初中英语语法结构图.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,初中英语语法结构图,一名词,I.,名词的种类：,专有名词,普通名词,国名,.,地名,.,人名，,团体,.,机构名称,可数名词,不可数名词,个体名词,集体名词,抽象名词,物质名词,II.,名词的数：,1.,规则名词的复数形式：,名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加,-s,或,-,es,。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：,规则,例词,1,一般情况在词尾加,-s,map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days,2,以,s,x,ch,sh,结尾的名词后加,-,es,class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes,3,以,-f,或,-,fe,结尾的词,变,-f,和,-,fe,为,v,再加,-,es,leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives,加,-s,belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs,4,以辅音字母加,y,结尾的名词，变,y,为,i,加,-,es,party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities,5,以元音字母加,y,结尾的名词，或专有名词以,y,结尾的，加,-s,toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys,6,以辅音字母加,-o,结尾的名词,一般加,-,es,hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,不少外来词加,-s,piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos,两者皆可,zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/,volcanos,7,以元音字母加,-o结尾的名词加,-s,radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos,8,以,-,th,结尾的名词加,-s,truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-,months,path-paths,2.,不规则名词复数：,英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：,规则,例词,1,改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式,man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice,2,单复数相同,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species,li,yuan,3,只有复数形式,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,contents,4,一些集体名词总是用作复数,people,police,cattle,staff,5,部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）,audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party,6,复数形式表示特别含义,customs(,海关,),forces(,军队,),times(,时代,),spirits(,情绪,),drinks(,饮料,),sands(,沙滩,),papers(,文件报纸,),manners(,礼貌,),looks(,外表,),brains(,头脑智力,),greens(,青菜,),ruins(,废墟,),7,表示“某国人”,加,-s,Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans,单复数同形,Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese,以,-man,或,-woman,结尾的改为,-men,-women,Englishmen,Frenchwomen,8,合成名词,将主体名词变为复数,sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends,无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数,grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches,将两部分变为复数,women singers,men servants,III.,名词的所有格：,名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加,s,构成，二是由介词,of,加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。,1.s,所有格的构成：,单数名词在末尾加,s,the boys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,复数名词,一般在末尾加,the teachers room,the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加,s,the childrens toys,womens rights,以,s,结尾的人名所有格加,s,或者,Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths house,表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加,s,Japans and Americas problems,Janes and Marys bikes,表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加,s,Japan and Americas problems,Jane and Marys father,表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略,the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles,2.s,所有格的用法,：,表示时间,todays newspaper,five weeks holiday,2,表示自然现象,the earths atmosphere,the trees branches,3,表示国家城市等地方的名词,the countrys plan,the worlds population,Chinas industry,4,表示工作群体,the ships crew,majoritys view,the teams victory,5,表示度量衡及价值,a miles journey,five dollars worth of apples,6,与人类活动有特殊关系的名词,the lifes time,the plays plot,7,某些固定词组,a birds eye view,a stones throw,at ones wits end(,不知所措,),3.of,所有格的用法,：讲到此处,用于无生命的东西：,the legs of the chair,the cover of the book,用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：,the classrooms of the first-year students,用于名词化的词：,the struggle of the oppressed,二冠词,冠词分为不定冠词（,a,an,），定冠词（,the,），和零冠词。,I.,不定冠词的用法：,1,指一类人或事，相当于,a kind of,A plane is a machine that can fly.,2,第一次提及某人某物，非特指,A boy is waiting for you.,3,表示“每一”相当于,every,，,one,We study eight hours a day.,4,表示“相同”相当于,the same,We are nearly of an age.,5,用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事,A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out,That boy is rather a Lei,Feng,.,6,用于固定词组中,A couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,many a time,7,用于,quite,rather,many,half,what,such,之后,This room is rather a big one.,8,用于,so(as,too,how)+,形容词之后,She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.,II.,定冠词的用法：,1,表示某一类人或物,The horse is a useful