新技巧写作,Writing.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,应用写 作 技巧,明确题材,审题就是要审作文的题材和体裁，弄清该作文是关于什么内容的，应该采用哪种体裁。具体说，是记叙 文，描写文，说明文还是议论文。从近些年看，作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的杂合体。例如：,Directions,：,For this part,，,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be a Good University Student,You should write at least l 20 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in,Chinese)below,：,做合格大学生的必要性；,做合格大学生的必备条件,(r,可以从德智体方面谈,),；,我计划这样做。,1,审题,:,审题的作用在于使你写作不跑题,(,如果跑题，条理和语言再好，也得不到及格分，甚至,0,分,),。审题另 外一个主要作用就是根据不同体裁确定写作方法。通过审题，我们可以看出作文大都是三段式。如上 例第一段为议论体，第二段为说明体，第三段为描写体。而各种文体又要求不同的写作方式：,议论文：“一个中心两个基本点”,例如上面,第一段的思路是：我们要做合格的大学生。,(,主题,-,中心,):,做合格大学生会怎么样,(,这是从正面论述,),；不能做合格的大学生，会怎么样,(,从反面论述,),；所以我们要做合格的大学生,(,结论,),。,说明文：一个中心，多个支承点,可以从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就上例作文而言，可以从几方面,(,德,智,体,),来说明合格大学生的必要性。,描写文：一个中心，一条长龙,以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。与上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词，要与第二段相呼应进行描写。,2,确定主题句,通过审题，我们知道该如何确定正确的写作思路。下边具体说说如何写。第一步就是要写主题旬。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可能得及格分。写主题旬最保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。例如上述三段主题句分别为：,It is very necessary to be a good university student,(,议论体的主题句,),There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student,(,说明体的主题句,),What l will do in the future is the following,(,描写体主题句,),如果要求句是英语就可以把它变成主题句，例如这样一篇作文：,Good Health,A Importance of good health,Ways to keep fit,My own practice,这样的作文的要求句就可以扩充成主题句。扩充后三段的主题句分别为：,It is very important to have good health,(,将名词,importance,变成形容词,important),There are four ways to keep fit for me,(,用,there be,句型,),My own practices are the following,(,采用原词,),3,三段十二句作文法这是由有关专家总结出来的一种高分作文方法，同学在经过短期培训后就可较大幅度提高成绩，因此在这里加以推荐和介绍。十二句作文法综合作文的审题、结构安排、写作方法、主题句的确定、材料的选择与组织等各个方面的因素，将全文划分为三个段落，每个段落大致为四句，每句平均字数四级不少于十个。十二个句型结构固定，语句精练，既可以保证考生作文在内容上不偏离作文试题的要求，又保证了考生在短时间内套用固定句型在作文字数上恰到好处地符合试题的字数要求，这样就大大节约了考生的考试时间，减小了考生的考场压力。掌握好这种方法，对短时间内写出一篇高分作文十分有帮助。需要指出的是所谓十二句作文法并非一定就是十二句。从很多高分作文来分析，句子数量分布在,10,句至,l2,句范围,(,依句子长短和结构不同而不同,),。如以每个句子平均,10,12,个单词来计算，便能用,l0,一,12,个句子完成一篇要求,120,字左右的作文。,三段十二句作文模式,其基本模式为：,开头段：主旨句、扩展句,中间段：主题句、扩展句、小结句,结尾段：结尾句。,范例如下：,Directions,：,For this part,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Wealth and Health,You should write at least l 20 words and you should base your composition on the,outline(given,in,English)below,：,(1)Some think that wealth means everything,(2)Actually,，,health is more important than wealth,(3)Keep healthy first if you want to become wealthy,Wealth and Health,As far as the topic,Health and Wealth,is,concerned,different,people have different opinions about it,Some think,that wealth,means,everything,To them,，,wealth or having a lot of money can help them to do what they want to do,With a lot of money,，,they can buy the beautiful house,，,expensive car,，,beautiful clothes,，,and so on,They even have the idea that they can buy happiness which they like,On the other hand,，,some other people dont agree with those people mentioned above,They believe that,health is more