand are the direct descendants ofenslaved Africanswithin the boundaries of the present United States.,Most African Americans are of,West Africandescent,.However,some immigrantsfrom,African,Caribbean,Central American,or,South American nations,or their descendants,may also self-identify with the term.,African Americans make up,the single largestracial minority,in the United States.,8,African Americans,The majority of African Americans descended from slaves,most of whom were sold into slavery as prisoners of war by African states or kidnapped by African,European or American slave traders.The existing market for slaves in Africa was exploited and expanded by European powers in need of labor for,New World plantations,.,9,African slaves,The first African slaves were brought to,Jamestown,Virginia,in 1619.,The English settlers treated these captives as,indentured servants,(,契约仆人,)and released them after a number of years.This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the,Caribbean,.As servants were freed,they became competition for resources.Additionally,released servants had to be replaced.This,combined with the still ambiguous nature of the social status of Blacks and the difficulty in using any other group of people as forced servants,led to,the relegation of Blacks into slavery,.,Massachusetts,（马赛诸塞州）,was the first colony to legalize slavery in 1641.Other colonies followed suit by passing laws that passed slavery on to the children of slaves and making non-Christian imported servants slaves for life.,10,African slaves,A former slave displays the telltale criss-cross,keloid,（,疤肿,）,scars from being,bullwhipped,（,牛鞭抽打,）,.,11,南北美洲黑人贩卖情况,12,With the political consciousness that emerged from the political and social ferment of the late 1960s and early 1970s,blacks no longer approved of the term,Negro,.,They believed it had suggestions of a moderate,accommodationism,(,迁就主义,),even“,Uncle Tom,“(,逆来顺受的美国黑人,)connotation.,In this period,a growing number of blacks in the United States,particularly African American youth,celebrated their blackness and their historical and cultural ties with the African continent.,Negro,13,The Black Power Movement defiantly embraced,Black,as a group identifier.It was a term social leaders themselves had repudiated only two decades earlier,but they proclaimed,Black is beautiful,.,In this same period,a smaller number of people favored,Afro-American,a common shortening(as is Anglo-American).However,after the decline in popularity of the,Afro hairstyle,in the late 1970s,the term fell out of use.,Black and Afro-American,14,这是2004年7月2日，一名无家可归的男子躺在纽约街头。,15,这是一名黑人妇女在华盛顿职业介绍会上收集工作介绍材料,16,这是2005年6月10日，一名无家可归的黑人男子在美国东南部的迈阿密南,海滩钻进塑料袋里躲避飓风袭击,这是2005年10月8日，在美国路易斯安那州新奥尔良市波旁大街的一家酒吧外，几名白人警察正在殴打一名老年黑人男子。,17,这是2005年1月28日，一群来自亚洲的青年在美国纽约参加反对当地电台播放“海啸之歌”的抗议活动。当天，数百名亚裔人士、部分纽约州议员、纽,约市议员聚集在位于纽约曼哈顿的“狂热97”广播电台所在地，强烈抗议该台在前一周连续4天播放侮辱海啸灾难遇难者并带有种族歧视内容的“海啸之歌”，要求结束“早晨的琼斯小姐”广播节目并呼吁联邦政府对该电台进行制裁。,18,二战后初期美国南方社会生活,Colored waiting rooms(,有色人种候车室,),White only-ladies room(,仅供白人,女洗手间,),19,Afro hair style,20,American Civil War,The American Civil War(18611865),known as the war between the States and several other states,was a civil war in the United States of America.Eleven Southern slave states declared their Secession,（脱离联邦）,from the U.S.and formed the Confederate States of America(the Confederacy,（南方联盟）,).It was Led by Jefferson Davis,they fought against the U.S.federal government(the Union),which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.,21,American Civil War,The American Civil War was the deadliest war in American history,causing 620,000 soldier deaths,and an undetermined number of civilian casualties,ending slavery in the United States,restoring the Union,and strengthening the role of the federal government.The social,political,economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877,and continue into the 21st century.,22,The Emancipation Proclamation,（,解放奴隶宣言,）,Abraham Lincoln,23,The Emancipation Proclamation,The,Emancipation Proclamation,is an,executive order,issued by United States President,Abraham Lincoln,on January 1,1863,during the,American Civil War,using his war powers.It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nations 4 million slaves,and immediately freed 50,000 of them,with nearly all the rest freed as,Union,armies advanced.The Proclamation did not compensate the owners;it did not make the ex-slaves,called Freedmen,citizens.,24,民权,运动（,Matin,Luther King,）,“自由乘车运动”,穷人运动,公共汽车抵制运动,南方基督教领袖会议建立,奥尔巴尼运动,发表了“我有一个梦想”著名演讲,1955年 1957年 1961年,1962年 1963年 1967年,25,The African-American Civil Rights Movement(1955-1968)refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights in Southern states.,In the last decade of the nineteenth century in the United States,racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans and other minority groups began to mushroom (,增长,).This period is sometimes referred to as the nadir of American race relations.Elected,appointed,or hired government authorities began to require or permit discrimination.,Civil Rights Movement,26,Civil Rights Movement,Movement for racial equality in the U.S.that through nonviolent protest,broke the pattern of racial segregation,（种族隔离）,in the South and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks.Following the U.S.Supreme Court decision in,Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka,（布朗案）,(1954),African American and white supporters attempted to end the entrenched segregationist practices.Using the nonviolent methods of,Mohandas K.Gandhi,（甘地）,the movement spread,forcing the desegregation of many public facilities.,27,The movement for Black Power in the U.S.came during the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.,This was a time when African-Americans were struggling to define their personal identities in cultural terms.African Americans were trying to gain racial equality and called for self-determination and racial dignity.,Black Power Movement,28,Black Power,Not all blacks had been equally impressed with the civil rights movement.,MALCOLM X,（,马尔科姆 艾克斯（美国黑人领袖）,and the Nation of Islam,for example,felt that racial self-determination was a critical and neglected element of true equality.By the mid-1960s,dissatisfaction with the pace of change was growing among blacks.The term“black power”had been around since the 1950s,but it was,STOKELY CARMICHAEL,head of the,STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE,(SNCC),（学生非暴力行动协会委员会）,who popularized the term in 1966.,29,Black Power Movement,The Black Power movement did not succeed in getting blacks to break away from white society and create a separate society.Nor did it help end discrimination or racism.It did,however,help provide some of the elements that were ultimately necessary for blacks and whites to gain a fuller understanding of each other.,The movement generated a number of positive developments.Probably the most noteworthy of these was its influence on black culture.For the first time,blacks in the United States were encouraged to acknowledge their African heritage.,30,Black Power Movement,COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES,established black studies programs and black studies departments.Blacks who had grown up believing that they were descended from a backwards people now found out that African culture was as rich and diverse as any other,and they were encouraged to take pride in that heritage.,The Black Arts movement,seen by some as connected to the Black Power movement flourished in the 1960s and 1970s.Young black poets,authors,and visual artists found their voices and shared those voices with others.Unlike earlier black arts movements such as the Harlem Renaissance,（,哈莱姆文艺复兴）,the new movement primarily sought out a black audience.,31,Summary,The American Civil War,freed part of American slaves.,The Civil Right,Movement,the,Blacks sought,for equality.,The Black Power Movement,encouraged Blacks to admit their African heritage.,The Blacks were struggling to fight for their rights and gaining more and more social recognition.,32,Movies,汤姆叔叔的小屋,Uncle Toms Cabin,1914,一个国家的诞生,The Birth of A Nation,1915,超级苍蝇,Super Fly,1972,蓝调女士,Lady Sings the Blues,1972,33,Thank you!,34,