四级写作1.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,刘衡英,英语四级写作,写作步骤,1.,看清题目要求，明确写作范围,2.,组织素材,3.,拟出写作提纲,4.,着手写作,5.,检查修改,应该描写什么，说明什么，赞扬什么，批评什么,素材内容要紧扣题目。将素材安排的具有逻辑性、连贯性和统一性,是否有漏掉的字或拼错的词，是否有语法错误。搭配是否恰当。删除句子的累赘之处，变换句型。,，,Example:Model Test Five,For this part,you are required to write,a letter,.Suppose you are,Jill,.You should write about,120,words according to the situation below:,假设你的好朋友李芳是大学四年级学生，正在考虑是考研究生继续深造还是大学毕业后就踏上工作岗位。请给她写信表明你的态度。,1.,看清题目要求，明确写作范围：,给好朋友的一封信；四年级学生；考研深造还是就业；表明态度,你的态度，选其一,Example:,Model,Test Five,2.,组织素材：考研究生继续深造,Step One:Brainstorming,Reasons:,good performance at school-can make it,easy to find a job after graduation,Can achieve better and be more successful as a postgraduate,popular,trend,more and more students are struggling for this chance,popular,trend,more and more students are,struggling for this chance,Reason:,good performance at school-can make it,easy to find a job after graduation,Can achieve better and be more successful as a postgraduate,1,2,3,Step Two:Organizing materials,3.,拟出写作提纲,Para 1.understand her situation,Para 2.my advice,Para 3.support whatever she choose,4.,着手写作（略）,5.,检查修改：信的格式、用词、拼写、语法等。,文章结构类型,Cause and Effect,Exemplification/Illustration,Comparison,effect cause,In the past few years,higher education has become less important to young people than it was previously.,the pressure of fierce competition,better opportunities in the job market,much of the knowledge taught in universities and colleges being out-dated,Example,topic sentence(effect)supporting details(causes),cause effect,Example,topic sentence(cause),supporting details(effect),more and more fertile land in China is taken up by new buildings,the reduction of the grain output,increasing environmental problems,too many peasants moving into the cities,Commonly used words and expressions for REASON:,since because as,due to thus for the reason that,Commonly used words and,expressions for EFFECT,:,hence therefore accordingly consequently as a consequence,in response result in as a result contribute to,The explanation is that,The reason,s,why,are,as follow,s,There,are,several reason,s,why,The reasons for are,The cause of,is,Another reason is that,Commonly used words and expressions for reason:,Commonly used words and expressions for effect:,This follows that,The result/effect/consequence of is,The effect is evident/obvious,It will exert a profound influence,It may cause a sweeping change,It leaves some serious consequences,It may give rise to a host of problems,The immediate result it produces is.,The same television commercials repeat again and again in one evening.,Perhaps the following two factors can account for this.,The first reason is simply a matter of economics.,It must make sure that as many people as possible will see it.Thus,more consumers will be attracted and a bigger profit may be gained.,Another reason for repeating the commercials so often is the belief that repetition helps to imprint the message on the mind.,Some feel that repetitioneven to the point of irritationis supposed to make people remember the,product.,Sample,.,Writing,（原因分析类）,写作模式,参考范文,What Causes Something New,1.,近几年在社会上出现了,2.,导致该现象的原因,3.,分析该现象的社会影响,Para.1:,1),Believe it or not/Like it or not,these years have witnessed,a boom,in/a,popularity(resurgence/worsening/crisis/decline/growth/revival/spread)of,in our society/on the Chinese campus,.2)According to,people,especially,college students,are showing more and more interest in 3)To get,a better sense of it,it is necessary for us to,find out its causes,.,(,划线部分可被替换,),Back,下一页,Para.2:,4)A closer,analysis/study/observation,of the phenomenon can find that three main factors,are well worth our concern/should call for more of our concern,.5)In the first place,it is the product of,for which,(,原因,I)6)In the second,it is seen,among,as an ideal way of,since(,原因,II)7)And above all,it is an inevitable result of,(,原因,III)8),While,in fact,.,Writing,Back,下一页,上一页,(,划线部分可被替换,),Para.3:,9)The effects of this change on,our social/college life,are,positive/negative/a mixed one,.10),On the one hand,.,.,(,分析,I),11),On the other,.,(,分析,II),12),With more and moreadded/attached to the trend,I am fully convinced/I am deeply worried,it will certainly /is bound toin the time to come.,(,划线部分可被替换,),.,Writing,Back,下一页,上一页,.,Writing,Back,下一页,上一页,What Causes a Boom in Celebrating Foreign Festivals,1.,近几年大学校园出现了 一股过洋节热。,2.,阐明导致该现象的原因。,3.,分析该现象的社会影响。,Para.1,:,1)Believe it or not,these years have witnessed a boom in celebrating foreign festivals on the Chinese campus.2)According to an official report/survey,young people,especially college students,are showing more and more interest in such festivals as Valentines Day,April Fools Day,Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.3)To get a better sense of the boom,it is necessary for us to find out its causes.,.,Writing,Back,下一页,上一页,Para.2:,4)A closer analysis of the phenomenon can find that three main factors are well worth our concern.5)In the first place,it is the product of students seeking after individuality and novelty,for which the college campus offers an ideal climate.,(,原因,I)6)In the second,it is seen,among the students,as an ideal way of freeing themselves from stress for the time being,since most college students,single child of each family,are,.,Writing,Back,下一页,上一页,subjected to the unprecedented pressures from all sides although they enjoy the abundance of material wealth.