animal.,2,用于世上独一无二的事物名词前,the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean,3,表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事,Would you mind opening the door?,4,用于乐器前面,play the violin,play the guitar,5,用于形容词和分词前表示一类人,the reach,the living,the wounded,6,表示“一家人”或“夫妇”,the Greens,the,Wangs,7,用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前,He is the taller of the two children.,8,用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前,the United States,the Communist Party of China,the French,9,用于表示发明物的单数名词前,The compass was invented in China.,10,在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代,in the 1990s,11,用于表示单位的名词前,I hired the car by the hour.,12,用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前,He patted me on the shoulder.,III.,零冠词的用法：,1,专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前,Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air,2,名词前有,this,my,whose,some,no,each,every,等限制,I want this book,not that one./Whose purse is this?,3,季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前,March,Sunday,National Day,spring,4,表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前,Lincoln was made President of America.,5,学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前,He likes playing football/chess.,6,与,by,连用表示交通工具的名词前,by train,by air,by land,7,以,and,连接的两个相对的名词并用时,husband and wife,knife and fork,day and night,8,表示泛指的复数名词前,Horses are useful animals.,三代词：,I.,代词可以分为以下七大类：,1,人称代词,主格,I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they,宾格,me,you,him,her,it,usyou,them,2,物主代词,形容词性,my,your,his,her,its,our,their,名词性,mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs,3,反身代词,myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,4,指示代词,this,that,these,those,such,some,5,疑问代词,who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever,6,关系代词,that,which,who,whom,whose,as,7,不定代词,one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,other/another,all/both,neither/either,II.,不定代词用法注意点：,1.one,some,与,any:,1),one,可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为,ones,。,some,多用于肯定句，,any,多用于疑问句和否定句。,One should learn to think of others.,Have you any bookmarks?No,I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.,2),some,可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。,Would you like some bananas?,3),some,和,any,修饰可数名词单数时，,some,表示某个，,any,表示任何一个。,I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.,4),some,和数词连用表示“大约”，,any,可与比较级连用表示程度。,There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?,2.each,和,every,:,each,强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而,every,强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。,Each student has a pocket dictionary./Each(of us)has a dictionary./We each have a dictionary.,Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of us has strong and weak points.,3.none,和,no,：,no,等于,not any,，作定语。,none,作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。,There is no water in the bottle.,How much water is there in the bottle?None.,None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.,4.other,和,another:,1)other,泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：,the other day,every other week,some other reason,no other way,the other,特指两者中的另外一个，复数为,the others,。如：,He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.,Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.,2)another,指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是,others,，泛指“别的人或事”如：,I dont like this shirt,please show me another(one).,The trousers are too long,please give me another pair/some others.,Some like football,while others like basketball.,5.all,和,both,neither,和,either,all,表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。,both,和,all,加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用,neither,和,none.,All of the books are not written in English./Not all of the books are written in English.,Both of us are not teachers./Not both of us are teachers./Either of us is a teacher.,四形容词和副词（讲到此处）,I.,形容词：,1.,形容词的位置：,1),形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：,1,修饰,some,any,every,no,和,body,thing,one,等构成的复合不定代词时,nobody absent,everything possible,2,以,-able,-ible,结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或,only,修饰的名词之后,the best book available,the only solution possible,3,alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep,等可以后置,the only person awake,4,和空间、时间、单位连用时,a bridge 50 meters long,5,成对的形容词可以后置,a huge room simple and beautiful,6,形容词短语一般后置,a man difficult to get