Word-guessing.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Word Guessing,By Ms Zhu Huishan,Dec.26,2013,Word Guessing?,Do you have any difficulty in dealing with the problem word guessing?,What do you do to remove any obstacles?,Do you have any effective ways to solve the problem?,解读探究,考纲解读：,理解文中具体信息；,根据上下文推断生词的词义；理解文章的基本结构。,命题规律,词义猜测题主要有三种：,1,、单词本身难度较大，考生一般都不认识，要通过句子的结构来猜测该单词的词义。如,2011,年广东英语高考阅读,B,篇的第一题。,itishighlyprobablethatthetwopetswill getalong,swimmingly,.Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.,However,it wasnt all sweetness and light.,31.Theunderlinedwordswimminglyin Paragraph1isclosestinmeaningto_.,A.earlyB.sweetlyC.quicklyD.smoothly,这道题是通过下一句中的“,positive”,以及第二段第一句中“,sweetness”,一词来猜测词义的。,2.,对一个句子所比喻的内涵意识进行考查，如,2011,年全国,II,英语高考阅读,E,篇的第一题。,What do the words“she was still on cloud nine”in Paragraph 2 probably mean?,A.frightened B.troubled C.very happy D.very angry,“I didnt hear them call my name,”explained Shelley Henning to,Active Teens(AT),as she talked about that exciting moment on national television when she won the honor of Miss Teen USA 2004.,“I was so shocked!I never believed that it could actually really happen.”Present in the audience that day were her mother and father,older brother,her friends and her dance teacher.,由第一段第一句和第三段可知，这个句子表示作者很高兴的样子。,_,_,_,3.,对单词的所指作出猜测。这个单词本身的意思考生都知道，但是在具体的语境中，该单词已不是本意，而是另有所指。如,2011,年四川英语高考阅读,C,篇的第一题猜测“,its idea”,所指内容。,As digital media is important to its idea,the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.,1.The underlined part“its idea”in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of _.,A.the equipment B.the project,C.the digital media D.the physical library,通过第一句可知该词此处指的是“,project”,工程之意。,_,_,_,_,_,命题趋势,2014,年该题型的考查可能将保持平稳，题量在,12,题之间。,突破方法,一词义猜测类题目常见的设问方式？,1.The word“”refers to/probably means,2.The underlined word“”could best be replaced by,3.What do you think the expression“”stands for?,4.By saying“”we mean,5.“”as used in the passage can best be defined as,6.Which of the following words can take the place of the word“”?,二、解题技巧指导,1,、定义、解释,针对性解释是作者为了更好地表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词语等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。,定义解释形式多样，常由,is,or,that is(to say),in other words,mean,deal with,be considered,to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent,signify,constitute(,等同于,),等来表示。如：,(1),Anthropology,is the scientific study of man.,由定义可知，,anthropology,就是“研究人类的科学”。,(2)In slang the term“,jam,”constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.,从下文的定义可知“,jam”,一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。,_,_,_,_,2.,根据举例猜测词义,恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。如：,(1)The,consequences,of,epochal,events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,句中“,wars,”,和“,great scientific discoveries,”,是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出“,epochal”,的大致词义是“,重要的,”，这与其确切含义“,划时代的,”十分接近。,(2)Most cities had their,slaughterhouses,where animals such as cows and pigs were killed centuries ago.,根据后边的定语从句里的“,such as,”,所举例子可知，,slaughterhouses,意为“,屠宰场,”。,_,_,3.,根据文章的综合信息推测,根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识来分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致意思。这种方法是利用上下文的线索，通过对句子的层层分析来猜测词义。如：,The underlined word“they”in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to,A.birds and parasites B.birds and sheep,C.parasites and sheep D.sheep,birds and parasites(,寄生物,),原文：,You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep.This is not because they want a ride,but because they find easy food in the parasites on sheep.The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort.So although they can manage without each other,they,do better together.,分清三种动物之间的关系，对,they,进行层层剥离。显然答案是,B,。,4.,利用暗示信息,“,My son has been in school for twelve years and he cannot write a sentence,”Tom shouted to the headmaster.“Youve made him as,illiterate,.”,依据信息“,上学,12,年”，“还不会写一个句”，“大喊大叫,”可知家长在指责校方，也就不难猜出,illiterate,意为“,文盲,”。,_,_,_,_,5.,利用单词的作用和关系,(1)If you have any problems,you may look up that heavy,encyclopedia,on the bookshelf.,A.,书,B.,字典,C.,百科全书,D.,科技书,相信不难猜出，,bookshelf,上放着的应是,book,了，而这本书又很,heavy,另外，它还可以帮我们解答任何问题，所以，应是,C.,百科全书。,6.,比较和对比,在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述时，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词来猜测其词义能够体现对比关系的词汇很多，主要有表转折关系的,but;on the one hand on the other hand;for one thing for another;unlike;not;however;despite;in spite of;in contrast,while,引导的并列句和众多反义词等。