国际商法英译汉课.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,国际商法英译汉课堂练习,Chapter One,Chapter Two,Chapter Three,Chapter Four,Chapter One,1.Because international business law is of a private nature,the principle of party autonomy also applies to international business transactions.Under some circumstances,only when the parties of an international business transaction have willingly chosen a treaty,does the treaty bind upon the legal relationship between them.,由于国际商法具有私法性质，当事人自主原则也适用国际商事交易。在某些情形下，只有国际商事交易各方当事人自愿选择了某条约，该条约才能对他们之间的法律关系具有约束力。,2.Some common-law principle proved too precious to change.For example,a long line of hard-won precedents defended the rights and liberties of citizens against the unjust use of government power.,事实证明一些普通法的原则如此弥足珍贵以致不能更改。比如，一系列来之不易的先例保护着公民的权利和自由免受政府滥用权力的侵害。,3.The civil law is based on the theory of separation of power,whereby the role of legislator is to legislate,while the courts should apply the law.On the other hand,in common law the courts are given the main task in creating the law.,大陆法系法律基于三权分立理论，因此，立法者负责立法而法院应当适用法律。但在普通法国家法院却赋予了创立的任务。,4.The civil law is based on codes which contain logically connected concepts and rules,starting with general principles and moving on to specific rules.A civil lawyer usually starts from a legal norm contained in a legislation,and by means of deduction makes conclusions regarding the actual case.,大陆法系国家法律以法典为基础，这些法典包含着在逻辑上相互联系的概念和规则，而在结构上则从基本原则再具体到特殊规则。大陆法系的律师通常从立法文件中的法律规范出发以演绎方式得出所涉案件的结论。,5.A lawyer in common law starts with the actual case and compares it with the same or similar legal issues that have dealt with by courts in previously decided cases,and from these relevant precedents the binding legal rule is determined by means of induction.,普通法系的律师 从具体案件出发，将此案与法院以前判决的案件中处理过的相同或类似的法律问题相比较，并用归纳法从这些相关的先例中确定适用于本案的法律规则。,6.In practice,the higher court decisions certainly have certain influence on the lower courts,since judges of lower courts will usually take into account the risk that their decisions would probably be reversed by the higher courts if they contradict the higher court decisions.Judges normally try to avoid the reversal of their decisions by higher courts as if too many their decisions are,revervsed,their promotion may be adversely affected.,在司法实务中，既然下级法院的法官会考虑到如果他们的判决与上级法院的判决相冲突的话就有可能被上级法院推翻，那么上级法院的判决当然对下级法院具有一定的影响。法官们通常会尽量避免其判决被上级法院推翻，因为如果他们的判决经常被推翻的话，他们的提升可能会收到不利影响。,7.Legal risk is risk from uncertainty due to legal actions or uncertainty in the applicability or interpretation of contracts,laws or regulations.Depending on an institution,s,circustances,legal risk may entail such issues as contract formation,capacity,legality of transactions,contract,frutration,and so on.,法律风险来自于法律行为的不确定性和合同、法律、行政法规在适用性和解释上的不确定性。法律风险可能引起合同的形式、法律资格（行为能力）、交易的合法性、合同目的落空等等诸如此类的问题，具体问题视组织所处环境而定。,8.If the contract related to specific goods,or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced,and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were at,or were to be manufactured or produced at,a particular place,the seller is bound to placing the goods at the buyer,s disposal at that place.,如果合同指的是特定货物或从特定存货中提取的或尚待制造或生产的未经特定化的货物，而双方当事人在订立合同时已知道这些货物是在某一特定地点，或将在某一特定地点制造或生产，卖方应在该地点把货物交给买方处置。,9.Because of differences in language,cultureand legal systems,the intentions of parties in an international transaction may not be easily discernable from their contract.Therefore,it is imperative,more so than in purely domestic undertaking,for the parties to express carefully intended rights and obligations in written contract.At the time of execution,it is important that the parties,with the assistance of their lawyers,review each contract clause to make sure all parties understand them.,由于语言、文化与法律体系的不同，在国际交易中，当事人的意图不容易从合同文本中辨识出来。因此，与纯粹的国内商务相比，认真详细地把意图实现的权利和承担的义务在书面合同中表述出来对当事人更为必要。在合同签订的时候,在律师的帮助下,合同当事人审查每一个合同条款以确保所有当事人理解这些条款尤为重要,.,10.Often the quality of a contract is evident not in what it says,but in what it fails to say and international contract may be the product of“studied ambiguity”,。,Vagueness or ambiguity in contract language is employed in order to achieve the illusion of agreement.,很多时候合同的质量并非表现在它说了什么，而是它没有说什么。国际合同可能是有意模棱两可的产物。合同语言的含糊不清或模棱两可是为了造成协议错觉的目的。,【,案例,】,有一份,CIF,合同规定：在货物到达目的港汉堡时凭装运单据支付现金。合同订立后,1,个月，货物出运，但由于运输途中遇险，不能到达目的港汉堡。当卖方持提单等装运单据要求买方付款时，买方以货物不能到达目的港汉堡为由，拒绝接受单据和付款。但卖方认为，他已经按照合同规定的条件投保，买方应该接受符合合同规定的单据并支付货款。请问：买方是否有权拒绝支付货款,?,11.Essentiallly,from the legal positivist perspective,laws must be obeyed on pain of punishment to prevent anarchy.Whether a particular law is bad or goods is irrelevant.The merits or demerits of a given law can be discussed,and the laws can be changed in an orderly manner through a legitimate lawmaking process.,总体上说，在法律实在主义者看来，法律必须以惩罚的痛苦来保证被遵守以防止无政府主义。法律是好还是坏跟它是不是法无关。一个既定的法律的优点和缺点是可以讨论的，而且法律也可以通过合法的立法程序以有序的方式进行修改。,12.After all,judges are human beings with unique personalities,value systems,and intellects.Therefore,it would impossible for any two judges to engage in an identical reasoning process when evaluating the same case.,毕竟，法官也是人，他们也有着自己的个性、价值观和智慧。因此，在评价同一案件时，任何两个法官不可能采用同一推理过程。