高中英语(第1轮)总复习 part2 第4讲 动词的时态和语态课件 新人教版 课件.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,第4讲 动词的时态和语态,英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词的时态。,语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作之主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者,(,或之一,),时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作之承受者，称为被动语态。,一、动词时态,1,.,一般现在时,(,动词用原形或单数第三人称后加s/,es,),【,完成例句,】,(1),地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。,The geography teacher told us,the earth moves around the sun,.,【,结论,1】,表示客观事实或普遍真理,(,不受时态限制,),。,【,翻译句子,】,(2),We always care for each other and help each other.,我们一直互相关心、互相帮助。,【,结论,2】,表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。,【,翻译句子,】,(3),All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.,这儿所有学生都是一中的。,【,结论,3】,表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：,see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,agree,believe,like,hate,want,think,belong to,seem,等。,【,翻译句子,】,(4),The shop closes at 11,：,00 p.m.every day.,这家商店每天晚上,11,：,00,关门。,【,结论,4】,少数用于表示起止的动词如,come,go,leave,arrive,fly,return,start,begin,open,close,end,stop,等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时。,【,疑难,1】,If you will accept my invitation and come to our party,my family will be pleased.,【,疑难剖析,1】,在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由,if,引导的条件状语从句中可以用,shall,或,will,表“意愿”，但不表示时态。,【,疑难,2】,The more you,practise,the better your English will be.,【,疑难剖析,2】,在,the,比较级,，,the,比较级,句型中，前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。,【,疑难,3】,See to it that you are not late again.,【,疑难剖析,3】,在,make sure,see to it,mind,care,matter,后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来。,2.,一般过去时,(,v.,ed,或不规则变化,),【,翻译句子,】,(5),I met her in the street yesterday.,我昨天在街上遇到了她。,(6),I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt.,我原以为这部电影会很有趣，但实际上并不是。,【,结论,1】,一般过去时的基本用法：,表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用,(,或有上下文语境暗示,);,用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。,【,翻译句子,】,(7),He told me he read an interesting novel last night.,他告诉我他昨晚看了一本有趣的小说。,【,结论,2】,如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式结论,3】,表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。常见连词有：,but,and,when,as soon as,immediately,the moment,the minute,。如：,He rushed into the room and sat down immediately.,3,.,一般将来时,【,翻译句子,】,(8),我们下周将会讨论这个话题。,We will talk about this topic next week,.,【,结论,1】,表示未来的动作或状态常用,will/shall,动词,(,常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如,tomorrow,，next week,等,),。,【,翻译句子,】,(9),The bus is coming.,公共汽车就要到了。,【,结论,2】,表示一种趋向或习惯动作。表示趋向行为的动词，如,come,，,go,，,start,，,begin,，,leave,等词，常用进行时的形式表示将来时。,【,疑难,1】,Youve left the light on.,Oh,so I have.Ill go and turn it off.,【,疑难剖析,1】,shall/will do,表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。,【,疑难,2】,Study hard,and you will pass the exam.,【,疑难剖析,2】,在祈使句,and/or,陈述句句型中，陈述句中只能用,will/,情态动词动词原形。,【,疑难,3】,If it is fine,well go fishing.(),If it is fine,we are going to go fishing.(),【,疑难剖析,3】,be going to,表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而,will,则表意愿。,【,疑难,4】,A meeting is to be held at 3,：,00 this afternoon.,【,疑难剖析,4】,be to do,sth,.,表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。,【,疑难,5】,Autumn harvest is about to start.,【,疑难剖析,5】,be about to do,sth,.,表示“即将，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。,4,.,现在进行时,(am/is/are,v,ing,),【,疑难,1】,He is teaching English and learning Chinese.,The girl is always talking loud in public.,【,疑难剖析,1】,表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；,go,，,come,等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时,(,与,always,often,等频率副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩,),。,【,疑难,2】,The room remains clean.,You are allowed to speak here.,【,疑难剖析,2】,下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时：,a,.,表示心理状态、情感的动词：,like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need,。,b,.,表存在的状态的动词：,appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belong to,depend on,。,c,.,表示瞬间动作的动词：,allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete,。,d.,表示感官的动词：,see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look,。,5,.,过去完成时,(had,v,ed),【,完成例句,】,(10),到去年为止我们已经生产了,20000,辆车。,By the end of last year,we,had produced,20,000 cars.,【,结论,1】,在,by,by the endby the time,until,before,since,后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。,【,完成例句,】,(11),Jack,到的时候，,Mary,已经走了将近一小时了。,When Jack,arrived,Mary,had been away,for almost an hour.,【,结论,2】,表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。,【,完成例句,】,(12),我原本想送给他一张圣诞卡的，但我忘了。,I,had hoped to send him,a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.,【,结论,3】,表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用,had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected,等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：,hoped/planned,to have done,。