四级英语语法讲座：从句.pdf

重点三通 定语从句从句（重点三定语从句）I.考点分析定语从句主要考点是关系代词，尤其是that,as,介词+which的用法。II.知识点定语从句也称形容词性从句，在整个句子中起定 语的作用。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和 代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,whiqh等，主从句中可作主语、宾语，定 语等；笑系副词有when,where,why等词,在定语从句中只用作状语。其中：1.whoz whom,whose藉人，在从句中分 别作主语（在非正式英语中 也可作宾语,但可省略）、宾语和定语；whose也可 指物，作定语；that可指 人，也可指物，在从句中可 作主语，也可作宾语；which指物，在从句中可 作主语，也可作宾语。注意：whom,that,which在 从句中作宾语时可以省略。例句：1)The man who was here yesterday is a painter.2)The man(who)I saw is called Smith.3)I know the man(whom)you mean.4)A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.5)Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.6)A letter that is written in pencil is hard to read.7)The letter(that)I received from him yesterday is very important.8)Is he the man that sells eggs?9)That is the boy(that)you are looking for.2.When指时间，where指1地点，why指原因，在从句中都作状语。例如：1)We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.2)He has reached the point where a change is needed.3)That is no reason wh should leave.定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语 从句两种。限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的 后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗 号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。非限定性 定语从句用来解释、说明先行词或主句所指内容,与先行词之间用逗号隔开。1)I like to chat with John,who is a clever fellow.2)Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.BOBHL定语从句中的四级考点:工在下列情形下只能用that,而不能用which。-1）序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时：a.The first English novel that I read was the Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.b.Tom is the most diligent students that I have ever known.2）先行词是不定代词或被AH,everything,nothing anything,something等不定代词修 饰先行词时：a.Mr.Green had told us something that we should do in the summer vocation.b.I heard all that she told to her mother.2.that,which 和as 非限定性定语从句中的先行词在从句中作主语指人、指物 或主句所指代的一个意义时，引导词不能用that,而只 能用which或aso而后两者的区别是which引导的非 限定性定语从句可放在句中和句末，却不能置于句首，as引导的从句既可放在句中、句末，也可置于句首。a.He once helped a woman,which(as)was reported in the newspaper.The dog,which(as)is black,is running toward the strange man.b.As is known,the director of the company is going to come to our branch to have a inspection of the production here.3.which和whom在从句中作介词的宾语 which和whom在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放 在二者之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上，在含有介词的 固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在二者 之前。a.Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.Please tell me whom you borrow the English novel from.b.The house in which he lived before now becomes a restaurant.The house which he lived in before now becomes a restaurant.c.This is the magazine(that)you are looking for.4,介词+which的结构可代替定语从句中的引 导词 when 和 where。a.He was born in Germany where(in which)he stayed for 12 years.b.She arrived at 12 oclock when(at which)it was raining hard.5.but,than也可作关系代词。a.You spent more money than was intended to be spent.b.There are very few but admire his talents.(很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。but=who dont)从历年四级词汇语法考点中分析可知，定语从句 出现的频率很高，主要集中在以上所讲的定语从 句的特殊用法中，因此需重点掌握这些。