on with,2),多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：,代词,数词,性状形容词,冠词前的形容词,冠词,指示代词,不定代词,代词所有格,序数词,基数词,性质,状态,大小,长短,形状,新旧,温度,颜色,国籍,产地,材料,质地,名词,all,both,such,the,a,this,another,your,second,next,one,four,beautiful,good,poor,large,short,square,new,cool,black,yellow,Chinese,London,silk,stone,3),复合形容词的构成：,1,形容词,+,名词,+ed,kind-hearted,6,名词,+,形容词,world-famous,2,形容词,+,形容词,dark-blue,7,名词,+,现在分词,peace-loving,3,形容词,+,现在分词,ordinary-looking,8,名词,+,过去分词,snow-covered,4,副词,+,现在分词,hard-working,9,数词,+,名词,+ed,three-egged,5,副词,+,过去分词,newly-built,10,数词,+,名词,twenty-year,II.,副词,副词的分类：,1,时间副词,soon,now,early,finally,once,recently,5,频度副词,always,often,frequently,seldom,never,2,地点副词,here,nearby,outside,upwards,above,6,疑问副词,how,where,when,why,3,方式副词,hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really,7,连接副词,how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile,4,程度副词,almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather,8,关系副词,when,where,why,III.,形容词和副词比较等级：,形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加,-er,和,-est,，,多音节和一些双音节词前加,more,和,most,。,同级比较时常常用,asas,以及,not so(as)as,如：,I am not so good a player as you are.,2.,可以修饰比较级的词有：,much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal,。,3.,表示一方随另一方变化时用“,the morethe more”,句型。,如：,The harder you work,the more progress you will make.,4.,用比较级来表达最高级的意思。,如：,I have never spent a more worrying day.,5.,表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：,Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.,6.,表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：,favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect,。,五介词,I.,介词分类,：,1,简单介词,about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on,2,合成介词,inside,into,onto,out ofoutside,throughout,upon,within,without,3,短语介词,according to,because of,instead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks to,4,双重介词,from among,from behind,from under,till after,in between,5,分词转化成的介词,considering(,就而论,),including,6,形容词转化成的介词,like,unlike,near,next,opposite,II.,常用介词区别：,1,表示时间的,in,on,at,at,表示片刻的时间，in,表示一段的时间，,on,总是与日子有关,2,表示时间的,since,from,since,指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，,from,指从时间的某一点开始,3,表示时间的,in,after,in,指在一段时间之后，,after,表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中,4,表示地理位置的,in,on,to,in,表示在某范围内，,on,指与什么毗邻，,to,指在某环境范围之外,5,表示“在,上”的,on,in,on,只表示在某物的表面上，,in,表示占去某物一部分,6,表示“穿过”的,through,across,through,表示从内部通过，与,in,有关，,across,表示在表面上通过，与,on,有关,7,表示“关于”的,about,on,about,指涉及到，,on,指专门论述,8,between,与,among,的区别,between,表示在两者之间，,among,用于三者或三者以上的中间,9,besides,与,except,的区别,besides,指“除了,还有再加上”，,except,指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首,10,表示“用”的,in,with,with,表示具体的工具，,in,表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音,11,as,与,like,的区别,as,意为“作为，以,地位或身份”，,like,为“象,一样”，指情形相似,12,in,与,into,区别,in,通常表示位置（静态），,into,表示动向，不表示目的地或位置,六动词,I.,动词的时态：,1.,动词的时态一共有,16,种，以,ask,为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：,现在时,过去时,将来时,过去将来时,一般,ask/asks,asked,shall/will ask,should/would ask,进行,am/is/are asking,was/were asking,shall/will be asking,should/would be asking,完成,have/has asked,had asked,shall/will have asked,should/would have asked,完成进行,have/has been asking,had been asking,shall/will have been asking,should/would have been asking,2.,现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：,1),现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：,I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.(,已经看过，且了解这本书的内容,),2),一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：,I read the novel last month.(,只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住,),I lived in Beijing for ten years.,（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）,3.,现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：,两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。,I have read that book.,我读过那本书了。,I have been reading that book all the morning.,我早上一直在读那本书。