大学英语语法之非谓语动词-Non-predicate-Verbs.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,English Grammar,non-predicate verbs,1,terms,2,features,3,differences,4,application,5,practice,terms,不定式:,infinitive,动名词:,gerund,分词:,participle,现在分词,present participle,过去分词,past participle,non-predicate verbs,非V.特征,&,V.特征,不定式,n.adj.adv.,作V.外任何成分；,动名词,n.作S./O./At./P.,分词,adj.adv.作P./At./Ad./C.,非V.特征,有语态和部分时态的变化；,有自己的O.和Ad.,同O.和Ad.一起构成短语,有逻辑S.,V.特征,difference,动名词,名词；习惯性动作,不定式,将来；一次性动作,现在分词,:动作进行；表主动,过去分词,:动作完成；表被动,application,infinitive,gerund,participle,一般式：,不定式v.与谓v.同时发生,或在谓v.之后发生。,Im glad to see you.,(同时发生),They invited us to come to a party.,（不定式动作后发生）,完成式：,不定式v.在谓v.之前发生,Im glad to have seen your mother.,=Im glad I have seen your mother.,The enemy was reported to have surrendered.,=It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.,进行式,：,谓v.发生时，不定式v.正在进行。,They are said to be building another bridge over the river.,=It is said that they are building another bridge over the river.,完成进行式,：,谓v.发生前,不定式v.一直在进行,They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.,=It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.,研读和比较下列句子:,They expected their son,to do,well in the examination.,They expected their son,to be doing,well during the examination.,They expected their son,to have done,well in the examination.,usage,1,S.,2,P.,3,O.,4,At.,5,Ad.,6,C.,不定式作S.,“It+is/was+adj./n.+不定式,To master a foreign language,is not easy.,Its not easy,to master a foreign language.,不定式作P.,Her wish is,to be a teacher,.,She seems,to be happy,.,不定式作O.,He loved,to listen to music,.,I find,it,difficult,to speak English fluently.,下列v.要求不定式作O.,afford,agree,aim,appear,care,arrange,choose,decide,desire,demand,determine,help,hope,intend,pretend,learn,manage,mean,offer,seem,strive,tend,wish,plan,promise,refuse,不定式作At.,不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加prep.,There is a lot of work,to do,.,He is the best man,to consult,with,.,不定式作Ad.,A,adverbial of purpose,B,adverbial of cause,C,adverbial of result,不定式作目状,I got up early,to,catch the first bus.,I started early,so as to,get there before dark.,I started early,in order not to,be late.,不定式作原状,We are proud,to be members of this team,.,We jumped with joy,to hear of the good news.,不定式作结果状语,He is,too,young,to,go to school,.,I hurried to the railway station,only to,find,that the train had left.,He behaved,so,foolishly,as to,be laughed by his friends,.,His story is,such(,so,sad,),as to,arouse our sympathy,.,不定式作C.,A,object complement,B,subject complement,不定式作宾补,China expects everyone,to do his duty,.,I could make them,understand me,.,要求不定式作宾补的v.,ask,tell,want,expect,persuade,allow,forbid,force,oblige,urge,advise,invite(sb.to do sth.),要求省to不定式作宾补的v.,make/have/let(sb.do sth.),help sb.to do sth.,S.不直接参与动作,help sb.do sth.,S.直接参与动作,This kind of soap will help us,to wash,the clothes more easily.,They always help me,do,my homework.,不定式作主补,We were made,to pay the money,.,A man was seen,to enter the house,.,注,：主被动语态转换,S.ask sb.,to do sth,.,sb.be asked,to do sth,.,S.make sb.,do sth.,sb.be made,to,do sth,.,S.saw a man,enter,the house.,A man was seen,to enter,the house.,S.saw a man,entering,the house.,A man was seen,entering,the house.,Testing Structure,1,否定式,2,(介词)+特问词+不定式,3,复合结构,4,独立结构,5,分离不定式,否定式,You must promise,never to do,that again.,Youd better,not be,late next time.,(介词)+特问词+不定式,Where to stay,has not been decided yet.,(S.),She doesnt know,what to do,.,(O.),He had no idea of,how to do,.,(O.),I ask him,where to get,this book.,The question is,which to choose,.,He couldnt find sufficient grounds,on which to base,his argument.,I want a room with big windows,through which to see,the sea.,O.C./P./At./Ad.,复合结构：,for sbto do sth.,It is+adj./n.