1.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,_,of course,made others jealous.(93/06/59)A)who B)that C)what D)which D)题意：海伦对她最小的孩子要比别的孩子好得多，这 当然让苴征孩子嫉妒了。解器 采题中which是关系代词，引导一个非限定性定 语从句，指代前面整句话的意思。2._is known to the world,Mark Twain isa great American writer.(93/06/67)A)That B)Which C)As D)It C)题意：全世界的人都知道马克？吐温是一位伟大的美 置作家。解析：As和which都可引导非限定定语从句，which从 句只可放在句中和句未，而as引导的从句句放在句中、句末和田首，故此好只能选as。3.The residents,_had been damaged bythe flood,were given help by the Red Cross.(93/6/68)A)all their homes B)all whose homes C)all of whose homes D)all of their homes C)题意：红十字会给那些居民提供帮助，他们的房子在洪 水中被毁。解析：京题意和句子结构判断中间逗号隔开的部分应为非限 定性定语从句，用来解释说明前面的residents,此处所填 的先行同用乘指代前面的residents。它与homes之向的 关系是一种庙用关素，故用代词whose。故C正橘。4.Lanauage is a city,to the building of_every human being Drought a stone.(94/01/51)A)which B)that C)it D)this A)题意：语言是一座城市，每一个人都为它的建设增砖添解析：根据句子结构和句义，空格处应为一个引导定语从句的关系代词用来指代先行词a cityo又由于是非限定性定 从句，故只能选A。)、右 5.You will want two trees about ten feet apart,from_to suspend your tent.(95/06/50)A)there B)them C)which D)where C)题意：你需要两棵相距十英尺远的树，在树上可悬挂 你的帐篷。解析：此句逗号后的部分用来修饰说明前面的two trees,是个菲限定性定语从苟，文可予from为介词，故只能选C。由于从句和主句的主语一致，故从句中省略 了主语和谓语动词you want。这种形式又可被看作介 词+which+初询不定式短语的结构。若无from,也 处可选D。6._might be expected,the response tothe question was very mixed.(96/6/27)A)As B)That C)It D)What A)题意：这个问题的答案极为复杂，这一点人们可能已 经预见到了。解析：同题2。7.It is useful to be able to predict the extent which a price change will affect supply and demand.(97/01/29;A)from B)with C)to D)for C)题意：能够预测价格变化将影响供需的程度是有益的。解析：本题的测试点是介词的用法和介词+which/whom 弓导的定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词除了做从句中动 词的宾语外，还可做介词的宾语，这些介词常有：with表 伴随状态；of表部分与整体的关系；to表方向、目的；for 装不对象；from表示来源。从木题可看由答案应芍动词连 用，指响预测的方向;且toextent另固定介词短语，表 到的程度。8.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,_obtaining water is not theleast.(98/01742)-C)题意：居住在澳大利亚中部的沙漠地区有许多问题，取 水就是个不小的的问题。解析：本题的测试点是介词的用法和介词+which/whom 引导的定语从句。Jest做介词表示对介词of的选择，of和 which指代的先行词problems是所息及索。9.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,_is often the case in other countries.(98/06/58)A)as B)what C)so D)that A)题意：英国人不太熟悉异文化和做事的其他方式，这也 是其他国家常有的事。解析：此句中只有as可引导非限定性从句。10.We need a chairman_.(98/06/62)A)for whom everyone has confidence B)in whom everyone has confidence C)who everyone has confidence of D)whom everyone has confidence on B)题意：我们需要一个人人都信任的主席。解析：此句中have confidence in(对有信心/信任感)为固定短语，介词提前、先行词指人时只能为in whom。即介词+whom引导的限定性定语从句。11.The course normally attracts 20 students per year,_up to half will befrom overseas.(98/06/70)A)in which B)for which C)with which D)of whom D)题意：这门课程通常每年招收20名学生，其中多大半 数的学生来自海外。解析：本题的测试点是介词的用法和介词+which/whom方|导的定语从句。Up to ha If和 whom旨代曲先行自students之间是所属笑系，故应 为of whom。12.A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,_were surprising.(99/01/42)A)as results B)which results C)the results of it D)the results of which D)题意：那一地区新生儿死亡率的调查结果令人吃惊。解析：同题10。13.He came back late,_which time allthe guests have already left.(99/06/41)A)at B)after C)by D)during C)题意：他回来很晚，回来时所有的客人都已经走了。解析：本题的测试点是介词的用法和介词+which/whom引导的定语从句。由从句的现在完成 时时态可利断此处的时间引导词应为by。