important than wealth,First,，,you can enjoy a happier life with healthy body than those wealthy people with poor health,Second,，,a healthy body is the foundation for a successful career,Third,，,a healthy body is also necessary for accumulating(,积累,)wealth,In a word,，,keep healthy first if you want to become wealthy,It is wellknown that a person can make a large fortune if he has the right opportunities during his life,But if the person suffers from a terrible illness,，,then no matter how much money he may earn,，,he will still lead a miserable life,Therefore,，,health is much more important than wealth,4,修改完善,检查修改可分几次进行，每次集中解决一个问题。可分以下步骤进行：,首先，检查内容是否切题。所谓切题就是看你写的作文跑不跑题，这一点至关重要。还要检查主题是否明确；观点是否可靠；立论是否恰当；论证是否有力；推理是否合乎逻辑；文体风格是否合适；结论与主题是否一致等等。,其次，检查条理是否清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚，对于说明文来说条理要清楚，对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚。为了使文章更具有条理性，我们可以用,first(1y),，,secondly,，,thirdly,等副词，他们可以是文章的条理性更加突出。作文是主观题，想得高分就必须引起老师的主意，老师的时间很短,(,每篇作文只有一两分钟就要阅完,),。,再次，检查语言是否准确。要求作文的语法词汇使用正确，符合英语表达习惯。,最后，检查字数是否符合要求。作文的字数要求是不少于,120,字。考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。,二、写作主流题型,常见的主要有以下几种：,1,提纲式作文,2,段首句作文,3,关键词作文,4,情景式作文,5,图表式作文,6,应用文写作,1,提纲式作文,这种样式的作文是最常考的。提纲式作文是历年考试中最常见的题型。它要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，确定文章的中心思想，然后紧紧围绕中心思想展开论述，表达提纲的主旨。它的优点是提纲既体现了文章的层次，又规定了各段大体的内容，为考生提供了一条思路，稍加思索、计划、整理就可成文。但缺点是如果审题不当，反而容易丢分。另外，它的限定性较大，不理解提纲所展现的内容或词汇，就会感到难以下笔1),写作步骤和技巧：,写好提纲式作文的关键是认真审题和分析所给的提纲，认清题目和提纲之间的关系，然后确定文章的主题、内容以及文体。,每一个提纲可以作为文章的一个段落层次，段落的展开围绕提纲的中心和内容，不能偏离，也不能任意增减。,提纲只是对文章的提示和概括，不是主题句。这需要根据提纲的性质，写出完整的、体现提纲主旨的句子，使之成为主题句。然后围绕主题句进行扩展。,收集材料支持主题句。材料可以是事实、例证、亲身经历、名人名言、谚语警句等。,注意点,应当注意的是，所选材料要与文章的主题相符，即要“扣题”。同时要具有典型性，能充分说明问题。在有多个例证的段落中，还要注意各个例证之间的连贯性。2),真题操练：,根据下题写一篇不少于,l20,词的作文：,My View on Jobhopping ,有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为,有些人喜欢经常换工作，因为,我的看法,显而易见，这是一道提纲式的作文题。可以通过以下审题和构思过程完成这篇作文：,分析题目和提纲可知，应该写一篇说明文，当然其中可以夹有议论。要写出“不换工作”和“换工作”的原因，然后给出自己的看法，重点是原因和看法。,根据提纲，文章可分,3,段，第,1,段是“喜欢从事一种工作”的原因；第,2,段写出“喜欢经常换工作”的原因；第,3,段是“我的”看法。,根据以上分析，可以把提纲转换为主题句如下：,Some people tend to stick to their position all the time,Some people are,different.They,are in the habit of jobhopping,I am not in favor of constant jobhopping,(3),以材料支持各段主题句。,第,1,段的材料可以是：喜欢那份工作的各种原因：有发展前途、工资高等；,第,2,段经常“跳槽”的原因：不能施展自己的才能，谋求更高的收入等。,第,3,段也要说明原因,:,过分流动岗位，荒废职业技能等,并总结归纳，圆满结尾。,【,参考范文,】,My View on Job-hopping,Some people tend to stick to their positions all the time,，,as they think the longer one works in a particular field,the more skillful one will be at it,Some have been teachers all,their,lives,Some devote all their energy to,scientific,research,Such people love their work and turn out to be specialists in their own,feilds,They aye usually high achievers,Some are different,They are in the habit of jobhoppin9,，,for they always pursue what is new and stimulatin9,It seems that they are never contented with their present situations,They like to meet more people,，,make more money and new acquaintances,，,80 they hop from job to job,As far as I am,concerned,，,I am not in favor of constant job,hoppin9,I believe in a famous proverb,，“,A rolling stone gather no moss,”,l want to be professionally strong,And I respect those who devote themselves to their,affectionate,jobs throughout their life,2,段首句作文,段首句作文，有时也称主题句作文。