英语专业四级考试写作2.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语专业四级考试专题讲座,写作（,2,）,TEM-4,的段落写作,1,、开场白段落和写作技法,开场白写作妙招,1,：“引,限,提”简易法,以“,Internet is a Better Way to Get Information”,为例来解释这种方法的操作过程。,这个题目中至少有四个关键信息，（,1,）,information,(2)ways to get information,(3)a better way to get information,和,(4)internet is a better way to get information,即,Internet is a Better Way to Get Information(1),(2),(3),(4),.,(1)It is said that the 21st century is“the century of information”.(2)And the ways for people to get information are varied.(3)Among the numerous sources,the Internet and printed books are two main kinds.(4)However,with the technological development,Internet has become obviously superior to printed books,开场白写作妙招,2,：改写、扩写指令情景简易法,抄指令时，字数不记入总分。但我们只要将其做简单的改写、扩写，一个相关性好的开场白就写成了。,(1)Nowadays the Internet has become part of peoples life,and(2)millions of young people have made friends online.Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the topic:(3)Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?,句（,1,）可作如下的改写和扩写,a.Today,the,Internet has become essential to our daily life:we get information,buy things,and see a doctor online.,b.Today,the Internet has permeated almost every part of our life,getting information,buying things,etc.,句（,2,）可作如下的改写和扩写,a.Making,friends through the Internet has become a popular thing among young people.,b.Millions,of young people make friends with those on the other end of the Internet.,句（,3,）可作如下的改写和扩写,a.Making friends online is a controversial issue.,b.As to such a new thing,how many people how many minds”.,句（,3,）在表明观点时可有多种方法：,a.In my opinion,is a wise choice.,b.As far as I am concerned,it has more benefits negative effects)than negative effects benefits).,根据这些分析，我们不难得出如下的开场白：,Today,the Internet has become essential to our daily life:we get information,buy things,and see a doctor online.More and more young people are even trying making friends in this virtual space.As to such a matter,some people applaud,but many others take it a dangerous beast.As far as I am concerned,it has more benefits than negative effects.,开场白写作妙招,3,：论点十解释,开场白最简单的写法是在段落一开始就直截了当地表明自己的观点，然后对论点稍加解释说明，以便为下文的发展限题。,The Best Way to Stay Healthy,(1)There are various ways of keeping healthy,but enough sleep is definitely the basic element to stay fit.(2)I have several reasons to support my view.,First,adequate sleep can bring an energetic day Second,the lack of sleep will affect,开场白写作妙招,4,：贴切简单的例子十观点,Last National Day,I visited the Great Wall,a place I had been longing for since I was a young girl.I was deeply moved by its magnificence.More important,the trip brought me into the history,the Chinese history of fighting against the foreign aggressors.So it is natural to say that travel broadens peoples mind.,开场白写作妙招,5,：引言（数据、格言、谚语）十观点,为了避免写作的主观性，我们在写作中可以出现别人的声音，通常我们可以以一个或几个令人吃惊的数据（如，,According to a recent poll,61 percent of American high school students have admitted cheating on exams at least once.,）、别人的话（如，“,My teacher often said that you cant tell a book by its cover”,）、名人的至理名言（如，“,Love makes all hard hearts gentle”by George Herbert,）、一条颠扑不破的谚语（如，“,Never give advice to a friend”,）等作为文章的开头。这种方法开头同样要求所引内容对于主题来说是准确而且合适的。,开场白写作妙招,6,：疑问或问题十观点,在开场白里提出一个疑问（,question,）或展示一个问题（,problem,）人们会思考其解决思路。这两种办法能让人们投入作者的写作中，所以在下文作者就可以顺理成章做答和讨论解决办法。,开场白写作妙招,7,：不同或相反的观点十观点,这种方法也叫反转法。作者用与自己的主题相反或不同的观点开头，然后与之相悖，表明自己的观点和立场，写出主题句。,Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?,(1)A recent survey shows that more than 85%of the college students choose telephone rather than letter to communicate with their relatives or friends.(2)They think that telephone is more convenient than letter in information conveyance3)Some people even think that telephone will kill letter writing.(4)But I hold that letter writing cannot be replaced by telephone for the following reasons.,中间段落的写作技法,1,、分主题句的写法,首先我们要明确两个概念：主旨和主题句。