1、天馨教育辅导班资料 八年级上册8AUnit1-8语法总结 1. 形容词/副词的比较等级(1)—用法讲解 大多数的形容词都有三个级别:原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更……”,用于两者之间的比较,用来说明“前者比后者更……”,比较级前面一般用much, even, a little修饰,其中even, much 只能修饰比较级。最高级表示“最……”,用于三者及三者以上之间的比较,用来说明“某人或某物在某个范围内最……” ① 形容词的比较级(-er)和最高级(-est)的构成 a. 规则变化之口诀:直接加;去e加;双写加;变y加; more/ mos
2、t b. 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good / well better best bad / ill worse worst many / much more most little less least far farther, further farther, further old older, elder oldest, eldest ②比较级前的修饰语 still, even, any, quite(a bit), almost, nearly, just, rather;a little, a bit;much, a
3、lot, far, many;twice, ten times, one fourth, two pounds, three years 形容词的比较等级(2)—常见句型 ① A=B A+ V + as + adj./adv. + as + B (与。。。一样) He is as tall as I/me. 他和我一样高。 He is as good a teacher as his father.他和他的父亲一样是个好教师。 ② A≠ B A + V + not + as/so + adj./adv. + as + B (与。。。不一样) They didn’t
4、 do as/so much work as you did. 他们干得事没有你多。 I’ve never seen as/so old a car as this.我从来没有见过像这样旧的车。 ③ A > B 或A < B A + V + 比较级 + than + B (比。。。更。。。) Tom is two years older than his brother. 汤姆比他的弟弟大两岁。 Our classroom is bigger than theirs. 我们的教室比他们的大。 ④ 表示倍数A + V + twice/four times/… + as +
5、 adj./adv. + as + B(A是B的两倍/四倍/…) This room is twice as large as that one. 整个房间是那房间的两倍大。 The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.地球是月球的49倍大。 ⑤ 表示程度的递增主语 + V + 比较级+ and+比较级 (…越来越…) 主语 + V + more and more+ +adj./adv. (…越来越…) The days are getting shorter and shorter.白天变得越来越长了。 Our c
6、ountry is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的国家变得越来越美了。 ⑥ 表示两种情况同时变化 The+ 比较级+ 主语+ V + …,the+ 比较级+ 主语+ V + …(…越…越…) The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.=If we get together more, we’ll be happier. 我们聚得越多,我们就会越高兴。 The harder you study, the better you’ll be at English.= If you stu
7、dy harder, you’ll be better at English. 你学习越努力,你的英语成绩越好。 ⑦ 主语+ be +one of the+ 最高级 + n.(pl.) + in/of… (…是最…之一) Beijing is one of the oldest cities in China.北京是中国最古老的城市之一。 ⑧ 主语+ V。+ the+ 最高级 + in/of… (…最…) Ann studies hardest of all the girls in our class.安妮是我们班学习最用功的学生之一。 ⑨
8、 主语+ V。+ the+ 比较级 + of the two… (…<两者中>较…的) Lily is the taller of the twins.莉莉是这两个双胞胎中较高的那个。 ⑩ 主语+ V。+ 比较级 + than + any other +n. (单数) + in… (…比任何其他的更…) 主语+ V。+ 比较级 + than + any of the other +n. (复数) + in…(…比任何其他的更…) He is taller than any other student in his class.他比他班级中其他的任何学生高。 =
9、He is taller than any of the other students in his class. = He is the tallest students in his class. 11 A+ V + more/ fewer + 可数名词复数+ than B …(A比B 做更多、更少。。。) A+ V + more/ less + 不可数名词复数+ than B …(A比B 做更多、更少。。。) John studies more subjects than Nancy. John比Nancy学更多科目。 Students in the USA
10、 have more weeks off in the summertime than British students. 在夏天美国学生比英国学生有更多周不上课。 12. A+ V + the same (size/ colour/ age...)as + B (A与B一样) My uniform is the same as Simon’s uniform. 我的校服和Simon的校服一样. Millie’s pencil box is the same size as Amy’s pencil box. 我的铅笔盒和Amy的铅笔盒一样大。
11、 A+ V + different from + B (A与B不一样) Kitty’s rubber is different from Simon’s rubber. Kitty的橡皮和Simon的橡皮不一样。 2. 反身代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself/herself/itself themselves (1)作动词或介词的宾语:经常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduc
12、e, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。通常表示反身代词与句中的主语是同一人。它在句中作宾语,不能省略,否则该句是一个意义不完整的错句。如: He is teaching herself English.她在自学英语。 She was talking to herself.她自言自语。 He lives by himself in the country.他独自住在乡下。 (2)作主语或宾语的同位语:主要起加强语气的作用,译作“亲自,本身,本人”。如: Did you make the cake
