英语长难句讲解--从句.pdf

I第一章长难句之-从句J在考研英语中，阻碍考生理解文章的最大障碍是长难句。长难句最显著的特点是使用从句充当句 子成分。第一节 充当句子主要成分的从句句子主要成分是一个完整句子必须具备的成分，可以由从句充当的主要成分有：主语、宾语和表 语。主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句都为名词性从句，整个句子相当于名词的作用。名词性从句引导 词包括：词性例词在从句中的语法功能连词that；whether/if不充当成分代词who/whoever,whom,what/whatever充当主语、宾语或表语whose,which/whichever充当定语副词when,where9 how,why充当状语1.主语从句名词性从句做句子主语时,是主语从句。从句可位于句首；当谓语部分较短小时则多用It形式主 语占据主语位置，做真正主语的从句结构移到谓语后。例 1:That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.（2006 Text 3）翻译:人们很多年前就已经知晓海洋被过度捕捞这个事实。例 2 Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins end humans,or whether it st6ms from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.（2005 Text 1）注释:该句主语为由or连接的并列从句充当，主语从句2中common ancestor被that引导的定语从 句修饰。翻译:这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同 的祖先,这还是一个有待回答的问题。例 3：It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretation of what happened.（2010 知识运用）注释:主语从句的句式结构为：that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to弓西司 H（“of+动名词结构”做后置定语）:谓语misleading interpretation of what happened动名词结构做宾语（%f+宾语从句”做定语）翻译:结果发现可能是做实验的特殊方式导致了对实验事实的误导性的解释。例 4 However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.（2005 知识运用）注释：句中it为形式主语，真主语为that引导的主语从句。insensitive to a certain smell at first为 1 做后置定语的形容词结构;when exposed to it often enough为时间状语从句的省略形式，完整形式是 when people are exposed to it often enougho翻译:然而,研究发现,即使是开始对某种特定气味不敏感的人,如果经常接触这种气味,也会突然 变得对它敏感起来。例 5：Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust,that most valuable of economic assets,is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restoreand that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.(2007 Text 4)注释:句子主干中的it是形式主语，两个并列的that引导的主语从句是真正主语。第一个主语从句 中主语和谓语之间的插入成分为trust的同位语;第二个主语从句含有比较状语than.,than后的宾语为 动名词letting的复合结构，动名词逻辑主语为a company,宾语为sensitive personal data,宾补为get.翻译:甚至最愚笨的管理人员也必定清楚地知道:信任，这个经济资产中最有价值的东西，很容易 遭到破坏而恢复起来则代价高昂；没有什么比企业任由机密个人信息落入别有用心的人手中更能破坏 信任的了。2.表语从句名词性从句位于系动词后，就是表语从句。除了名词性从句引导词可以引导表语从句外,as if,as though,because也可以引导表语从句。例 1：At least,that is how it looks as a whole.(2010 Part B)翻译:至少,这是总体上的情形。例 2：This is where developing new habits comes in.(2009 Text 1)注释:从句中的主语为动名词结构。翻译:这正是形成新习惯的意义所在。例 3：Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,but this is largely because,unlike animals,we stand upright.(2005 知识运用)注释:本句为but连接的并列句。分句2中的表语为because引导的表语从句，unlike animals做状 语表示比较,插入在从句的引导词和主干结构之间。翻译:相比动物而言，人类通常被认为是嗅觉不灵敏的。但是这主要是因为：人与动物不同，我们 人类是直立行走的。例 4：But its not as if earlier times didn know perpetual war,disaster and the massacre of innocents.(2006 Text 4)注释:表语从句的宾语为三个并列的名词结构。翻译:但是这并不是说以前的时代就没有经历过连年的战争、灾难和滥杀无辜。例 5：The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.(2005 知识运用)注释:从句中的句式结构为：that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors弓西司 主语 丽1形太语 宾补 不定式做真正宾语 to keep的宾语 working all the time but can create new receptors if necessaryto keep的宾补 并列注词谓语2 五诏 条件状语翻译:看来，对嗅觉不灵敏的解释是这样的:大脑发觉它保持所有的嗅觉感受器都始终工作的话效 率太低，但是在必要时它能产生新的嗅觉感受器。3.宾语从句名词性从句位于及物动词或介词后时为宾语从句。当从句做think,say,suppose,believe,pre-2 sume,wish等词的宾语，且引导词是that时，引导词常省略。例 1：This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smellswe simply do not need to be.（2005 知识运用）注释:破折号表示解释说明，相当于连词衔接两个并列的句子。本句破折号后的分句是对宾语从 句的具体解释，该分句宾语to be为不定式的省略结构，完整形式为to be sensitive to our own smellso翻译:这也可以解释为什么我们总是对自己的气味不敏感不过是不需要而已。