主旨（,thesis statement,）针对整个文章而言；而主题句（,topic sentence,）针对段落而言。,分主题写作妙招,1,：分主题的结构：分主题,=,论题,+,具体观点（主旨的某一具体体现）,There are two ways to improve mental health.,Firstly,we should do some sports regularly.,This can help build our body which is the precondition for mental health.,Secondly,communication is also important.We should talk to family members,friends so as to release.,分主题写作妙招,2,：观点不可过宽或过窄,We should learn to relax.,Attitude is the most important.,Listening to music is good,Reading is good.,分主题写作妙招,3,：分主题要足够概括,We should listen to music,read novels so as to to improve mental health.,Developing some positive hobbies can work effectively to improve mental health.,分主题写作妙招,4,：分主题表达要充分自信、坚定,I think students fees are too much high.,Student fees need to be explained and justified.,In my opinion,everyone should exercise,Everyone should exercise to reduce stress.,分主题写作妙招,5,：分主题表达形式要规范,应该是完整的句子,最好使用陈述句,Why shouldnt we keep healthy by doing regular exercises?,We should keep healthy by doing exercises,分主题写作妙招,6,：分主题句表达要兼顾行文的连贯与衔接,Firstly,secondly,The first reason for A is that.,the fact that.can also justify A,we insist on A also because,2,、主题的拓展方法,（分）主题拓展法,1,：对比比较法,（分）主题拓展法,2,：举例法,（分）主题拓展法,3,：定义法,（分）主题拓展法,4,：正反结合论证法,如何自然结尾（结尾句和结尾段）,段落结尾法,1,：主题的变通（同义反复）,+,观点概括,段落结尾法,2,：反诘提问,段落结尾法,3,：提出建议，呼吁行动,段落结尾法,4,：展望未来,命题作文的写作模式与语言参考,一、比较选择类作文,这是,TEM-,的常考文体类型。其目标非常明确，要求考生对两个事物或做法进行利弊公优缺的比较，并说明选择的倾向。当然，有的时候，要求我们对一个事物或做法的两面性进行比较，提出一种折衷的建议。我们可以把比较选择类的文进一步细化成三种类型：（）比较两种事物的优缺点并表明倾向；（）比较两种做法的利弊并表明倾向；（）对一个事物或做法的利弊说明。,比较选择题型,A,：比较两个事物的优缺点并表明倾向,典型题眼：,Television as a Better Source of Entertainment,A Balanced DietA Better Way to Stay Healthy,Borrowing Books Outweighs Buying Books,变通形式：,Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?(2004 TEM-4,命题作文,),变通形式：,The Difference of My,Collega,Life and My Middle School,Life(Which,One Do You Prefer?)(1996 TEM-4,命题作文,),结构模板,特别声明：此题型强调在比较,A,和,B,若干不同点之后做出选择，主要段落发展模式为：,A1,B1;A2,B2,对比比较法。,第一段：用现象或事实引出要比较的,A,和,B,的上义词,C,，说明,A,和,B,是,C,的两个重要或流行的选择，用一句话明确表明自己观点或倾向（假如说选择是,A,）。,第二段：第一句承接首段观点，引出下文的发展模式（列举）,A,优点之一（句），用拓展句加以说明（,23,句）；转折关联词说明,B,相应的缺点（句），并用拓展句加以说明（句）。,A,优点之二（句），用拓展句加以说明（,句）；转折句说明,B,缺点（句），并用拓展句加以说明（句）。,第三段：结论,可变通的语言模板,（引题）,Between the,two(AB,的上义词或概括词,):A and B,I hold that A is better(e.g.choice,means,way,access),My,belief(statement,view,point of view)that A is better than B is based on the following two reasons/My reasons for the preference for A lie in the following aspects.The first reason is that A can(,Aenables,us to do)(,拓展句加以说明句,).But(Nevertheless,However)B,can only(,拓展句加以说明,句,).,For the reasons mentioned above,we can easily draw the conclusion that A(,观点,)outweighs B(A is superior to B)as an important C.,有文可鉴,范文,Directions:Internets and printed materials are two popular ways to get information.Which one do you prefer?State your point of view clearly.,比较选择题型,B,：比较两种做法的利弊，表明倾向,典型题眼：,Which Kind of Work to Choose:A Quick Profit or a Future Outlook?,Where to Live:In a City or in the Country?(A or B),Where to eat:In a Restaurant or at Home?,Whether to Further Study or to Find a Job Soon after Graduation?,结构模板,第一段：引言段，用现象或事实引出要比较的,A,和,B,（句），并说明,A,和,B,有利有弊（句）。第二段：赞成,A,的人的理由总概（句），并用拓展句加以说明（,句）；赞成,B,的人的理由总概（句），并用拓展句加以说明（,句）。,第三段：,A,和,B,都有弊端（句）。,A,的主要弊端（,句），,B,也有问题，举例（,句）。,第四段：结论就我而言，由于（不）喜欢,A,或,B,的某个（些）好处（弊病），所以选择,A,（,B,）。,可变通的语言模板,As to the question:where should we A or B,different people have different opinions.Actually,both A and B have their own advantages and disadvantages.,Many people appreciate the convenience(or the bright future A may bring about)of A.,用拓展句加以说明（,句）。