高考英语完形填空命题特点及解题策略.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,完形填空,高考英语完形填空趋势,从,近几年全国高考的完形填空来看，已经不再考核学生语法方面的知识了，而是从语义搭配、结构搭配、惯用搭配及逻辑知识等方面来测试学生词汇的掌握及运用。而且有些词的选择，必须在理解整篇文章的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。,高考英语完形填空命题特点,1.,短文长度,280,词左右，生词少，难度适中。,2.,首句无空格，提供语境。,5-10,词设一空。人名、,地名、日期、数字不在之列。隔词数越少，,题目越难；反之亦然。,3.,选项多为一词，偶尔为词组。四选项为同一类词或属同一范畴，或近义或形异义，或与前后配成词组。故干扰性、迷性大。,高考英语完形填空命题特点,4.,考查单词以实词,(,v.,n.,adj.,adv,pron,.),为主，虚词,(conj.,prep.),为辅。实词一般占,80%-90%,，其中又以动、名、形为主。,5.,以考查学生对文章的整体理解和词汇的意义把握为主。有些要结合常识才能正确选项；有些甚至要求在通篇理解的基础上，正确把握上下文的逻辑关系，才能正确判断和选择。,选项设置词汇类别比例（江苏）：,年份,动词,副词,名词代词,形容词,连词,介词,2008,年考点分布如下：,动词,37,，,40,，,42,，,43,，,47,，,48,，,50,，,51,54,，,55,名词,36,，,38,，,39,，,41,，,44,，,45,形容词,46,副词,49,连词,53,代词,52,语篇分析,完形填空是原版材料改编，特别重视上下文逻辑推理能力。在,20,题当中，着重考查动词,(10,题,),和名词,(6,题,),。文章的选项非常巧妙，除了要求对语境要有充分的把握之外，对词汇的比较也有很细致的要求。如第,41,题，考查名词,purpose,、,decision,、,promise,、,goal,在语境中的辨析。,46,题较难，一定要理解,Glennie,这时实际上还没有成名，所以不可能有,dissatisfied,（不满意的）、,astonished,（惊讶的）、,discouraged,（气馁的）这些感觉。,学生的主要问题,1.,不善于抓文章的主旨，导致在理解上出现偏差，甚至于文章的中心意思相悖。,2.,容易受定势思维的干扰。有些学生一看到自己比较熟悉的语法结构、句子、短语，便,不假思索地去选，忽视了对特定语境的理解，最终导致思维定势错误。,3.,对完形填空怀有厌倦、恐惧心理，做题时往往处于疲于应付的心态，解题能力得不到,充分发挥。,完形填空解题策略,1.,充分利用首句作为解题的突破口,完形填空的首句往往是完整的，不设空的。而首句又常常是全文的中心句，因此，应充分重视完形填空的首句，通过它大致把握全文的大意和作者的意图，利用它作为解题的突破口。依据首句的提示，捕捉文中关键信息，通览全文，了解文章的题材、体裁、结构、背景、内容大意、前因后果、情节发展、论点论据等基本信息。同时，可以对有些空格要填的词做试探性猜测，为下一步选择最佳选项作好准备。,完形填空解题策略,例如,:The man was in rags when he came into the tailors shop.The assistant,_1_him and selected him _2_ suit that they had.He said that he didnt have,any small change,on,him.,1.A.looked for B.looked down upon C.looked up to D.looked here and there,2.A.the most expensive B.the newest C.the cheapest D.the largest,完形填空解题策略,解析,:,文章一开头就出现了对人物的描述“,in rags”,，这个描述就是文段的关键词。,开篇说到衣衫褴褛，后文又没有出现转折，由此，我们可以判断,1,空可以确定为,B,项；仍然由他的衣着，可推断售货员会挑最便宜的衣服给他，故,2,空选,C,。,完形填空解题策略,2.,根据上下文的逻辑意义确定答案,文章是一个具有内在联系的整体，而上下文则是营造语境的基础，也是逻辑推理的依据。,通读全文，理顺大意，根据上下文找出信息词，是做好完形填空的技巧之一。完形填空的命题设计上正朝着深层化和语境化方向发展，逐渐淡化单纯的语言分析考查，而越来越侧重逻辑推理判断的考查。词语在特定语境中所表达的隐含信息大都无法从字面或一个或几个句子的表面理解传达出来。这就大大增加了干扰项的迷惑性，从而提高了试题难度。因此，要想,解决这类题目，只有借助上下文乃至全文语境的提示。,完形填空解题策略,例如,:Many old people dont have good_.They cant watch TV but they can listen to music or news over the radio.,A.hearing B.health C.eyesight D.time,解析,:,从“,can listen”,可排除,A,从“,cant watch”,可知选,C.,完形填空解题策略,3.,从词汇的意义和用法方面考虑,做好完形填空题须具备较大词汇量，并结合上下文确定词义。完形填空在命题过程中，淡化基础句型结构、语法规则和短语搭配，侧重词汇的活用。应该加强对词合乎情景需求的判断的训练，加深对基本词汇的感受能力和应用能力，提高解完形填空题技能。,完形填空解题策略,例如,:If he continues to steal,he is most _ to end up in prison.,A.possible B.probably C.likely D.perhaps,解析,:,此题主要是考查同义词的用法，根据它们用法上的差异，只能选,C.,完形填空解题策略,4.,积累习惯用法和固定搭配,完形填空题中考查习惯搭配和固定用法的题目也占有一定比重，这就要求平时记忆和积,累，做到脱口而出。这类题属于较容易的题，一般在初选时就能确定。,完形填空解题策略,5.,依据作者的态度和观点,作者写一篇文章必有他的意图和目的，作者在表达情感时总是选择特定的词汇，因此文,章字里行间不可避免地渗透了作者的情感。做完形填空时，应该留心捕捉作者的情感信息。,完形填空解题策略,例如,:Ella,Fant,was a middle-aged lady who lived with her only son John in a small house.She _1_ John very much.In her _2_ he couldnt do anything _3_.,Every morning she would give him breakfast _4_ bed and bring him the papers to _5_.,1.A.depended on B.waited on C.trusted D.loved,2.A.hope B.eyes C.head D.belief,3.A.wrong B.great C.good D.strange,4.A.to B.at C.in D.by,5.A.check B.read C.keep D.sign,完形填空解题策略,解析,:,通读这段文字，了解到在作者看来，这位母亲对儿子十分溺爱，认为他不会做坏,事。