(,原因,II)7)And above all,it is an inevitable result of more and more exchanges between Western and Eastern cultures.(,原因,III)8)While the Chinese watch their children thirst for the joy derived from foreign festivals,in fact,the Americans are discussing whether or not to list the Chinese Spring Festival among their official holidays.,.,Writing,Back,下一页,上一页,Para.3:,9)The effects of this change on our college life are positive.10)On the one hand,it has created more chances for students to gain a better insight into other cultures.,(,分析,I),11)On the other,it has enriched the college life,thus making the campus a more pleasant place to live on.,(,分析,II),12)With more and more health and color added to the trend,I firmly believe,it will certainly bring more benefits to our campus life in the time to come.,.,Writing,上一页,THE END,Practice,Model Test One,Model Test Ten,Practice,Develop one of the following topic sentences by supporting it with cause or effect.,1.Now theres a large gap between rich,and poor in China.,2.If people eat too much sugar,the effect,is obvious.,Now theres a large gap between rich and poor in China.,The cause lies in,three aspects.First the gap is,the result of,the economic reform.Some become millionaires by working hard and seizing the opportunities.Meanwhile the slow development in agriculture and the closedown of many state-owned enterprises hinder the farmers and workers from greatly raising their living standards.Second,the current distribution of income is not scientific enough,thus,widening the income difference.Third,while most make money honestly,there are some dishonest businessmen and government agents who have accumulated large fortunes through illegal ways.,Sample,This paragraph is developed by exploring the causes of an effect.The first sentence states a phenomenon:“Now theres a large gap between rich and poor in China.”Then the writer develops it with three causes:economic reform,current distribution of income,and illegal means of making money.,Comments,For many people,the root of their stress is anger,and the trick is to find out where the anger is coming from.,“,Does the anger come from a feeling that everything must be perfect,?”,Eliot asks.,“Thats very common in professional women.They feel they have to be all things to all people and do it all perfectly.They think,I should,I must,I have to.Good enough is never good enough.Perfectionists cannot delegate.They get angry that they have to carry it all,and they blow their tops.Then they feel guilty and they start the whole cycle over again.”,Back,“,Others are angry because they have no compass in life.,And they give the same emphasis to a traffic jam that they give a family argument,”he says.“If you own anger for more than five minutes,if you stir in your own juice with no safety outlet,you have to find out where its coming from.”,Back,Exemplification is another method of paragraph development.It uses examples or specific instances selected to support a topic sentence and make a general statement specific and easy to understand.Exemplification is usually introduced by expressions like,for example,for instance,such as,and,take the case of,.,INTRUDUCTION,Exemplification,Some points to be kept in mind in selecting an example:,When you select an example,you should see to it that it is,precise,concrete,relative to the main idea,Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the examples in them are proper.,Paragraph 1,Wherever there are great forests,modern methods of insect control threaten the fishes inhabiting the streams in the shelter of the trees.,One of the best-known examples,of fish destruction in the United States,took place in 1955,as a result of spraying in and near Yellowstone National Park.By the fall of that year,so many dead fish had been found in the Yellowstone River that sportsmen and Montana fish-and-game administrators became alarmed.About 90 miles of the river were affected.In one 300-yard length of shoreline,600 dead fish were counted.Stream insects,the natural food of trout,had disappeared.,The example in this paragraph shows that people spray in Yellowstone Park to kill insects,but they didnt expect that many fish living on the insects died from starvation.This example support the main idea“modern methods of insect control threaten the fishes inhabiting the streams in the shelter of the trees”.Therefore,it is a proper one.,Analyze,Paragraph 2,Misunderstandingsoften amusing but sometimes seriouscan arise between people from different cultures if they misinterpret nonverbal signals.Take,for