,But B is also attractive.,用拓展句加以说明（,句）,Both A and B,however,have their own disadvantages.A,的主要弊端,.And B also has many problems,such as,As far as I am concerned,I,hate(like,)A(B)So,given the chance,I would prefer B(A)to A(B).,有文可鉴,范文,Directions:Every July is the time for graduates to decide whether to further study or to find a job.Some students take part in graduate entrance examination,but others want to work as soon as they graduate.Suppose you were to graduate,which one do you prefer?,.,比较选择题型,C,：同一事物的利弊比较,典型题眼：,The Advantages and Disadvantages of Taking a Part-Time Job(1995,年,TEM-4,命题作文,),On Online shopping,On the Widening of College Enrollment,结构模板,第一段：引题，说明,A,引起的争议；,转承句子（常常说任何事物有利有弊）,+,点明主题，,A,有利有弊，且利弊主要体现在以下几个方面。,第二段：详写利弊的一端，或是利，或是弊，并证明自己的观点；,通过转承句，引起利弊的另一端，或弊，或利，并证明自己的观点。,第三段：做出结论。表明自己的观点，利大于弊，或弊大于利，或者折衷。,可变通的语言模板,A coin has two sides.”It is the same case for A.A has both advantages and disadvantages.Though some people argue that ,I insist that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.,My decision that mostly lies in the following two conspicuous aspects.(On the one hand)One of the advantages of A is Another reason for my preference for A is that Finally,A (On the other hand)But we must admit that there are some disadvantages induced by A.The most serious is that A In addition A,On the whole,A can be said a blessing and a curse.But fairly speaking,everyone should admit that the merits of A outweigh the troubles it brings to us,which,after all,is a problem of how to,有文可鉴,范文,Directions:,Cellphones,have become a popular medium.But as to the attitude toward it,some people hold that it is the wonder of human invention,which makes our life colorful,while others insist that it be harmful.What are the advantages and disadvantages of,cellphone,?,二、意义、重要性、危害性说明类作文,这是,TEM-4,中的常考题型，它们多有明显的题型标志，如年和年有明显的字眼“,Importance”,；年和年的命题形式明确要求对事物的利或者弊做一边倒的论述；年要求考生说明旅游在开阔视野方面的意义。,典型题眼：,The Importance of Extracurricular Activities(2000,年,TEM-4),The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood(2003,年,TEM-4),Travel Broadens Our Mind.(2001,年,TEM-4),More Pressure from Academic Studies DOES(or DOES NOT DO)Good to Us(1997,年,TEM-4),The Importance of Reserving Chinese Traditional Festivals,The Harms of College Students Renting and Living Out,结构模板,第一段：引出要说明的事物，明确自己对这一事物的态度（赞同或反对、（不）应该，重要否？有利？有害？）,第二段：第一句：承接首段观点，对本段内容及其发展方式加以限制一般用列举法，说明重要性、危害性、有利之处表现在以下几个方面：,分主题一：重要性（危害性、有利之处）之一（句话），拓展观点（,句）,分主题二：重要性（危害性、有利之处）之一（句话），拓展观点（,句）,第三段：结论：重要性,+,建议或展望,/,危害性,+,警示,/,有利性,+,建议,可变通的语言模板,A plays a very important role in (A should be banned.),The importance of A lies in the following aspects.Firstly A is necessary to Secondly,A can also,(The great harms A may bring to our life lie in the following aspects.Firstly A,Secondly,A can also),From what are discussed above,we can naturally draw the conclusion that A is essential to Therefore,we should,(From what are discussed above,we can naturally draw the conclusion that A Therefore,it should be prohibited.),(From the above reasoning,we can easily see the importance/function/harm ),有文可鉴,范文,10,Directions:people in modern society live under a lot of pressure,from education,career,or family.So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.Write a composition on the following topic:,The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood,三、观点论证类作文,这是,TEM-4,作文的命题形式之一，它们或者以一个疑问句的形式出现，如“,Is money all powerful?”,或者在情景中交代一种社会现象或一种做法，让读者发表观点，标志为“,Do you agree or disagree?”,或“,Whats your opinion?”,如：“,Most high-level jobs are done by men.Some people think the government should encourage a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for women.Do you agree or disagree?”,典型题眼：,Is Thrift Necessary in Modern Society?,Is You Agree with Euthanasia”?,Do You Agree with“Euthanasia”?,Some people think that machine translation can replace our English study.,Do you agree with these people?,Whats your opinion about reducing childrens excessive assignment,结构模板,（当作文题目只出现单方面的观点时）,第一段：引题，或者描述一个情景，或者提出别人对这一问题的观点来引出主题。