,(1)Andrew is one of the most,supercilious,men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite modest.,in contrast,modest,这里的“,supercilious”,意为,“目空一切的、傲慢的”。,_,_,相对比的；相对照的,谦虚的,(2)A good supervisor can recognize instantly the,adept,workers from the unskilled ones.,该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词,adept,的词义为 。,_,“,skilled,”,Practice,The hot-air balloon took off.It was as,buoyant,in the air as a rose leaf in water.,The meaning of the underlined word“buoyant”is,The child is as,fragile,as glass.,Doctors believe that smoking,cigrarettes,is,detrimental,to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.,_,漂浮的,delicate(,脆弱的,),_,_,harmful,有害的,To be continued,7.,因果关系是两个事物间必然的逻辑关系,在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词的词义。,(1)Tom is considered as,autocratic,because he makes decision without seeking the opinions of others.,根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词,autocratic,指 。,(2)There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to,elbow,his way through the crowd.,此句含结果状语从句，根据从句的描述“许多示威者”，我们便可以推知,elbow,的词义为,_,_,_,“独断专行的”,_,_,push,挤、挤过,8.,利用描述和例证或称范例特征,同类关系的内容通常由,such as/like,for example,for instance,等列举同类词汇来体现。如：,You can select any of these,periodicals,to read:,Reader,Harvest,English Language Learning,.,句中所举范例都是书名，而且,读者,、,收获,和,英语学习,都是一月一份，故共同名称的,periodical,意为：,期刊,9.,根据生活常识等外部相关因素,外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章的内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义，这就需要运用生活经验和普通常识来确定词义。,(1)Husband:Its really cold out tonight.,Wife:Sure it is.My hands are practically,numb,.How about lighting the furnace(,火炉,)?,根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手肯定是,(numb),。,冻僵的、冻得麻木的,(2)The snake,slithered,through the grass.,根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出,slither,的词义为“”。,(3)Have you ever passed a border between two countries?If so,you were probably questioned by a,customs,inspector.,在两国界线上所设的关卡上检查的人员叫“海关人员”，文中生词,customs,自然就是“”了。,爬行,海关,(4)Buildings that reach for skies may be seen in most of the worlds largest cities today.Ever since the first,skyscraper,was built in Chicago in 1883,more and more tall buildings have been built in more and more cities.,从后一句的对称结构可以看出两主语的意义应是相同的。再看首句，主语的定语更进一步说明了高耸入云。所以，,skyscraper,应是“”。,摩天大楼,10.,依靠构词法的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。,*根据前缀猜测词义,(1)He fell into a ditch and lay there,semiconscious,for a few minutes.,根据词根,conscious(,清醒的，有意识的,),，结合前缀,semi-(,半，部分的，不完整的,),，我们便可以猜出,semiconscious,的词义为“”。,半清醒的，半昏迷的,(2)I am,illiterate,about such things.,词根,literate,意为“有文化的”,前缀,il,-,表示否定，因此,illiterate,指,(3)Car rentals(,出租,)are becoming more and more popular as an,inexpensive,way of taking to the roads.,expensive,形容词，“昂贵的”，,in-,为前缀，构成反义词，所以,inexpensive,含义必然为“”。,便宜的,文盲的；了解不多的,*根据后缀猜测词义,(,后缀一般改变词性,),(1),Insecticide,is applied where it is needed.,后缀,-,cide,表示“杀者；杀灭剂”，结合大家熟悉的词根,insect(,昆虫,),，不难猜出,insecticide,意为“”。,(2)Then the vapor may change into,droplets,.,后缀,let,表示“小的”，词根,drop,指“滴，水珠”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出,droplet,词义为“”。,杀虫剂,小水滴,*根据合成词的各部分猜测词义,(1)Growing economic problems were,highlighted,by a slowdown in oil output.,highlight,或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由,high(,高的；强的,),和,light(,光,),两部分组成，合在一起便是“”的意思。,使醒目；使突出,(2),Bullfight,is very popular in Spain.,bull(,公牛,),和,fight(,打，搏斗,),结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动,。,(3)“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,”Rubin writes,“the two share little about their,innermost,feelings”,innermost,为合成词，,inner,为形容词，“内部的”，,most“,最,”,。显然，,innermost,合起来意为“最内部的”，即“”。,斗牛,内心最深处的,*猜测熟词的新含义,The major market force,rests,in the growing population of white collar employees,who can afford the new service.,市场主要推动力在于白领雇员数目的增加。所以结合语境可猜测,rest含义应为,“,It was the best night we had ever had,”said Angela,Carraro,who,runs,am Italian restaurant.,根据语境可知,Angela,Carraro,为饭店主人，所以,run,的含义为“”。,rely on/depend on,开饭店,*根据词性变换新词含义,The hot sun had caused the dough(,生面团,)to,doubled,in size,Double,的名词词义是“两倍”。而这里的,double,为动词，结合语境不难猜出它表示,When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago,how could they even begin to,picture,modern life?,Picture,常作名词，意为“图画”，这里作动词，结合语境可猜测为“使脑海中出现图画”，即,加倍,描绘。,做词义或句义猜测题时应注意,1,、根据上下文进行推理猜测；,2,、两个原则：不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的意思；,3,、正确选项不是熟悉的常规含义；,4,、正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语，而是使用不肯定语气或意义；,5,、选项含原文词或短语越多，就越不可能是正确选项。,Thank you!,