14.I hope all the precautions against air pollution_suggested by localgovernment will be seriously considered here.(99/06/53)A)as B)while C)after D)since A)题意：我希望当地政府将严肃考虑提出预防这儿空气 污染的所有措施。解析：此句为省略从句助动词are的非限定性定语从 句。15.Ive never been to Beijing,but it is the place.(99/06/55)A)that I want to visit it most B)where Ivd like to visit C)in which Ivd like to visit D)I most want to visit D)题意：我从未去过北京，但它是我最想参观的地方。解析：此句的先行词虽为指地点抑lace,但定语从句中 缺宾语，且visit是及物动词，故用旨选A。16.Beer is the most popular drinks among drinkers,_overall consumption issignificanE(0d/06/32)A)whose B)which C)that D)what A)题意：啤酒是饮酒者最喜爱的饮品。解析：此句从句的主语和先行词间的关系属从属关系，故 选A。17.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds_his arguments infavor of the new theory.(00/06/36)A)to be based on B)to base on C)which to base on D)on which to base D)题意：教授难以找到充足的论据来证明他赞成新理论 的论点。解析：此句中的先行词在从句中作base on的宾语，此处 考察的是名词+介词+which/whom+动向不定式结两 的定语从句。18.Living in the western part of the country has its problem,_obtaining fresh watert-is not the least.(00/06/46)II-/A)with which B)for which C)of which D)which C)题意：生活在该国家的西部地区有其自身的问题，获 取帏田永就尾小避聊 解析：非词定性定语从%与其修饰的先行词之间是从属关 系，故选C。19.The hours_the children spend intheir one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationship with real-life people.(01/1/54)A)when B)on which C)that D)in which C)题意：孩子们与电视人物之间的关系是单向的，他们 花在这种关系上的时间无疑会影响他们与现实生活中人们 间的关系。解析：从句中缺直接宾语，故选C。20.Agriculture was a step in human progress_which subsequently there wasnot anything comparable until our own machine age.(01/01/64)A)to B)in C)for D)from A)题意：农业是人类发展进程中的一步，在我们的机器 时代到来之前，任何事物都不能和它相提并论。解析：先行词作定语从句中短语be comparable to(把比作)的宾语，故此处应为to which。21.Government reports examination compositions legal documents and most letters are the main situations_formal language isused.(01/06/46)A)in which B)on which C)in that D)at what A)题意：正式用语主要用于政府报告、考试作文、法律文 祥和商业信函。解析：先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，一而in the situation(在该条彳牛下)为固定介南如语，故A正确。22.The residents,_had been damaged bythe fire,were given help by the Red Cross.(02/6/64)A)all of their homes B)all their homes C)whose all homes D)all of whose homes D)题意：那些家庭被大火彻底毁掉的人们受到了红十字会 的救助。解析：问题所在的部分是一个定语从句，显然必须有关系代 词，表示所属关系的代词是whose,因此答案应为C)或 D)o而在表示他们所有的家，正常的说法是all their homes,变成定语从句时，只不过将their改成whose就 23.These people once had fame and fortune;now_is left to them isutter poverty.(02/6/61)A)all that B)all which C)all what D)that all A)题意：这些人一度曾拥有名声和财富，现在剩下的只有贫穷了。解析：that is left to them作all的定语从 旬。重点四名词性从句重点四名词性从句 I.考点分析名词性从句考的最多的是what与that 的区别。II.知识点名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，多由连词that,wh-疑问词或由what,whatever等关系代词引导，其中同位语从句在四级考试中最常见。1.主语从句 工）主语从句在句子中充当主语，句子的谓语动词用第三 人称单数。如：Why he refused to work with you is still mystery.Whoever comes is welcome.2）主语从句前的that不能省略，仅起连接作用，有时为 了保持句子平衡，that从句后置，而由it作形式主语。如:That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mothers influence.It is not true that he has moved to New York.2.宾语从句2.宾语从句在句子中充当宾语，如：I dont know where the sound came from.Dont be satisfied with what you haveachieved.3.表语从句 3.当从句放在系动词be,look,remain,seem等后 即构成表语从句。The trouble is that I have lost his address.It seemed that the night would never end.4.