+for/of sb.to do sth.,adj.,为“性格特征或行为表现”用,of,The book is too difficult,for the students to read,.,There is no need,for her to come,.,Its difficult,for us to learn,English well.,Its kind,of you to help me,with my English.,独立结构：,作插入语，表示说话人的看法or态度.,To be frank(with you),I dont care much for your project.,They are,so to speak,grown up boys.,(可以这么说),He is not a bad man,to be sure,.,(固然),分离不定式(,split infinitive,)：,在to与v.原之间插入adv.,分裂不定式主要见于文学作品;,一般只在不这样处理会引起含义模糊时才使用。,能用于分裂不定式的副词不多，主要有以下,几类,：,a,adverbial of time,I was unable,to long keep,silence.,b,adverbial of degree,He likes,to half close,his eyes,thinking over the question.,c,adverbial of manner,She prepared,to silently accompany,him.,omission of“to”,1,set phrase,2,set structure,3 sentence with special,conj.or prep.,4 as,P.,set phrase,(1),had better/had best,(not)do,(2)would rather/,had rather would sooner/had sooner do sth.than,do,sth.,would(just)as soon,do,.as do,(3),may/might(just)as well,do,(还是好;还不如;不妨),(4),can not but,do,(不能不；不得不),(5),cannot choose but,(只得),(6),cannot help but,(不得不),cannot help+doing,(7),can but(=can only)do,(只得，充其量不过),eg,I would just as soon,stay,as,go,with him.,We may as well,begin,at onceYou may as well,tell,the truth.,We might just as well,stay,at home.,I can not but,admire,his courage.,I cannot but,laugh,.,I cannot choose but,stay,.,I cannot help but,grieve,.,set structure,感官或使役v.+O.+v.原(宾补),see/hear/watch/notice/observe listen to/look at/feel/perceive make/have/bid/leave/let,sb/sth.,do,He made her,do,so.,Bid him,go,home.,(叫他回家),We will have the boy,mail,this letter.,Leave him,go,.,(放他走),Look at that horse,jump,.,I heard them,talk about,that film.,Let there,be,no mistake about it.,(这事可别出错),有do省to,conj.-than,as,prep.except,but,besides,save,He did not do so much as,say,he was sorry.,I did no more than,make,a beginning.,I have no choice but,to accept,the fact.,My dog does everything except,speak,.,What do you like to do besides,swim,?,I have done nothing save,send,for you.,不定式作P.-,S.有do可(不)省to,All I did was,(to)hit,him on the head.,The only thing we can do is,(to)encourage,him to try again.,The only thing to do is,(to)encourage,him to try again.,What Ill do is,(to)tell,her the truth.,1 The mother didnt know who_ for the broken glass.,A blamed B to blame,C be blamed D would blame,B,2 If the building project _ by the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be fined.,A being completed B is completed,C to be completed D completed,C,3 You will want two trees about ten feet apart,from_ to suspend your tent.,A there B them,C which D where,C,4 Id rather read than watch TV,the programs seeming _ all the time.,A to get worse,B getting worse,C to have got worse,D to be getting worse,D,5 Mrs.Brown is supposed _ for Italy last week.,A to have left,B to be leaving,C to leave,D to have been left,A,6 Mr.Johnson preferred _ heavier work to do.,A to be given,B to be giving,C to have given,D having given,A,7 That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _ the police.,A called in B calling in,C call in D to call in,D,8 In the course of a day students do far more than just _ classes.,A attend B attended,C to attend D attending,A,答案：,BCCDAADA,gerund,form,usage,testing structure,practice,doing,一般式,no doing/not doing,否定式,having done,主动完成式,being done,被动一般式,having been done,被动完成式,ones doing,复合结构,usage,1 S.2 P.3 O.,4 O.C.5 At.,as S.,There is,no denying this,.,Its,no use,/,no good,/,useless,crying over the spilt milk.,as P.,His hobby is,collecting ancient gold coins,.,as O.,I have finished,reading the book,.,She is very fond of,dancing.,Do you find,staying here,interesting?,S.+vt.+it+adj.+doing,as O.C.,He called this,robbing Peter to pay Paul,.,as At.,动名词-说明人或物的性能or用途,现分作-表明动作进行&主谓关系,sleeping pills,a sleeping child,testing structure:,否定式 no doing/not doing,复合结构:ones doing,名词所有格或物主代词,名词通格或代词宾格(非正式),Its no use buying books but,not reading,them.,His going there,wont help much.,John coming here,will help much.,I remember,his locking the door,.,I heard of,Miss Mary coming back.,接动名词作O.