例 2：That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.（2012 知识运用）注释:本句主干为“主语+谓语+宾语十宾补”结构，宾语由从句充当，结构较长，由it充当形式宾 语，真正宾语后置。翻译:这种行为使得法院的判决不太可能被视作公正无私。例 3：It hoped they would 16am how shop-floor lighting affected workers productivity2010 知识运用）注释：say后的宾语从句省略引导词that,宾语从句中谓语learn后为how引导的宾语从句。翻译:该委员会希望他们弄清楚车间照明是如何影响工人的生产效率的。例 4：And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only har-nessed but actually brought under conscious control,to help us sleep and feel better.（2005 Text 3）注释:从句中的谓语部分为not only.but.连接的并列结构,to help us.不定式结构做从句中 的目的状语。翻译:一名主要的权威人士说,梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地 加以控制，以使得我们的睡眠质量更高,感觉更好。例 5 Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.（2006 Part B）注释:句首pushed by.为过去分词结构做原因状语,by的介词宾语为or连接的并列的名词结 构，宾语2由what引导的从句充当;主句部分为“谓语+宾语+宾补”结构，其中宾语由what引导的从 句充当，宾补为as personality disorders,disorders又被形容词短语akin to.修饰。翻译:在科学或所谓“科学”的推动下，社会将从前我们认为的性格缺陷、道德过失重新划分为类似 于生理障碍的“人格疾病”。第二节 充当修饰说明性成分的从句一个句子的修饰说明成分包括：同位语、定语和状语。1.同位语从句同位语从句为名词性从句，多用来解释说明诸如belief,idea,assumption的抽象名词。同位语从句 与主句间有时被冒号或破折号隔开。例 1：Although the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter：that the number of the homeless is increasing.（2006 知识运用）注释：同位语从句解释说明another mattero翻译:尽管人们估计的数字可能各不相同，但是分析家们在一件事上的确达成了共识，即无家可归 者的数量正在增长。例 2：Contrary to the descriptions on recordno systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.（2010 知识运用）注释：同位语从句解释说明主干主语systematic evidence,与先行词间被谓语结构隔开。3翻译:与所记载的描述相反，没有系统的证据证明生产效率与照明的变化之间存在关联。例 3：And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside：in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.(2012 text 1)注释：冒号相当于引导词的作用，弓I出同位语从句，从句解释说明the problem with a social cure,被 problem的定语修饰语engineered.隔开。翻译:这就是“社会治疗”从一开始就存在的问题:在诸如学校这样的真实世界中，我们会坚持自己 选朋友。例 4：Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters?whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.(2007 Text 2)注释：同位语从句解释说明test-taking skill,从句中使用动名词knowing.做表语,动名词的宾语 为并列的“疑问词+不定式结构”。句子主语anyone被who引导的定语从句修饰，句子宾语为that引 导的宾语从句。翻译:任何参加过“学术评估测验”的人都可以证明，应试技能也很重要，比如知道何时应该猜测或 者什么题目可以略过不答。2.定语从句定语从句的作用相当于形容词。限制性定语从句与主句间没有逗号，做代词、名词或名词词组的 后置定语;非限制性定语从句与主句间被逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句既可修饰主句中的代词、名词或 名词词组,也可修饰整个主句的内容。定语从句的引导词分为关系代词和关系副词，有时关系代词位 于介词后，写作“介词+关系代词”。(1)限制性定语从句例 1：This,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage,refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.(2004 Text 2)注释:定语从句修饰句中第二个those,其中in.介词短语后置修饰lettero for those.介词结构 做状语,插入在句子主(this)谓(refers之间。常见引导词所对应的先行词在从句中的作用关系代词who表示人的名词充当主语whom充当宾语which that表示物的名词，that不能用于非 限制性定语从句充当主语或宾语(充当宾语时，引导词可以省略)whose表示人或物的名词充当定语关系副词when表示时间的名词充当时间状语where表示地点的名词或加上适当介词 能在从句中表达地点概念的名词充当地点状语why只有reason充当原因状语特殊引导词as整个句子充当主语或宾语than被比较级修饰的名词充当主语或宾语whereby=by which充当状语 4 翻译:对于那些还没有意识到这种不利条件的人，可以这么向他们解释:它指的是歧视那些姓氏字 母在字母表中排得靠后的人。例 2：The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media?and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.(2006 Text 4)注释:“介词+关系代词”弓I导定语从句，山which做从句中的状语，从句修饰a commercial cultureo翻译:反快乐艺术几乎是随着大众传媒的出现而同时兴起的。与此同时还兴起了一种商业文化，在这种文化中，快乐不仅是一种理想而且是一种意识形态。例 3：I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.(2011 Text 2)注释:a single search被两个定语从句修饰，从句1省略关系代词，从句2由关系副词where引导，where 指代 in the searcho翻译:我记得之前做过的每项搜索中,董事会都要求我首先从那些在任的CEO中寻找人选。