example,the differences in meaning of a gesture very common in the United States:a circle made with the thumb and index finger.To an American,it means that everything is OK.To a Japanese,it means that you are talking about money.In France,it means that something is worthless,and in Greece,it is an obscene gesture.Therefore,an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal.,This paragraph uses a very common signal as an example to show that something means one thing in this culture but means a totally different one in another.Misunderstanding may come from this.Its a proper example to support the main idea that“Misunderstandings can arise between people from different cultures if they misinterpret nonverbal signals”.So its a case in point.,Analyze,exemplification/illustration,Words/Transitional words that can serve as signals for exemplification/illustration include,：,example for example,for instance as an illustration,to illustrate such as,in other words specifically,another case including,Useful expressions to introduce examples,for example/for instance,is often cited/quoted/taken as an example.,A good case in point is.,This offers a typical/concrete/dramatic/striking,example.,To illustrate this,we may takeas an example.,History/Our society is filled with the examples,shows/exemplifies/illustrates this.,This is shown/exemplified/illustrated by the story,of,As for as be concerned,the history of show,many instances(in which),can serve as an example.,Practice,Develop one of the following topic sentences by supporting it with proper examples.,1.Recent years have witnessed a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities in our country.,2.Movies often distort the image of real life.,Sample,Movies often distort the image of real life.,To illustrate this,lets look at,crime drama,as an example,.,Such film is about finding the criminal;as soon as he is arrested the story is over.In real life,however,little of a policemans time is spent on dramatic confrontations with desperate,criminals.Love story,is another typical example,.,Lovers can never get together easily.There must be someone coming out to stop them,and they,without exception,will never give up.And the end is always a wedding ceremony.This is too far from realistic,.,Comments,In this paragraph,the writer first brings up the main idea:,Movies often distort the image of real life,.,Then he supports it with two examples:,crime drama and love story.,These two examples very well illustrate the main idea.,Comparison,similarly in a similar manner,likewise in the same way,like equally important,have something in common,Useful expressions to show differences,:,In contrast to A,B is.,In spite of their similarities/differences.,A is not exactly/entirely/quite/the same as B in that.,A is totally different from B.,A and B are different/dissimilar in every,respect/in may ways.,On the one hand,A,while on the other,B.,A,whereas B.,A,but the same cannot be applied to B.,A and B are similar in.,A and B have striking similarities.,A and B seem to have much in common/some,common features.,A comparison between A and B,suggests/shows/proves that.,A,and the same is true of B.,A bears some resemblances to B.,Useful expressions to show similarities,:,Write a paragraph on the topic of“Computer and Human Brain”.Base your writing on the similarities or differences given:,Practice,Similarities:,Both can read and follow instructions;,perform complex mathematical computations;,translate languages.,Differences:The brain can make value judgments;the computer cant.,The brain can respond to emotions;the computer cant.,The brain can function independently;the computer depends on human beings.,Computer and Human Brain,Computer and human brain are both similar and different.First,both computer and human brain can read and follow instructions;both of them can perform complex mathematical computations;and even,both can translate languages.On the other hand,computer and human brain differ in several ways:The brain can make value judgments;but the computer cant.While the brain can respond to emotions;the computer has no emotion at all.The brain can function independently;but the computer can not work without human beings program and instruction.,Sample,This paragraph deals with the similarity and difference between computer and human brain respectively.The writer uses alternating pattern to list the items one by one to achieve a good organization.,Comments,Problem-solution Pattern,situation,:,urban traffic,increasingly crowded,traffic jams,delay,traffic accidents,careless driving,solution:,more roads,speed up the flow of,traffic,more public bus routes,result:,take up much land,house shortage,inconvenience,Interest in teaching,social service and the humanities is at a low,along with ethnic and womens studies.On the other hand,enrollment in business programs,engineering and computer science is way up.(Para.6),Main idea,Para.7,Thats no surprise either.A friend of mine(a sales representative fo