,4.,一般将来时的表达方式：,将来时,用法,例句,1,will/shall+,动词原形,表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,My sister will be ten next year.,2,be going to+,动词原形,含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事,Its going to clear up.,Were going to have a party tonight.,3,be+doing,进行时表示将来,go,come,start,move,leave,arrive,等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作,He is moving to the south.,Are they leaving for Europe?,4,be about to+,动词原形,表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语,I was about to leave when the bell rang.,The meeting is about to close.,5,be to+,动词原形,表示按计划进行或征求对方意见,Were to meet at the school gate at noon.,6,一般现在时表示将来,时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来,The meeting starts at five oclock.,The plane leaves at ten this evening.,II.,动词的被动语态：,常用被动语态,构成,常用被动语态,构成,1,一般现在时,am/is/are asked,6,过去进行时,was/were being asked,2,一般过去时,was/were asked,7,现在完成时,have/has been asked,3,一般将来时,shall/will be asked,8,过去完成时,had been asked,4,过去将来时,should/would be asked,9,将来完成时,will/would have been asked,5,现在进行时,am/is/are being asked,10,含有情态动词的,can/must/may be asked,注,意,事,项,被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加,not,，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构,be,going to,used to,have to,had better,变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。,如：,Trees should not be planted in summer./The boy was made fun of by his classmates.,Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.,汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：,It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that,It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that,下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：,The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.,The door wont shut./The play wont act.The clothes washes well./The book sells well.,The dish tastes delicious./Water feels very cold.,下面词或短语没有被动态leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place,break out,come about,agree with,keep up with,consist of,have on,lose heart,等等,七情态动词,I.,情态动词基本用法：,情态动词,用法,否定式,疑问式与简答,can,能力（体力，智力，技能）,允许或许可（口语中常用）,可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）,can not/cannot/cant do,Cando?,Yes,can.,No,cant.,could,couldnt do,may,可以（问句中表示请求）,可能，或许（表推测）,祝愿（用于倒装句中）,may not do,Maydo?Yes,may.,No,mustnt/cant.,might,might not do,Mightdo?Yes,might,No,might not.,must,必须，应该（表主观要求）,肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）,must not/mustnt do,Mustdo?Yes,must.,No,neednt/dont have to.,have to,只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）,dont have to do,Dohave to do?,Yes,do.No,dont.,ought to,应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用,should,ought not to/oughtnt to do,Oughtto do?,Yes,ought.No,oughtnt.,shall,将要，会,用于一三人称征求对方意见,用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等,shall not/shant do,Shalldo?,Yes,shall.No,shant.,should,应当，应该（表义务责任）,本该（含有责备意味）,should not/shouldnt do,Shoulddo?,will,意愿，决心,请求，建议，用在问句中,would,比较委婉,will not/wont do,Willdo?,Yes,will.No,wont.,would,would not/wouldnt do,dare,敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）,dare not/darent do,Daredo?,Yes,dare.No,darent.,need,需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）,need not/neednt do,Needdo?,Yes,must.No,neednt.,used to,过去常常（现在已不再）,used not/,usednt/usent,to do,didnt use to do,Usedto do?,Yes,used.No,use(d)nt,.,Diduse to do?,Yes,did.No,didnt.,II.,情态动词,must,may,might,could,can,表示推测：,以,must,为例。,must+,do(be,),是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；,must+be doing,推测可能正在进行的事情；,must+have done,是推测可能已经发生过的事情。,1.,must,“,肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。,He must be a man from America./He must be talking with his friend./He must have already arrived there.,2.,may,和,might,“,也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。,He may not be at home./They might have finished their task.,3.,can,和,could,“,可能”，,could,表示可疑的可能性，不及,cant,语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。,The weather in that city could be cold now.,We could have walked there;it was so near.,（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）,Can he be in the office now?No,he cant be there,for I saw him in the library just now.(,语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中,),III.,情态动词注意点：,1.can,和,be able to,:,都可以表示能力。但,be able to,可以表达“某事终于成功”，而,can,无法表达此意。,Be able to,有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。,2.used to,和,would,:used to,表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而,would,只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。,3.need,和,dare,作情态动词和实义动词的区别：,两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：,neednt/darent do,；,Need/daredo?,做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：,need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared,)to do,dont(doesnt,/didnt)need/dare to do,八非谓语动词,I.,非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：,非谓语形式,构成,特征和作用,时态和语态,否定式,复合结构,不定式,to do,to be doing,to have done,to be