例 4：Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months;before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.(2008 Text 2)注释:该句包含嵌套定语从句，that引导的从句1和who引导的从句3为限制性定语从句，where 引导的从句2为非限制性定语从句。从句1修饰主语other models,被谓语exist隔开;从句2修饰从句 1中的open-access；从句3位于从句2的时间状语before making it.中，修饰其中的everyoneo翻译:还有一些模式是这三种的混合，如延迟开放存取，即，一些刊物只允许付费订阅者前六个月 阅读论文，之后才免费提供给所有想阅读的人。例 5 In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in A&P,the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept LengePs store policies.(2008 Part B)注释:定语从句省略引导词why,修饰the reasons o句中另外还有多个修饰成分：句首介词结构 in.做地点状语,paragraph后是about.后置修饰;by referring to.做方式状语，refusal后是不定式 结构to accept.后置修饰。翻译:在最后一段关于讲述A&P环境的重要性时,这个学生提到萨米拒绝接受兰格尔的方针，引 出了他辞职的原因。(2)非限制性定语从句例 1 Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.(2004 Text 3)注释:定语从句修饰名词stock-market swingso翻译:很多消费者似乎已经受到股票市场波动的影响,但现在投资者却把这种波动看作持续繁荣 必不可少的一个因素。例 2 Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.(2012 Text 4)注释:定语从句修饰education,where代替in educationo翻译:改革一直遭到强烈反对，情况最严重的或许要数教育战线，其中，特许学校、私立中学以及教 师绩效工资(制度)都面临多场持久战。例 3：The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.(2004 翻 译41题)5 注释：本句宾语为that引导的宾语从句，其中which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰整个宾语从句的 主句部分,which在从句中做主语。定语从句中嵌套long before.时间状语从句，时间状语从句中的 宾语又为how diverse.宾语从句。翻译:希腊人认为语言的结构和思维过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万别 之前就已经在欧洲扎下了根。(3)特殊引导词引导的定语从句例 1：This group generally do well in IQ test,scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100,and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the careers of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,affirm.(2008 矢口识运用)一注瓦本句谓语为and连接的两个并列结构。谓语2币1引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中做 宾语,指代整个谓语 2 的句子(This group)have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West；including.插入部分是从句主语elites的同位语。谓语1中的现在分词结构sco-ring.做伴随状语。翻译:受试人群在智商测试中普遍表现良好,得分比平均值100分高12-15分，并且为西方知识和 文化界做出了巨大的贡献,他们中的精英其中包括数位世界闻名的科学家所从事的职业足以 证明这一点。例 2：More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents；consequently,children are likely to have less supervision at home than wes common in the traditional family structure.(2004 知 识运用)注释:本句是以分号连接的并列句；后一个分句中，主句和从句使用不同时态(are likely；was com-mon),形成现在与过去的对比。than引导定语从句做关系代词，兼有连词和代词的性质，相当于than what。本句话相当于.children are likely to have less supervision at home than(what)was common in the traditional family o翻译:单亲家庭和双职工家庭越来越多。因此,儿童在家里所受到的监管就可能比过去传统家庭 结构中的监督要少。例 3：Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.(2003 Text 1)注释：whereby 意思相当于by which”,which 指代 the usual Washington back-and-forthingo 定语 从句中on the chance(that)引导原因状语从句，指“因为可能发生”。翻译:斯特雷福特公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局常提供的躲闪言辞，政府机构以此来避免发 布惹人注目的言论，以防出错。3.状语从句状语从句为副词性从句，除比较状语从句修饰具有比较含义的形容词或副词外，状语从句用来修饰谓语动词。逻辑关系常见引导词时间when(ever)9 as,since,till/until,beforeafter,once,as soon as地点where(ever),everywhere条件if,whether,unless,as/so long as,in case(假如)，only if,if only(谓语用虚拟语气)原因because,since,as,now(that)6 逻辑关系常见引导词让步although/though,even if/though/as,while（轻微转折），whatever/whoever/wherever,however+a./ad.