的v.,anticipate,involve,remember,forget,forgive,forbid,imagine,keep,mind,regret,avoid,consider,discuss,deny,encourage,finish,like,love,resist,delay,admit，risk,resume,suggest,advise,allow,permit,dislike,favor,fancy,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,leave off,overlook,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,prevent,quit,prohibit,recommend,put off,require,resent,recall,tolerate,appreciate,stop,approach to doing,be busy doing,object to doing,feel like doing,cant help doing,prefer doing,A,to doing,B,1 They are considering _ before the prices go up.,A of buying the house,B with buying the house,C buying the house,D to buy the house,C,2 Building that railway was very difficult and involved _ ten tunnels.,A dig B digging,C to have dug,D having dug,B,3 She was so angry that she felt like _ something at him.,A to throw B throwing,C to have thrown,D having thrown,B,4 Its no use _ me not to worry.,A you tell B your telling,C for you to have told,D having told,B,5 The money will be used to keep a space vehicle on the moon busy _ back to the earth photographs and other information about the surface of the moon.,A to send B sending,C to be sent D being sent,B,6 No one had told Smith about _ a lecture the following day.,A there being B there be,C there would be,D there was,A,7 The traditional approach _ with complex problems is to break them down into smaller,more easily managed problems.,A to dealing B in dealing,C dealing D to deal,A,8 I remember _ to help us if we ever got into trouble.,A once offering,B him once offering,C him to offer,D to offer him,B,9 Jack never dreams of _ for him to attend this international conference.,A being a chance,B there being a chance,C there to be a chance,D there be a chance,B,答案：,CBBBB AABB,participle,form,usage,testing structure,practice,现分,doing,一般式,not doing,否定式,having done,主动完成式,being done,被动一般式,having been done,被动完成式,p.p.,v-ed (被动)一般式,not v-ed 否定式,usage,1,P.,2,At.,3,Ad.,4,C.,as P.,My pencil was,broken,.,(过分主语状态),Her speech was quite,stirring,.,(现分主语性质),as At.,A,lost,opportunity never returns.,The woman,sitting at the desk,is his secretary.,The material,used,is cement.,注:分词作At.,定从,as,Ad.,I stood,watching her,not knowing what to do,.,He was reliable,judged by ordinary standards,.,分词作Ad.-其逻S.须与句S.一致,Seeing,the professor,the students smiled and said good morning to him.,Seen,from the hill,the city looks beautiful.,Ad.of time,Seeing the professor,the students smiled and said good morning to him.,Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful.,Ad.of cause,Being ill,he stayed at home.,Convinced of the accuracy of the data,I stuck to my opinion.,Ad.of condition,Working hard,youll succeed.,United,we stand;,divided,we fall.,Ad.of concession,Working very hard,he did not feel a little tired.,Though,beaten by the opposite team,the players did not lose confidence.,(连词though加强语气),Ad.of result,A letter has just come,relieving her from anxiety,.,New machines were installed,thus/thereby,resulting in an,increase in production,.,(thus/thereby加强语气),Ad.of manner,Traveling by car,the students visited many places.,Armed with Marxism-Leninism,the Party solved the problems one after another.,Ad.of accompaniment,The teacher,followed by some students,went into the classroom.,They stayed at home all day,giving the house a thorough cleaning,.,as C.,I am sorry Ive kept you,waiting,.,I have my hair,cut,once a month.,She was seen,going up stairs,.,The work was left,half done,.,(谓v.多为使役 和感官 v.),testing structure,1,participle as Ad.,2,absolute structure,现分与过分作Ad.