GRE难句学习130句.pdf

杨鹏难句130句1.that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.（难度系数 5,下同）译文:那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数 量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的 数量。难句类型：倒装、省略a 本句的正常语序应当是:that sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individual!will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语 that sex ratio 之后 的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重 脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。b在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一 个宾语 the number of descendants that an individual!will have 中,an individual!will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of之前，省略了与前面一样的成 分 that sex ratio which maximizes.and hence 在此表示后面的成分作 为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。意群训练:that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.2.(this is)a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.(5+)复杂+倒装+省略；(这是一种)照亮现实的欲望此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的 那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学 家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义 上的欲望。解释：本句子的难度在一切gre gmat包括Isat考试中所出现的难句 中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算 机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉 不读。a.这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了 this is 0这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面 语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未 遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的 省略形式。b、desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light,其中的a light是被倒装到了 over reality之后,正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远,读者看得还 算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的 长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire 的。C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away,倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。a give way to b,是a让位于 b,而 a be given way to b,贝！J是 a 取代 bo on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire,what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成 一个名词。what 从句中的不定式 to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是 to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely od、就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的 意思是，哈代（注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那 样的欲望（新冲动），前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。意群训练：（this is）a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.3.hardy s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.(3)难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那 结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养 和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and 之后的第二个from前，省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之 所以难，有两个原因，一是derived from后面的成分太长，初学者 难以一下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理 解。意群训练：hardys weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and riskyones.4.Virginia woolf s provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs.dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.(5)难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫(Virginia woolf)在创作黛洛维夫人(mrs.dalloway)时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯 为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方 面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家(poetic novelist)所形 成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想 入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较 好懂，since引导的原因状语从句较难。a、since 之后的 it 指前面的 statement,highlight 的宾语 an aspect之后有两个修饰成分，一个是of her literary interests,另一个是以 that 引导的定语从句 that is very different from the traditionalpicture of the poetic novelist,都是修饰 an aspect 的。novelist 后面又 有由and连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing修饰novelist.b、句中有两处省略，一是在 her literary interests that is very different from当中，修饰interests的定语从句中引导词+be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后，由于concerned with与前面的 concerned with 重复，所以 concerned 被省略。C、本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学 市评论题材的文章的一个特点。Virginia woolf s provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs.dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.5.as she put it in the common reader,“it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because ofanything chaucer said or wrote;and yet,as we read him,we areabsorbing morality at every pore(5-)抽象词、抽象词组、比喻就像她在致普通读者一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问 的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是 因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我 们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟 的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之 深，以及其影响力之大。as she put it in the common reader，“让 is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote;and yet,as we read him,we are absorbing morality at every pore6.with the conclusion of a burst activity,the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack untilthe acid is reconverted,via oxidative metabolism,by the liver into glucose,which is then sent(in part)back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.(4+)难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高,使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代 谢，被肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会(部 分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各 种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变 难；leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又 包含 了三个状语，其中的两个 via oxidative metabolism by the liver 又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids,oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还 是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid,metabolism和muscle这三个词在 生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而glycogen这种东西则 没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，gre和gmat文章中 只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所 乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。意群训练：with the conclusion of a burst activity,the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted,via oxidative metabolism,by the liver into glucose,which is then sent(in part)back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.7.although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy.(3+)难句类型：插入语译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁,但他还是证明,奴隶的偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)o解释：本句中插入语 的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent,后半个分句中 的主语 that slaves1 preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅读的困难。意群训练although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy.8.gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another,a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their african and american experiences.(4)难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间 传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因 而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗 产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。：由that引导的宾语从句中，encouraged的宾语the transmission of the black heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so分开，给读者 造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面 的black heritage的同位语。意群训练：gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouraged the transmission ofand so was crucial in sustaining-the black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another,a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their african and american experiences.9.this preference for exogamy,gutman suggests,may have derived from west african rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.(3+)难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非 洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不 尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union with dose kin)的禁止。解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语gutman suggests割裂了主 句的主语和谓语。west african rules后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是 分词修饰(governing marriage),第二个是以which引导的非限定性 定语从句，从句中出现了第二个插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another,又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。意群训练：this preference for exogamy,gutman suggests,may have derived from west african rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.10.his thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against blacks in the united states,but his definition of racialprejudice as Hracially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the jews in medieval europe.(4+)难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而 言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义即以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见,而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地 区则被普遍认作一种族”可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼 亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较 为难懂，在表示转折的后半个分钟中，长长的插入语as radallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition 作为主语 his deflnition of racial prejudice的同位语，使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现 场如无法读懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but之前的分句说的 是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转折后的内容就应该说 其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。意群训练：his thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against blacks in the united states,but his definition of racial prejudice as nracially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the jews in medieval europe.11.such variations in size,shape,chemistry,conduction speed,excitation threshold,and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.(5)难免类型：复杂修饰译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过 程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被 用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这 样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二 个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的 something到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as为中心的长主语距离 系动词remain太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到 读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是 such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.意群训练：such variations in size,shape,chemistry,conduction speed,excitation threshold,and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.12.it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types;however,proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences,which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.(5)有可能通过其他 方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺 乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差 异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词 或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。本句的在however之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一 个是小倒装，正常语序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods:however 后面是个 大倒装，lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的,但是因为它太长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到lacking之后，正 常的语序应该是 proof that the quality of.was lacking意群训练：it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types;however,proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences,which seemed instead to influence thedevelopmental patterning of the neural circuits.13.although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved,the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely,that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as H common currencyH throughout the nervous system.(4)尽管在神经能量上存在着质的 不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通 常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这 种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉 上很别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉 这样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的,表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是 在gre和gmat这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种 双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇，比如上 面例子中的limited和unlimited),则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比 如本例中的not disprove,不能理解为agree,不反对者中，的确有 人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如此，大双重否定 中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved,没有完全被反对不能理解为从来都被严格支持 的，而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的 句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法,就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的 表达理解成没有完全否定,然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一 个仍未消失的状态；这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者 在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这 个分句中的 something be abandoned in favor of something else 这种 语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能 说得通，但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor of强调的是 这两种动作的同时性；抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely之后的内 容是前面的opposing view的同位语。意群训练：although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved,the doctrine was generallyabandoned infavor of the oppsing view,namely,that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as Hcommon currencyn throught the nervous system14.other experiments revealed slight variations in the size,number,arrangement,and interconnection of the nerve cells,but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned,the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.(4-)尽管其他实验显示在神经 细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比 起微小的差异更为令人注目。难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned o 在后面的分句中，主语 the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相 隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者 更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable thandifferences o意群训练：other experiments revealed slight variations in the size,number,arrangement,and interconnection of the nerve cells,but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned,the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.15.although some experiments show that,as an object becomes familiar9 its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel,the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar;(4+)虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦 更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的祛码似乎在支持 序列假设(serial hypothesis),至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉 的物体来说。难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：在although引导的分句中，谓语shows后面跟着一个