方式as,as if/though,the way目的so that（为了，以便），in order that,lest,in case（以防）结果so that(以致于)，that比较than,as例 1：But somewhere from the 19th century onward,more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless,phony or,worst of all,boring,as we went from Wordsworth;s daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil.(2006 Text 4)注释:as引导时间状语从句。翻译:但是从19世纪的某个时候开始，当我们从华兹华斯的水仙花转向波德莱尔的恶之花时，越来越多的艺术家开始把快乐看作是毫无意义的、虚伪的甚至是令人厌倦的东西。例 2：Canada,s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce health-care costs.(2005 Part B)注释:if引导条件状语从句插入主句主语和谓语之间;从句中状语成分较长，包括“after+动名词”做时间状语和at.meeting做地点状语。句末的不定式to reduce.做主句的目的状语。翻译:在七月底的年度会议上，加拿大各省的总理们对渥太华(加拿大首都)抱怨一番之后，如果还 有力气的话,可能会抽出时间做点事情，那就是降低医疗费用。例 3：But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain,a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.(2011 知识运用)注释:句首为because引导的原因状语从句，该从句由不定式做主语的句子演变而来，演变自：To sustain hard laughter is difficult；句中不定式宾语为主语,不定式后置。the way引导方式状语从句，从 句中主语为动名词。翻译:但因为大笑难以(被)持续下去,它不太可能像散步或慢跑那样产生显著的成效。例 4：This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors,even though,for example,just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generations back,14 other great-great-grandparents。(2009 Text 2)注释：even though引导让步状语从句。从句由or连接的两个并列分句构成，分句2为省略句，其 完整形式为：four generations back,people have 14 other great-great-grandparentso翻译:这种DNA只能揭示一两位祖先的基因信息,而仅上溯三代，每个人还有(检测之外的)六位 曾祖，上溯四代，还有十四位高祖(的信息被遗漏)。例 5：They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.(2003 Text 2)注释：lest引导目的状语从句,该从句包含由and连接的两个并列谓语go.和acquire.使用的 是(should)do虚拟语气。翻译:他们应该尽快答复编辑的来信，以免动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行,从而获 得一副真理的面容。例 6：The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement)sleep-when most vivid dreams oc 7 cur-as it is when fully awake,says Dr.Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.(2005 Text 3)注释:as引导比较状语从句，修饰active;从句中嵌套了由when引导的时间状语从句，该从句为省 略结构，守整形式为：When the brain is fully awakeo破折号中是when引导的定语从句修饰REM sleep o翻译:匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，大脑在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中和完全清醒时一样活跃。仿照例子，判断画线从句的类型。例 It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad butthey become sad when the tears begin to flow.(2011 矢口识运用)答案:主语从句 原因状语从句 时间状语从句注释:句子使用it做形式主语，真主语为that引导的主语从句；主语从句是由not.but.连接的 两个并列分句，两个分句中又分别嵌套原因状语从句及时间状语从句。注意句中“not+动词cry+be-cause引导的从句”出现否定转移,实际否定的是because从句，意为“做不是因为翻译世纪末有论证表明，人们并不是因为悲伤而哭泣，而是当眼泪开始流下来的时候才变得 悲伤。】热身练习，1.Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.(2005 Text 1)答案:_2.Even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.(2008 Text 3)答案:_3.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.(2010 Text 4)答案:_4.They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.(2012 知识运用)答案:_5.One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century,much of the worlds media culture has been defined by a single mediumtelevision-and television is defined by downloading.(2012 part B)答案:_ 8(2)综合演练1.Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotionalchallenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving_ 一 success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.(2003 知识运用)答案:2.A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participantsdown.(2003知识运用)答案:3.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problemsthat come naturally with age.(2003 Text 4)答案:4.Theories centering on the individual suggest that childr