同位语从句 1）同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释，能 接名词桂从句的常见名词有：idea,fact,news,belief,hope,evidence,opinion,problem,truth,answer,proposal,theory,decision,discovery,problem,thought,understanding 等。The news that he has passed the examination is exciting.2）同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于：定语从句是对先行词 加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句时说明名词中心词的具体内 容；that在定语丛句中充当成分，为关系代词，而在同位语 从句中不撤任行成分，仅癌连有祚用。如：The fact that we talked about is very important.（定语从句）The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.（同位语从句）5.whether与if在名词性从句中的用法区别 if一般只用于引导宾语从句，而whether可引导包括宾语从句在内 的其他名词从句。-1）连词whether引导的主语从句，表语从句不能用if来替换。Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.The question is whether he will come.2）宾语从句中，whether常与or not搭酉己，可以说whether or not,而不说if or note I dont care whether or not she will attend the meeting.3）whether可用在介词后，或带to不定式前，if则不可。She doesnt know whether to get married now or wait.I havent settled the question of whether IMI go back home.4）某些动词后面（如discuss）只能用whether,不用if。We discussed whether we should go on climbing.四歌题 名词性从句 1._men have learned much from thebehavior of animals is barely new.(93/01/67)A)That B)Those C)What D)Whether A)题意：人类从动物行为中学到很多东西这一点还很少%人所知。解析：句中that引导一个主语从句。2.An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards,approximately_from Marathonto Athens.(95/06/49)A)distance B)is the distance C)the distance D)the distance is C)题意：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里385码，约为 从马拉松到矍典的距离。解析：名词短语approximatelrthe distance from Marathon to Athens 南乘进一步说明26 miles and 385 yards究竟有多丧，在语法上叫做同 位语。若选择B)或D)项，则前后两句之间应有or或 and之类的连接词。3.By success I dont mean_usuallythought of when that word is used.(96/06/49)A)what is B)that we C)as you D)all is A)题意：我所说的“成功”一词，并不是指我们使用它 时通常所想到的东西。解析：主句中谓语动词mean缺少宾语，从句中的谓语动 词thought of缺少主语，因此，划线部分所需要的词既 弓导宾语从句，又在宾语从句中充当主语，在这种情况下,应使用what连接勾手。4.The mere fact most people believenuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.(97/06/53)A)what B)which C)that D)why C)题意：大多数人认为核战争是疯狂行为，但这一点并 示簧味着核战争不会发生。解析：“the mere fact”与that引导的从句是同位语。从句中基本成分齐全，故不能使用which构成定语从句。C正确。5.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders_will happen to her private life.(00/01/50)A)this B)it C)what D)that C)题意：Anne对取得的成功感到高兴，但是不知道她的私人生活 会发生什么事。-解析：全句是X主从复合句，由although引出的是让步状语从句，主句中wonder又带有一个宾语从句。暇据主句的意思空格中应填入 表示疑问意思的词。6.We agreed to accept_they thought was thebest tourist guide.(00/01/53)A)whichever B)whoever C)whatever D)whomever-B)题意：我们同意接受任何人，只要他们认为是最好的导游。解析：宾语从句。分析句子结构，空格处应作accept的宾语，同时 作was的主语，且表不入，法以应选B项。例如：Whoever is responsible for this will be punished.对此事负有责任的人 要受到处罚。D)whomever是whoever的宾格，相当于 anyone whom在句中只能作宾语用。例如：You may invite whomever you like.你喜欢的住行人都司以邀请。7.There are signs_restaurants arebecoming more popular with families.(00/06/37)A)that B)which C)in which D)whose A)题意：有迹象表明，饭店越来越受到家庭的青睐。解析：同位语从句。根据句意，从句只是对“signs”做 解释说明，并未对这个词起限定修饰作用，也就是说，“signs”在从句中并不作任何成分。由此，我们可以看 出这里的从句应该是同位语从句，而不是定语从句。8.The basic features of the communication process are identified in one question:Who says_through what channel to whom?(01/01/52)A)what B)when C)how D)such A)题意：交际过程的基本特征可以归结为一个问题：谁 说了什么，通过何种途径，对象是谁？