并用具体事例来说明这种溺爱,:,早晨把饭端到儿子床上，并拿报纸给他读。理清了这些，,这几个空就很容易选了。,1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B,完形填空解题策略,6.,注意分析句子结构,例如,:_1_ the wallet,found in the street,be put into a pocket,_2_ turned over to the policeman?Should the extra charge received at the store be forgotten or returned?,1.A.Should B.Most C.Would D.Need,2 A.and B.or C.then D.but,解析,:,两个句子一对比，很容易发现他们结构的一致，于是选项也就明了了。,1.A 2.B,完形填空解题策略,7.,依据生活经验和常识,有些空涉及到我们应该具备的常识，是否合乎情理是我们选择的依据。,例如,:Immediately,the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to _hospital.,A.animal B.biggest C.nearest D.plant,解析,:C.,由“,immediately”,可知情况紧急，到最近的医院当属情理之中了。,完形填空解题分类实例分析,一,.,按词类分：,1.,实词,2.,虚词,3.,词组,完形填空解题分类实例分析,二,.,按形式分：,1.,单纯性选择,2.,常识性选择,3.,近义词选择,4.,近形词选择,5.,惯用法选择,完形填空解题分类实例分析,三,.,按句义选择,四,.,按语义选择,按词类分：,1.,实词,例,1,：,Everyone wants to be healthy and happy._1_,illness or accidents may occur without_2_.,1.a.Obviously b.Unfortunately,c.Naturally d.Occasionally,2.a.reason b.information,c.warning d.notice,按词类分：,1.,实词,例,2:,Over the last few years manufacturers have been_1_reducing the size and weight of video-cassette recorders to make the equipment more_2_.,1.a.steadily b.constantly,c.frequently d.essentially,2.a.valuable b.portable(,轻便的,),c.selective d.economical,按词类分：,1.,实词,例,3:,About 120,000 people_1_to the city every year.They come for the few_2_jobs,which are usually no better than_3_they left.,1.a.change b.arrive c.drive d.move,2.a.possible b.popular,c.available(,可用的,)d.convenient,3.a.one b.the one c.ones d.the ones,按词类分：,2.,虚词,例,4,：,_1_you have chosen an article to read,you will find the important general information_2_the key facts in the first few paragraphs.,1.a.While b.Once,c.As soon as d.Whenever,2.a.with b.by c.for d.at,按词类分：,2.,虚词,例5:,When I have free time,I go _1_a long walk.Some people read books or watch TV_2_others have sports.,1.a.to b.for c.on d.with,2a.and b.but c.yet d.while,按词类分：,2.,虚词,例6:,The audience waited_1_silence while their aged speaker searched among his notes_2_the figures he could not remember.,1.a.for b.in c.at d.during,2.a.for b.of c.about d.on,按词类分：,3.,词组,例,7,：,He was only fourteen and was not good at swimming_1_.So he _2_into that place.,1.a.after all b.in all,c.at all d.for all,2.a.neednt go,b.neednt,have gone,c.shouldntt go,d.shouldnt,have gone,例,8,：,(,词组),We _1_about when man first began to use salt,but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout the history._2_,it is recorded in many books that people who lived over 3000 years ago ate salted fish.Thousands of years ago in Egypt,salt_3_the dead.,1.a.have all known b.have no idea,c.havent any ideas d.have an idea,2.a.For example b.Such as,c.First of all d.Above all,3.a.used to preserve b.got used to preserving,c.used to preserving d.was used to preserve,例,9,：,(,词组,),The English language serves about 250 million people,or about one tenth of the worlds population,as a mother tongue,_1_,it is more or less correctly used by_2_100 million,more as a secondary language,ranging_3_from the Pidgin English(,混合语言,)of the Islands of Melanesia to the almost perfect speech of cultured foreigners.,1.a.However b.As a result,c.in addition to d.In addition,2.a.at least b.at most,c.most and least d.more than enough,3.a.all