根据所给段首句续写是近年来各类考试及竞赛中常用的一种命题形式。近几年来，给出段首句要求续写的形式较多，且略有变化。这种测试形式主要考查学生对所给段首句的理解，并按照段首句写出一篇完整的文章。,真题操练,现以作文题“,Pleasures in Reading”(,读书的乐趣,),为例。,1.I enjoy reading very much,_,2.In the first place,，,reading can,disperse,驱散,loneliness,_,3.Further more,，,reading can add fullness to my life,_,(1),审清题意,段首句作文题，从题目上看，段首句可以很容易地判断出体裁和写作目的。通过对浓缩中心的标题的分析，应着重弄清题目和段首句之间的逻辑关系，明确题目和段首句所提示的写作范围、构思结构，从而确定主题思想和写作方法。把题目与给出的三个段首句联系起来审题，主题思想比较明确，应围绕读书给人带来的乐趣展开全文。,(2),分析段首句,理解段首句的宗旨是续写成败的关键。每一个段首句代表一个段落的主题思想，是段落的灵魂。它不仅点明了每段的主题，规定文章的段落，而且限制每段的内容，不致偏题。所以，写作之前，必须仔细推敲段首句，对它进行反复分析，在正确理解段首句的基础上进行续写，扩展各段。根据不同内容要求，可用各种展开段落的方式，如叙述、描写、例证、定义、程序、分析归类、因果、比较对照等模式，这样思想内容就具有说服力，令人信服。,(3),找出段首句的关键词,关键词是段首句的中心，它起着画龙点睛的作用。找出关键词就能抓住中心，击中要害。以此关键词为中心，才能真正做到有的放矢。关键词凝聚着段落的内容，指明续写的方向。关键词有时是一个词，有时是一个短语。比如，“,Pleasures in Reading”,中的第一段的段首句“,I enjoy reading very much,”的关键词是“,enjoy”,；第二段段首 句“,In the first place,，,reading can disperse loneliness,”的关键词是“,disperse loneliness”(,消除寂寞,),；第三段段首句“,Further more,，,reading can add fullness to my life,”的关键词是“,add fullness”(,丰富生活,),。展开段落时，应该重点突出，扩大并延伸这三个关键词所包含的内容。,(4),写好扩展句,分析了主题句之后，我们就应以关键词为桥梁，主题句为引导，挖掘出自己掌握的信息，并进行筛选和组织、阐明、展开、补充，并使主题句内容具体化。简而言之，扩展句应回答“,how and why”(,怎么样和为什么,),的问题。写好扩展句就要以关键词为起始点，紧扣主题思想，深化主题句内容。,(5),合理安排思想内容,虽然展开段首句的内容丰富，但要达到结构上的连贯，必须按一定的逻辑顺序恰当地安排其内容。一般说来，可按时间顺序、空间顺序、归纳顺序和演绎顺序进行安排。写叙述性短文可按时间顺序；写描写性短文可按空间顺序；写说明性和议论性短文可按归纳顺序或演绎顺序安排。如果按上述顺序处理，既能做到内容丰富，又可达到结构的连贯。,(6),注意连贯与呼应,续写要注意各段之间内容的连贯与呼应。如果没有审清作文题目和段落之间发展的必然联系，就匆忙下笔，生搬硬套，势必造成各段内容松散，前后矛盾。段首句三个段落之间的关系一般是“并列”和“转折”。如“,Pleasures in Readin9”,的第二、三段段首句前的两个过渡词语“,in the first place”,和“,furthermore”,表示并列关系。续写这两段，应注意它们之间与全文的连贯与呼应。,3,关键词作文,关键词作文就是根据作文题目及所给的关键词，在正确理解词义的基础上，依据自己的知识，进行联想和组织文字，写出既能合理利用关键词，又能表达思想的文章。关键词作文可适用于各种文体。我们在写关键词作文时应按下列步骤进行：,(1),审题,相对于段首句作文来说，审题对于关键词作文更为重要。由于关键词作文是带题目的，所以拿到作文后一定要认真审题仔细琢磨题目的含义，弄清题目规定的内容及各段的主题，确定写作题材。,(2),仔细阅读关键词,关键词作文一般来说要难于段首句作文。而对于所给的关键词，考生往往感到茫然，不知如何动笔。遇到这种情况，要仔细阅读关键词，因为所给的关键词通常是分段落的，并且按照一定的逻辑关系排列。它们不仅规定了思路，而且在一定程度上还提供了语言素材，考生可根据所给的关键词进行联想，勾画出短文的轮廓。,(3),草拟各段的主题句,明确了全文各段的主题，只是对如何写好这篇文章有了初步的设想。要写好文章，还有关键性的一步，这就是写出各段的主题句。主题句是作者思维的起点、扣题的准绳、阐述的对象。有了主题句，作者就可以围绕主题旬进行扩展，不会偏题。写主题句时要注意以下几个问题：,注意以下几个问题：,完整性。完整性是指主题句必须是一个意义完整、主谓成分俱全的句子。,清晰性。清晰性是指主题句的含义要清晰明了，使人容易分清，不要含糊其词，使人感到模棱两可。,具体性。具体性是指主题句要明确具体，内涵集中，所指单一，易于段落的扩展。,正确性。正确性是指主题句用词要能确切地表达本段所写的内容，语言要精炼、生动、清晰。,(4),段落写作,考生在用关键词写作文时，应尽量将所给的词都用上，并力求把每个关键词都用得准确、形象、恰到好处。写作时，要特别注意句子的结构，句子与句子之间的衔接，以及段落与段落之间的转折和连接。