或用反转法（,turnabout,），引出和别人相反的观点；或顺承别人的观点表明同意。,第二段：观点段，承接首段观点，对本段内容加以限制；观点不同方面的体现,+,证明、解释、说明,第三段：回顾、总结观点，一般会有一个引导的词或是短语,+,回顾点题的句子,可变通的语言模板,(paraphrase of the situation in the directions),Some people suggest/hold/think/claim/believe/insist that I agree/disagree with this opinion because for the following two/three reasons.,Firstly,Secondly,Last but not least,To sum up,I have outlined the advantages/disadvantages of I believe that,有文可鉴,范文,14,Directions:Recently,many college students are dealing in stocks.Some think that such kind of practice can bring some financial support,while others argue that dealing in stocks isnt suitable for college students.,四、现象解释类作文,典型题眼：,Teenage Smoking Soars,Why College Students Have Difficulty in Finding Jobs?,The Reasons for the Young Childrens Crimes,结构模板,第一段：通过数据展示和现象描述，提出问题可能的原因有如下几个方面。,第二段：承接首段观点，对本段内容加以限制；分层次说明现象的原因。,用固定句式（表层次的）引出原因之一，并对原因进行解释。,用固定句式（表层次的）引出原因之二，并对原因进行解释。,第三段：结论，简要提出建议。,可变通的语言模板,As is clearly shown by the(table,chart,graph),obviously there is a great rise in ,while there is a great falling in,现象,(According to the recent survey,现象,),There are three reasons for this(tendency,phenomenon).(Several factors contribute to the)One is that Another important reason lies in the fact that Whats more,To the tendency(phenomenon),I suggest/think (In a wordif there is certain to be ),可变通的语言模板,引言段最后一句可以是，,The reasons for this phenomenon can be listed as follows.,The following three reasons can explain the problem.,This situation comes from the reasons below.,结尾段可以这样表达，,In light of the explanation of its causes above,we suggest that,After analyzing the causes of this matter,I would like to suggest that,有文可鉴,范文,Directions:In recent years,there has been an obvious fall in college employment.,What are the possible reasons in your opinion?Write a composition in about 200 words on the following topic:,Why Do College Students Have Difficulty in Finding Jobs?,五、提出建议、解决问题类作文,典型题眼：,One Way to Solve the Problem(1998,年,TEM-4),The Best Way to Stay Healthy(2000,年,TEM-4),Present a Suggestion to Arts Festival(2005,年,TEM-4),One Way to Solve Transportation Problem,The Best Way to Save Power,结构模板,第一段：（）引出所要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性。（）明确提出建议。,第二段：承接首段观点，对本段内容加以限制，即建议从哪个角度、哪个方面能解决问题。,角度一（方面一）用推理、举例等方法拓展自己的观点。,角度二（方面二）用推理、举例等方法拓展自己的观点。,第三段：做出结论，建议行动，展望建议实施后的前景。,可变通的语言模板,has become a serious problem in To solve the problem,many and varied proposals have been presented,like My advice is that can be a good way to solve the can,The second reason is that,From the above evidences,we can easily see the effect may bring us in solving the problem of We are expecting,可变通的语言模板,has been attached great importance to when As to the ways to ,different people have different views.Some,but others In my opinion,is the best way to,My suggestions of as the best way to are based on the following two reasons.Firstly,can Secondly,can,The benefits of are more than I have stated,I believe,有文可鉴,Directions:Nowadays people are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of health.And they have different ways to stay healthy.For example,some exercise every day;others try to keep a balanced diet.What do you think is the best way to stay healthy?Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:,The Best Way to Stay Healthy,一、校园生活五大看点：,学习、活动、考试、就业、校园现象,你认为大学教育的价值是什么？,应怎样看待考试分数？,课堂外学习知识的途径有哪些？,你理想中的老师是怎样的？,我们应该做通才还是专才,?,大学生获得奖学金是否应该请客？,大学生是否该名牌消费？,学习期间的最大压力是什么？,课外活动课外打工的意义是什么？,和同学（室友）和谐相处最重要的是什么？,毕业时如何面试？什么样的职业？到什么地方就业？继续读书还是工作？,如何看待大学生谈恋爱？,如何看待大学生结婚解禁？,如何在大学期间为今后就业做准备？,大学生争考公务员为哪般？考研是否是个人职业生涯的必经之路？,如何看待“必修课选逃,选修课必逃”？,如何看待大学生“炒股热”、“彩民热”、“恋爱热”、“同居热”？,对名校大学生虐待动物事件（清华学生硫酸泼熊、复旦研究生虐杀小猫、北大学生杀死流浪小猫）进行评论。,如何看待教育部的如下规定？,教育部规定：原则上不允许学生在校外租房。,教育部规定：心理素质列入研究和复试考察项。,教育部规定