the way b.by the way,c.on the way d.in the way,按,形式分：,1.,单纯性选择,例,10,：,_1_methods have been used to_2_ the intelligence of every child-dull,bright,or normal.,1.a.Valuable,b.Various,c.Unique,d.Unusual,2.a.measure b.describe,c.illustrate d.recognize,按形式分：,1.,单纯性选择,例,11,：,The tourist paid 700 pounds for the painting,but he_1_that he didnt know its_2_worth.,1.a.promised b.claimed,c.admitted d.permitted,2.a.practical b.additional,c.adequate d.actual,按形式分：,1.,单纯性选择,例,12,：,_1_,no one was hurt in the accident,but some passengers suffered from_2_.,1.a.Obviously bSurprisingly,c.Fortunately d.Unfortunately,2.a.distress b.shock,c.failure d.trouble,按形式分：,1.,单纯性选择,例13:,Being much too fat,Stella was advised to_1_her food for each meal,yet,she would have_2_of that.,1.a.relax b.reduce c.relieve d.remove,2.a.no b.not c.none d.nothing,按形式分：,1.,单纯性选择,例,14:,At an early age the youth will develop his_1_,and the kind of home life he has will greatly_2_the development.,1.a.hobby b.personality,c.intelligence d.knowledge,2.a.increase b.enhance(,增强,),c.encourage d.influence(,影响,),按形式分：,2.,常识性选择,例,15,：,Everyone has seen the Olympic Games at some time-either in MontrealBarcelona.,and everyone knows that_1_started the Games.But most people dont know the real story.,1.a.Greeks b.French,c.Americans d.English,按形式分：,2.,常识性选择,例16:,There are twenty-seven bridges over the Thames.Tower Bridge,the first bridge over the Thames as you travel toward_1_ from the sea,is the most famous of them all.,1.a.Europe b.America c.London d.China,按形式分：,2.,常识性选择,例17:,One of the most famous statues in the world stands on an island in New York Harbor.,This statue is,of course,the Statue of liberty,The Statue of liberty is a(an)_1_who holds a_2_up high.,1.a.man b.woman c.child d.old,2.acane b.candle c.torch d.lamp,按形式分：,2.,近义词选择,例,18,：,He used to have a_1_of coin-collection,but he has given it up.,1.a.custom b.habit c.hobby d.like,按形式分：,2.,近义词选择,例19:,American school children can be seen every day_ white sneakers,blue sneakers,black sneakers and even red ones.,1.a.putting on b.having on,c.wearing d.dressing,按形式分：,2.,近义词选择,例20:,The wounded soldier was unconscious but still_1_when taken to the hospital.,1.a.living b.alive c.live d.lively,按形式分：,2.,近义词选择,例21:,While some people think that sugar is the best_1_of_2_,others believe that sugar is bad for human health.,1.a.origin b.source c.resource d.cause,2.a.power b.energy c.force d.strength,按形式分：,2.,近形词选择,例23:,$500,000,000 is a small amount of money_1_the size of the market.,1.a.considered b.consideration,c.considerable d.considering,按形式分：,2.,近形词选择,例24:,Its wonderful for the fact that the Chinese team won an unexpected gold_1_in Sydney,12 more than its previous best.,1.a.metals b.medals c.models d.modals,按形式分：,2.,惯用法选择,例25:,It suddenly_1_me that if we want to go on a picnic tomorrow we had better do some preparations this evening.,1.a.hit on b.struck c.occurred d.drew,按形式分：,2.,惯用法选择,例26:,Safe operation means that both the operators and the equipment are_1_from harm.,1.a.kept b.freed c.prevented d.hidden,按形式分：,2.,惯用法选择,例27:,We were almost exhausted before we finally_1_sight of the dilapidated temple which was said to be one of the remains_2_back to the fifteen century