,真题操练,Directions,：,For this part,，,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition,about“,The,Earth”in,three paragraphs,You are given some key words and are,required,to,develop,its ideas,Write about l 20 words for your essay,Remember to write clearly on the Answer Sheet,The Earth,Key Words,：,earth,，,planetbe fit for,，,human being,，,air,，,water,，,damage,，,pollute,，,use up,，,resource,，,measures,，,protect,，,importance,，,environmental,，,ways,，,make use of,，,waste,，,save,【,参考范文,】The Earth,The earth is now the only planet that is fit for human beings,The air around it forms a protection that prevents the earth from getting neither too hot nor too cold,The water,，,the trees,，,and other things on the earth are essential for man,Unfortunately,，,the earth we live on is severely damaged because of the high civilization.Modem factories provide us with best commodities at the cost of polluting the environment,To meet the needs of the everincreasing population,，,we are using up natural resources,Measures must be taken to protect the earth,First,，,we should teach people the importance of the environmental protection,Second,，,we should make machines that will use less energy and will do the minimum damage to the environment,Third,，,we must figure out ways to make use of waste to save natural resources,4,情景式作文,情景式作文又叫提示作文，是指用中文或英文给出一个具体的情景，由作者提出自己的看法或进行评议的写作方法。相对于其他题型，情景式作文写作时可以更加灵活，因为在出题时没有具体规定应该从那几方面着手，这有助于考生发挥。,写作此类作文时，要注意掌握以下要领：,1),明确中心思想；,2),切情切景；,3),注意主题句的写作；,4),注意写作的逻辑性和连贯性。,真题操练,Directions,：,In this part,，,you are to write within 40 minutes a composition of about l20 words about,the“The,Relationship between Wealth and Happiness”,You can agree or disagree,，,completely or partially to the,statement“Wealth,Brings Happiness”,But whatever position you take,，,you should give sound supporting reasons,At the end of your composition you are required to draw your own conclusion,【,参考范文,】,1 Wealth has always been what some people long for,It is true that most of them try to acquire wealth by means of honest labor,Their efforts contribute to the we,：,are of the society and at the same time to the accumulation of their wealth,，,and hence to their happiness,2There is no doubt that wealth brings happiness,，,especially in the modern society,Various kinds of,up-todate,household appliances latest fashions and recreations make their appearance with each passing day,All this makes our life more comfortable,and colorful,Therefore,，,without money we cannot turn admiration into reality,3But there are exceptions when wealth does not go hand in hand with happiness,Wealth may,tempt,weak-willed,persons to be,addicted,热中于,to harmful habits,，,such,as drugtaking,and,gambling,，,and result in their own ruin,Besides,，,a,person,may lose his post even some,govenment,officials take advantage of their positions to take bribes from the people turning to them for help,All these will bring about the negative effect of wealth if we dont take a proper,attitude,to it,4In my opinion,，,on no,account,理由,can we identify,使等同于,wealth,with happiness,I also believe that one should never,reckon,归咎于,only,on wealth to achieve happiness,5.,图表式作文,图表式作文要求考生就所提供的各类图表、图画等信息写出一篇文章，要求文章能准确表达图画、信息的大意。这种题型既考查写作能力，又考查观察能力和想像能力。它需要考生结合图表前的标题给图表进行分析、研究，阅读其中的文字和说明，弄清图表所包含的各种信息以及信息之间的关系；然后将这些信息进行比较、概括和归纳,；最后提炼和归纳文章的中心思想。对大多数考生来说，图表式作文是不太容易的，因为一旦看不清题意，整篇文章就无从下手。因此在写作过程中要注意：,要充分理解和反映图表中的信息。首先，要看懂图表，弄清图表中各个数据间的关系，分清主次，明确主题，这样才能着手写作。,1),注意图表的参照时间和单位。,2),注意时态的选择,3),一般采用三段式,，即采用什么时态来写。一般来说，宜用一般现在时，除非有明确的过去时间参照。