13、 yourself?这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗?(yourself作主语you的同位语) The work itself is easy.这工作本身很容易。(itself作主语the work的同位语) Did you see Mr. Wang himself?你见过王先生本人吗?(himself作宾语Mr. Wang的同位语) (3)作表语:在be, feel, look, seem等系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态处于正常。如: I’m not myself today.今天我感觉不舒服。 I am feeling myself again.我觉得健康如昔。 3 祈使句讲解
14、一、祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句. 祈使句的作用是要求、请求或命令、劝告、建议别人做或不做一件事。祈使句的句末一般用感叹号,但是有些祈使句的语气较弱,可以用句号结尾 祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,例:Go and wash your hands. 例如:保持肃静! Be kind to our sister. Watch your steps. 表示禁止的句式有:不准、不要、别、No parking. 二、表现形式 ●肯定结构: 1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Plea
15、se have a seat here. 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 。 2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! 3. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。 ●否定结构: 1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don\'t构成,如:Don\'t forget me! Don\'t be late for school! 2. Let
16、型的否定式有两种:“Don\'t + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如:Don\'t let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。 3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! No fishing! 禁止钓鱼! 用"let"的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点: 1、"let" 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let.....";如果宾语是第一人称,则用"Let......not" : Don't let this type of
17、things happen again. It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain. 2、"Let"只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态 (the passive voice),如: Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted. 3、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词 (The infinitive without "to")之外,还可
18、以是某些适当的副词,如out, in, down, alone等: Let the puppy out. Open the windows and let the fresh air in. The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. Let me alone, please. 用"Let\'s"时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用"Let us"时,并不包括对方,如: Let's try it, shall we? Let us do it by ourselves, will you? 三.祈使
19、句与并列连词and与or 连用时可以表示条件。 Work harder, and you will catch up with your classmates. 4 情态动词 should ,ought to, had better 的用法 一. Should 和ought to 1表达职责或义务,提出劝告及一般人们认为应该去做的事,常用来谈论现在和将来。 Ought you to eat so much ? 2.should用于否定句,多表示做了不应该做的事。Ought to 的否定形式是ought not to ,口语中常用oughtn’t to You oug
20、htn’t to eat so much . 3.在大多数情况下should 和 ought to 的意思大致相同。Should比ought to 语气要轻一些。另外,当我们用should时,谈的是自己的主观看法;ought to 则更多反应客观情况。如: You should/ought to go and see Mr Wang sometime. 二. had better 1.had better do… “最好” had常缩写为 ’d 否定式had better not do 一般疑问句把 had 放在主语的前面。 1) You’d better hurry u
21、p if you want to get home before dark. 2)We’d better not disturb him. 3) Had we better go now? 我们最好现在走吗? 2.had better 适用于任何人称和数 You’d better go with me. 3.变为一般疑问句时,如果是肯定句,就把had提前,放在句首;如果是否定句,就把hadn’t 提前即可。 Had you better go there at once? 4.含有had better的反义疑问句的简短问句部分中要用had或hadn’t.如: You h
22、ad better give him the magazine, hadn’t you ? may 的用法 一、表示许可或征求对方的许可,有“可以”的意思。例如: You may go now. 你可以走了。 May I use your computer? 我用一下你的电脑可以吗? 二、回答以 may 开头的疑问句有如下表达法: -May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗? -Yes, you may. / Yes, please. 请抽吧。 -No, you can't. / No, you must