B.C.,1.a.held b.caught c.got d.took,2.a.dating b.traced c.going d.returned,按句义分：,例,29:,It was after midnight,and I was on my way home.The footsteps that_1_me through the dark street in the East End of London were_2_of two young men who were obviously_3_no good.,1.a.stooped b.pursued(,追求,)c.followed d.traced,2.a.those b.that c.ones d.one,3.a.of b.for c.up to d.on to,按句义分：,例30:,Nearly three-quarters of the earth is covered_1_water.Water heats up more slowly than land,_2_once it has become warm it takes longer to fall_3_.,1.a.on b.with c.in d.by,2.a.so b.and c.then d.but,3.a.down b.up c.apart d.behind,按句义分：,例,31:,Mrs.White added laughingly that_1_she was so young she should hide her packet in her pocket in_2_a policeman saw it._3_,the little girl did not seem to find this very funny.,1.a.as b.for c.while d.though,2.a.consequence b.time c.case d.fact,3.a.Otherwise b.Nevertheless(,然而,),c.Moreover d.Therefore,按句义分,：,例32:,Strangely enough,I once tried to get sick.I didntt wear a sweater _1_I should,and I walked in the rain_2_my boots and my feet got soaked.,_3_so far nothing wrong has happened.,1.a.while b.provided c.when d.though,2.a.with b.in c.by d.without,3.a.But b.Then c.Therefore d.Yet,按句义分：,例33:,Some parents are greatly worried_1_their children fail to do well in their studies.They_2_either genetic factors or laziness,_3_they never take these non-intelligence factors into_4_.,1.a.about b.with c.when d.since,2.a.blame plain c.confuse d.condemn,3.a.nevertheless b.similarly c.therefore d.but,4.a.figures b.consideration c.granted d.reflection,按句义分：,例34:,A credit card is a _1_of identification_2_,which the owner may obtain consumer credit,for the _3_of goods or services_4_than pay,cash.,1.a.mean b.means c.methods d.ways,2.a.by b.in c.through d.with,3.a.production b.possession c.purchase d.property,4.a.better b.more c.rather d.right,按句义分：,例36:,_1_hungry,the people sometimes would kill the animals in the lords forest for fuel;,_2_when cold,they might cut down trees for fuel._3_,strong laws were passed in an_4_to protect the forests and the animals.,1.a.If b.When c.Once d.After,2.a.and b.but c.or d.yet,3.a.Besides b.In addition c.So d.However,4.a.effect b.effort c.offer d.afford,例,37,（按语义分）,People of Burlington are are being disturbed by the sound of bells.Four students from Burlington College of High Education are in the bell tower of the_1_and have made up their minds to_2_the bells nonstop for two weeks as a protest against heavy trucks which run_3_through the narrow High Street.,1.a.college b.village c.town d.church,2.a.change b.repair c.ring d.shake,3.a.now and then b.day and night,c.up and down d.over and over,完形填空训练策略,一、改变单一的完形填空训练模式，创造性地高效运用课程资源,大量的完形训练而忽视有效的分析指导使学生耗时又耗力，甚至错误地认为高考完形填空标准题型是师生唯一的训练方式。其实，这种单一的训练方式易使学生产生疲惫、厌烦甚至强烈的逆反心理。多方位训练有助于提高学生的做题兴趣，真正实现培养学生综合运用有效信息解决实际问题能力目标。,完形填空训练策略,(,一,),提供文中只有,10,个空格、但不提供备选项的语篇，或者只提供每个空格的首字母，要求学生根据上下文语义填入适当形式的词。训练初期阶段宜选择难度较低的文章，先从培养受训者上下文猜测及预测能力入手，然后再提高文章的长度及难度。,完形填空训练策略,(,二,),创造性地灵活高效使用材料。一篇好的文章经过教师个性化处理之后以不同的版本展现在学生眼前，满足了学生的个体需求。所谓不同版本即在一篇材料的基础上或是改变填充部分，或是给出前句让学生续写下文，或是让学生判断故事的结局，或是猜测故事中人物的心理变化等等。,完形填空训练策略,(,三,),积极开发合理利用丰富的课程资源，如网络媒体资源、英文报刊杂志、影像制品等，指导学生在提高阅读速度的同时多渠道了解目标语国家的文化背景，如风土人情、生活方式、价值观念等。这利于培养学生对完形填空全文的正确理解。,Thank you!,