解析：特殊句式。本题空格处应该做句子的宾语。how 是疑问副词，不能作say的宾语；when表示“什么时 候”，不合句意；such作代词是指上下文中提到的事物,代入句中不合适。9.The mother didnt know who_forthe broken glass.(02/01/64)A)blamed B)to blame C)be blamed D)would blame B)题意：这位母亲不知道该怪谁打破了玻璃。解析：宾语从句省略。to blame表示被动意义，这是 blame的一个特殊用法。blame sb.for sth,“囱 为.而责备某人“；blame sth.on/uponsb,“把归咎于某人”。10.How is it_your roommatesrequest and yours are identical?(02/06/50)A)if B)so C)what D)that D)题意：你室友的请求和你的是一样的，这怎么回事？解析：主语从句。这是一道略带口语化的考题。n在题句 中充当形式主语。由that引导的句子构成主语从句，作 句中真正主语。11.They always give the vacant seats to comes first.(02/12/51)A)whoever B)whomever C)who D)whom A)题意：他们把空座给最早来的人，不管他是 谁。解析：在特殊疑问词后加上-ever表示“不管”，此处要填的词作“comes”的主语，应是主格，B)、C)都是宾格，不可以。其实C)也可说得过 去，但不如A)好。重点五状语从句重点五状语从句-I.考点分析状语从句与连词有密切的关系。重中 之重是as作“虽然”时候的用法，要 把修饰语提前到从句开头，但主谓并不倒装。如：Old as she was,she was quiet energetic.II.知识点1.时间状语从句1）常见关联词有 when,whenever,while,as,before,after 等。2）0注意notuntil正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首的用法。He didnt go to sleep until he had finished his homework.（正常结构）Not until he had finished his homework did he go to sleep.（倒装结构）It was not until he had finished his homework that he went to sleep.（播调结构）Until he had finished his homework he didnt go to sleep.（unt”置于句首）3）表示“一.就.”的连词：once,as soon as,hardly/scarcely.when,no sooner.than,the minute,the moment,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly 4）其他表示时间的短语还有：every time,next time,the dayo2.地点状语从句 2.地点状语从句通常由where,wherever弓 I 导 如：Where thway.e is a3.原因状语从句 1)通常由because,as,since弓I导，三者区另！J：because语气最强，重在交待原由，以why引导的 疑问句只能because用来回答；其前可用only,just等 词施词；才用在工t isthat强词句型中。如：You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.as 一词口气最弱，表示明显的原因。如：As shewas in a hurry,she left her key in the car.since表示人们已知的事实，所以常译成“既然 如：Since everyone is here,lets get started.另外，for属并列连词，不能位于句首，是对前一分句加 以解释或说明。如：It must have rained last night,for the yard is wet.2)与since相近，seeing that,now that,considering that,given that 都有“鉴宇某个事实 考虑到”的意念，此外，in that,not that.but that.,on the grounds that 均可表示原因。4.目的状语从句目的状语从句引导词有so that,in order thatz（从 句中常有情态助动词may/might,shall/should,will/would,can/could）in case,for fear that,lest,（从句中常有should,might等助动 词）for the purpose that等。5.结果状语从句结果状语从句引导词有so that,such that,so.that,such.that,to the degree/extent that等。6.条件状语从句条件状语从句分为真实和非真实两种。（非真实条件状语 从句详见虚拟语气部分）引导词有if,unless,as/so long as,once,in case,provided/providing that,suppose,supposing that,on condition that7.方式状语从句方式状语从句弓I导词有as,as if,as though,the way.如：Do it the way you were taught.8.比较状语从句详见比较部分9.让步状语从句让步状语从句弓I导词有though,although,as,even thouah,even if,wh-ever(no matter how/what/who.),white(while位于句首，一 般意为“尽管.”)如：While we dont agreewe continue to be friends.关于让步状语从句的 倒装，详见倒装部分 1.If you smoke in a non-smoking section people_.(93/01/41)A)have objected B)objected C)must objected D)will object D)题意：如果你在非吸烟区吸烟，人们就会反对。解析：if引导的条件状语从句中应遵循“主将从现”的格 式。2.A man escaped from the prison last night.It was a long time_the guardsdiscovered what had happened.(93/06/50)A)before B)until C)since D)when A)题意：昨晚有人越狱逃跑了，警卫直到很久以后才发 现发生了什么事。解析：句型t was a long time before.“直 到很久以后才”，其他捶项都不符合逻辑。3.Government cannot operate effectively it is