23、n't. / No, you'd better not. 请不要抽烟。 三、表示猜测,通常只用于陈述句。例如: You may be right. 你可能是对的。 四、在口语中can 可以代替may 表示许可,但can 较随便,may 更正式。例: Can I use your bike, John? 约翰,我可以用一下你的自行车吗? May I have a look at your license please, sir? 先生,我可以看一下你的执照吗? can 的用法 一、表能力,有“能,会,能够”的意思。例如: -Can you driv
24、e a car? 你会开车吗? -Yes, I can. 我会。/ No, I can't. 我不会。 二、表允许,在口语中代替may,有“可以”的意思。 (见下面 may 的用法第四点) 三、表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑问句。例如: Can it be true? 那会是真的吗? Today is Sunday. He can't be at school. 今天是星期天,他不可能在学校里。 5 动词不定式 (1) 概念 动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成。动词不定式是一种非限定性动词,在句中不能单独充当谓语。(非限定性
25、动词可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词,他们在句中不能单独充当谓语。)动词不定式相当于名词、形容词或副词,在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。 (2) 句型 ① 主语 + vt. (及物动词) + to-v (动词不定式) want, decide, wish, hope, choose, refuse, would like, expect, … He decided to go there himself. 他决定亲自去那儿。 ② 主语+ vt. (及物动词) + to-v (动词不定式) stop, go on, rememb
26、er, forget, start, begin, … Please remember to bring the book to school next time.请记住下次把书带到学校来。 ③ 主语 + vt.(及物动词) +it + adj.(形容词) + to-v (动词不定式) find, think, make, feel, … The Internet makes it easy to get much new information in a short time. ④ 主语+ vt.(及物动词) +sb./sth.+ (not) + to-v (动词不定式)
27、 get, allow, encourage, beg, wait for, warn, ask, want, would like, tell, wish, expect, invite, … It’s raining hard now. Let’s wait for the rain to stop. 雨下得很大,让我们等雨停下来。 ⑤ 主语+ vt.(及物动词) +sb./sth.+ (not) + v (动词原形) feel, listen to, hear, let, make, have, see, watch, look at, notice, … The
28、workers was made to work twelve hours a day. 工人们被迫每天工作十二小时。 ⑥ 主语+ vt.(及物动词) +sb./sth.+ 疑问词 + to-v (动词不定式) teach, show, know, … I don’t know whether to go there. 我不知道是否去那儿。 6 英语的简单句有五种基本句型: 主+谓(S+V); 主+谓+宾(S+V+O); 主+系+表(S+V+P); 主+谓+间宾+直宾(S+V+IO+DO); 主+谓+直宾+宾补(S+V+DO+OC)。 掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子
29、结构的基础。 7 过去进行时 1) 掌握过去进行时was / were + doing 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,其肯定、否定和疑问形式如下: was/were(+not) ing form I was(+not) dancing. You/We/They were(+not) He/She/It was(+not) Was I dancing? Were you/we/they Was he/she/it Yes, I was. you/we/they were. he
30、/she/it was. No, I was not/wasn’t. you/we/they were not/weren’t. he/she/it was not/wasn’t. while, when, as 掌握while 和 when在过去进行时中的用法:表示两个持续性的动作在过去同时发生用while,when后接一个短暂性的动作。持续性的动作用过去进行时,短暂性的动作用一般过去时。e.g.: I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV.. The bell rang
31、while he was reading books. When the bell rang, he was reading books. (以上这两句主从句前后可以互换) 1、“主短从长”型:即主句是一个短暂性动作,而从句是一个持续性动作,此时三者都可用。如: Jim hurt his arm while[when, as] he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。 As[When, While] she was waiting for the train, she became very impatient. 她在等火车时,变得很
32、不耐烦。 2、“主长从长”型:即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态,且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间,此时通常要用while。 I always listen to the radio while I’m driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。 He didn’t ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去,他只顾看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。 但是,若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”之意时,则习惯上要用a
33、s。如: He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。 3、“主长从短”型:即主句是一个持续性动作,而从句是一个短暂性动作,此时可以用as或when,但不能用while。如: It was raining hard when [as] we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。 When [As] he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他进来时,我在听收音机 循序而渐进,熟读而精思。 6