：第一段对图表所反映的内容作一概述；第二段应对数字进行仔细分析比较，归纳出一个趋势；第三段写读过图表之后的想法或评论或建议。,图表类作文常用模式：,It is,obvious in the,graph(table,pie,bar,diagram),that,the rate(number,amount)of Y has undergone dramatic changes,It,has gone,up(grown,fallen,dropped),considerably in,recent,years(,as,X varies,),At,the point of,X1,，,Y reaches,its peak value of(,多少,),What is the reason for this,change?Mainly,there are(,多少,)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graph,table,First of all,，,(,第一个原因,),More importantly,，,(,第二个原因,),Most important of all,，,(,第三个原因,),From the above discussions,，,we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future,The trend described in the graph,table will continue for quite a long,time(,if,necessary measures are not taken),括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势,真题操练,Directions,：,For this part,，,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about the Changes in Chinese Peoples Diet according to the following outline in three paragraphs,Your part of the composition should not be less,than l 20 words,，,not including the words given,Changes in Chinese PeopleS Diet,(1)state the changes in peoples diet in the past five years,；,(2)give possible reason for the changes,；,(3)draw your own conclusions,.,yeasr,Food,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,Grain,43,42,41,41,40,Milk,13,14,14.5,14.5,15,Meat,25,25,26,26.5,27.5,Fruit&Vegetable,19,19,18.5,15,17.5,total,100,100,100,100,100,注意：,尽可能少引用数据,要多概括图表,分析规律,得出结论。,【,参考范文,】Changes in Chinese PeopleS Diet,There have been some changes in the diet of the Chinese people,Grain,，,the main food of the most people in China,，,is now playing a less important role,On the other hand,，,the consumption of highnutrition food such as milk and meat has increased,The changes in diet can be explained by several reasons,For one thing,with the development of the economy,，,people are much wealthier than before,Thus,，,they can afford to buy better foods with a higher income,For another,people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health.As a result,they are biginning to pay much attention to health.They have realized that lack of certain amount of meat or milk will cause poor health,For the mentioned reasons,，,the so-called“the basket of vegetables”has become that of a variety of foods,In a word,，,the changes are the signs of the improvement in peoples lives,There is no doubt that there will be greater changes in peoples diet in the future with the further modernization of our country,常用句：,a.As is shown by the graph/in the table,（概述图表）,正如曲线所示，最近,54,年来该国人口飞速增长。,As is shown by the graph,there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the past five years.,b.It can be seen from the table that,（得出结论）,shown graph concluded figures,estimated statistics,例,A.,从表中所给的统计数字可以看出，从,1985,年到,1990,年间，人均收入有很大的提高。,From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased(grew,、,rose)rapidly from 1985 to 1990.,例,B.,从曲线图可以得出结论，最近,5,年来中国人口的出生率已经大大下降。,It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.,c.amount to,（数量总计）,add up t