区别:,Please fill in this form,giving your name,address,etc,.,He stood there,surrounded,by his three daughters.,一般来说 现在分词表示主动的意思;,过去分词表示被动的意思,.,分词作Ad.的时态,1 一般式:分v.与谓v.(几乎)同时发生,Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave a note.,=As she saw nobody at home,she decided to leave a note.,2 完成式：,分v.在谓v.之前,Having cleaned the rooms,we began to weed the garden.,=After we had cleaned the rooms,we began to weed the garden.,分词作Ad.的强调结构:,分词前加conj.(加强语气),Be careful,when,crossing the street,.,Though,beaten by the opposite team,the players did not lose confidence.,分词作Ad.的特殊形式-独主结构,分词作Ad.,其逻S.须与句S.一致;否则，分词前必需有自己的S.即独主结构。,1,独主结构：,n.,/,pron.+,participle,n.,/,pron.+,adj.,n.,/,pron+,adv.,n.,/,pron.+,infinitive,n.,/,pron.+,prep.phrase,The moon appearing,they decided to go on with their journey.,Good-bye said,he went home.,_ good-bye,he went home.,A Said B Saying,C Having said D Say,C,He turned to me,his eyes sleepy.,The weather(being)hot,we all went swimming.,His mother being ill,he had to stay home to look after her.,Other things being equal,I would buy the black dress.,School over,we all went home.,He sat at his desk,his shoes off.,The meeting(being)over,we left the room.,The four of us agreed on a division of labor,each to translate a quarter of the book,.,His mother to come tonight,，he is busy preparing the dinner.,Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.,The music teacher stood at the door,violin in hand,.,The new teacher came in,a smile on her face,.,Our English teacher came into the classroom,papers in hand.,独主特点：,独主的逻S.与句S.不同，它独立存在。,独主结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,2 with 独主结构,with+n./pron.+,现分/过分,adj.,prep.phr.,n.,ad.,infinitive phr.,With Mr.Smith taking the lead,they decided to set up a tent.,With her well taken care of,I left very relieved.,With the question being settled,we went home.,He stared at his friend,with his mouth wide open,The man raised his head,with eyes full of wonder and mystery,He stood there trembling,with his face red with cold,She used to sit reading in the evening,with her pet dog her only companion,He died,with his daughter yet a schoolgirl,The Emperor walked in the procession,with nothing on,The naughty boy stood before his teacher,with his head down,He put on his socks,with the wrong side out,With 10 minutes to go,youd better hurry,With you to lead us,our group is sure to succeed,He sat there thinking,with his chin on,his hand,The old man stood there,with his back against,the wall,Mary was sitting near the fire,with her back towards,the door,3 独主相关问题：,prep.,是in,其前后两个n.均不加,任何限定成分;其它prep.与with独立结构不受此限制.,She sit there,a smile on her face,.,A thief burst into the room,knife in,hand,.(,with a knife in his hand,.),人体部位n.作逻S.,vi用现分，vt.用过分。,He lay there,his teeth,set,his hand,clenched,his eyes,looking,straight up.,2,have非谓v.结构,have sb.do sth.,叫某人做某事,have sth.Done,使某事被(他人)做,have sb.done,使某人被他人做某事,have sb.doing sth.,听任某人做某事,Ill have him,do,it.,I have my hair,cut,every month.,You ought to have her,examined,by the doctor.,I wont have you,saying,that.,1 All the tasks _ ahead of time,they decided to go on a holiday for a week.,A been fulfilled,B having been fulfilled,C were fulfilled,D had been fulfilled,B,2 _ the temperature falling so rapidly,we couldnt go on with the experiment.,A Since B For,C As D With,D,3 I left the meeting,there obviously _ no point in staying.,A were B to be,C being D having,C,4 These surveys indicated that many crimes go by the police,mainly because not all victims _ report them.,A unrecorded B to be recorded,C unrecording,D to have been unrecorded,A,5 If I correct someone,I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.,A to correct B correcting,C having corrected,D being corrected,D,6 When I caught him _ me,I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.,A cheat B cheatin