,13.Legal systems can differ in substantive law,procedure,remedies,and levels of,enforment,.Although the,foundamental,legel,concepts dealing with business transactions are similar in the civil,common,and socialist legal systems,idiosyncratic differences in the rules can result in unexpected legal liabilities.,不同的法律体系在实体法、法律程序、法律救济以及法律执行力度上可能存在差异。虽然民法法系、普通法法系和社会主义法系在处理商事交易的基本法律概念相似，但一些规则的特殊差异可能会导致未曾预见的法律责任。,14.Some countries limit the amount of equity,ownship,that a,forein,conpany,may hold in a host country enterprise.These local participation requirements often result in the foreign company creating a partnership or joint venture with nationals of the host country.,一些国家限制外国公司持有东道国企业权益性资本的数量。这些地方参与要求常常促使外国公司与东道国国民设立合伙和合资企业。,Chapter Two,1,.What is the definition of,“,invitation to treat,”,?Please give some examples of,“,invitation of treat,”,.,2,.In common law systems,an ordinary offer cannot be revoked at any time before it is accepted,YES or NO?why it can or cannot?,3,.What,is the difference of,“,the mirror image rule,”,and the rule of,“,the battle of forms,”,?,1.Answer,：,An invitation is used to invite others to make offer and lack of the intention to create a binding obligation.Generally speaking,display of goods for sales,an advertisement in a newspaper,auction sales and tenders are all an invitation to treat rather than an offer.,2.Answer:NO,it can.Because the common law systems hold that an offer has no legal effect to the,offeror,when no consideration was given for that promise.,3.Answer:The mirror image rule requires that an acceptance should match the terms of the offer exactly,unconditionally and unequivocally.The rules governing,“,the battle of forms,”,that an acceptance containing nonmaterial changes to the terms of the offer is nevertheless valid and the terms thereof prevail as the terms of the contract,unless the,offeror,timely objects to such changes or the offer indicated that acceptance may not contain any change to the terms thereof.,Where there is a,battle of the forms,there is a contract as soon as the last of the forms is sent and received without taking objection to it.In some cases,the battle is won by the person who fires the last shot.He is the person who puts forward the latest term and conditions;and,if they are not objected to by the other party,he may be taken to have agreed with them,4.,Promissory estppel,requires1)a,promise,or representation as to future conduct which is intended to affect the,legal relations,between the parties and which indicates that the,promisor,will not insist on his,strict legal rights,against the promise;(,2)a clear and unequivocal promise,by words or conduct;(3)evidence that there is a change in position of the,promisee,as a result of the promise(reliance but not necessarily to their detriment);(4)inequity if the promisor were to,go back on the promise,.,禁止反言（不得自食其言）规则的构成要件包括：（,1,）存在一个将来作出某一行为允诺或意思表示，该允诺或意思表示意图影响当事人之间的法律关系并且表明允诺人不再坚持以固有的法律权利来对抗该允诺；（,2,）该允诺可以用言语或行为作出但应当清晰明了；（3,）存在因允诺而导致受允诺人地位发生改变的证据,(,产生了信赖而不必有实际损害,),；（,4,）如果背叛其允诺将导致不公平的结果。,5.,In the many,jurisdictions,of the United States,promissory estoppel,is generally an alternative to,consideration,as a basis for enforcing a promise.It is also sometimes referred to as,detrimental reliance,.The American Law Institute in 1932 included the principle of estoppel into 90 of the Restatement(Second)of Contract,stating that a promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance of a definite and substantial character on the part of the promisee and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise.,美国的很多法院把禁止反言作为对价的替代理由来强制执行该允诺。它有时也被称为不利信赖原则。美国法学会,1932,年合同法第二次重述第,90,节对禁止反言作了规定，依据该规定，如果允诺人能合理地预见受诺人会因信赖其允诺而作出某种具有实质影响的行为或放弃某些实质性权利，而受允诺人又采取了行动，并且只有强制执行该允诺才能避免产生不公平的结果，那么，该诺言具有法律约束力。,6.What are the requirements of fraudulent misrepresentation?,7.In the Common Law specific performance is the standard remedy when the seller breach the contract,yes or no?Why?,6.The requirements of fraudulent misrepresentation are(1)There is a,false representation,material to,the transaction;,(2)The representation is made with knowledge of its falsity or recklessly disregard as to whether it was true or false,and with the intention by the person making the representation that the recipient will be induced to act or refrain from acting;(3)The representation is,justifiable relied upon,by the recipient,and the reliance proximately causes the recipient to suffer damages.,7.No.For a sellers breach of contract to sell real estate,specific performance,is the standard remedy,but for a sellers breach of contract to sell goods,money damages are the standard remedy.However,specific performance may be available in cases where money damages are inadiquate,the item is of particular sentiment or unique value,or alternatives are not readily available due to scarcity.,Chapter Three,1.According to CISG,whatever and whenever an offer can be revoked,yes or no?,1.No,under the CISG Article 16,it allows a party to revoke his offer before it has been accepted.That is to say,when an offer is accepted,it cannot be revoked.In addition,offers indicating that they are irrevocable or stating a fixed time for their acceptance cannot be revoked under the CISG Article 16.,