,【,疑难,1】,Xiao,Hua,left school 3 years ago.,He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.,【,疑难剖析,1】,“,时间名词,before”,在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词,ago”,在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。,【,疑难,2】,We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.,No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.,【,疑难剖析,2】,hardly/scarcelywhen(before),；,no soonerthan,表示“一,就,”,。,【,疑难,3】,After he(,had)left,the room,the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.,【,疑难剖析,3】,在,before,或,after,引导的时间状语从句中，用一般过去时代替过去完成时。,【,疑难,4】,It was the second time that he had been out with her.,【,疑难剖析,4】,It/That/This was the,first(second,，,third)time,that,从句中，用过去完成时。,6,.,过去将来时,(would do,was/were going to do),【,完成例句,】,(13),我说我会安排一切的。,I said,I would arrange everything结论,】,过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。,【,疑难,1】,He was leaving for Beijing.,【,疑难剖析,1】,come,go,leave,等用过去进行时表过去将来时。,【,疑难,2】,I was about to leave when the telephone rang.,【,疑难剖析,2】,was/were to do,sth,.,和,was/were about to do,sth,.,表过去将来，,was/were to do,sth,.,常与,when,搭配。,7.,过去进行时,(was/were,v.,ing,),【,完成例句,】,14),在,2010,年夏天她在欧洲旅行。,During the summer of 2010,she was traveling in Europe,.,【,结论,1】,过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。,【,翻译句子,】,(15),门铃响的时候，他正在看一本小说。,He was reading a novel when the door bell rang,.,我在想你能否载我一程。,I was wondering if you could give me a lift,.,【,结论,2】,某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由,when,或,while,引导的时间状语从句中。,过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。,8.,现在完成时,(has/have,v,.,ed),【,翻译句子,】,(16),我已经看过这部电影了。,(,强调现在已经知道电影内容,),I have seen the film already,.,【,结论,1】,表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，强调结果的影响。,【,翻译句子,】,(17),过去的几年我们已经种了成千上万棵树。,Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years.,(18),他们自,2008,年一直生活在这儿。,Theyve lived here since 2008,结论,2】,表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与,since,时间点，,for,时间段及介词短语,during/in/over the last(,past)few,years(months,weeks),in recent years,等连用。,【,疑难,1】,现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：,I closed the door.(,强调关门的动作曾发生在过去,),I have closed the door.(,强调现在门还是关着的,),【,疑难剖析,1】,虽然动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。,【,疑难,2】It is 3 weeks since I got here.,This is the second time that I have played this game.,【,疑难剖析,2】,下列句型中常用现在完成时：,It is(has been),一段时间,since,从句,This(That,/,It)is,the,first(second,)time that,完成时,This(That,/,It)is,the only,that,完成时,This(That,/,It)is,the best/finest/most interesting,that,完成时,【,疑难,3】,Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.,【,疑难剖析,3】,在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。,【,疑难,4】,I havent met him for two years.,试比较：,I have bought the computer for a year.(),I have kept the computer for a year.(),【,疑难剖析,4】,非延续性动词,leave,arrive,come,go,return,join,die,buy,borrow,等的完成时态，在肯定句中不能与,for,或,since,等引导的时间段连用，要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。,二、被动语态,(,一,),常考时态的被动语态,以下是常见的,8,种时态的被动语态：,时态,结构,例句,一般现在时,助动词,(am/is/are),动词的过去分词,This kind of car is made in Shanghai.,一般过去时,助动词,(was/were),动词的过去分词,Was this novel written by his father,？,时态,结构,例句,一般将来时,will/be going to,be,动词的过去分词,The baby will be taken good care of in the hospital.,现在进行时,助动词,(am/is/are),being,动词的过去分词,The problem is being discussed by the students.,过去进行时,助动词,(was/were),being,动词的过去分词,The light was being fixed when the electricity was cut off.,时态,结构,例句,现在完成时,助动词,(have/has),been,动词的过去分词,She has been told the news.,过去完成时,助动词,(had),been,动词的过去分词,The work had been done before I arrived.,过去将来时,would(was/were going,to)be,动词的过去分词,I did not say that the equipment would be changed.,(,二,),被动语态的用法,【,完成例句,】,(19),新的课本将在下学期被使用。,The new test book,will be used,next term.,【,结论,1】,动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。,【,完成例句,】,(20),这种自行车在我们店没有卖。,This kind of bicycle,is not sold,in our shop.,(21),那个贼昨天被警察抓了。,The thief,was caught by a policeman,yesterday.,【,结论,2】,当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。,【,完成例句,】,(22),学生被钢琴家提了一些建议。,Some advice,was given to the pupils,by the pianist.,The pupils,were given some advice,by the pianist.,【,结论,3】,含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词,to,或,for,。,【,完成例句,】,(23),他们被老板强迫一天工作,10,小时。,They were made,to work,ten hours a day by the boss.,(24),他被看见进入房子。,He was seen,to enter,the house.,【,结论,4】,在主动语态句中动词,make,have,let,see,watch,hear,feel,等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，动词不定式不加,to,。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上,to,完成例句,】,(25),众所周知纸最先被中国发明。,It is known,that paper was first made in China,.,(26),纸被认为最先被中国发明。,Paper,was known to be first made,in China.,【,结论,5】,当句子的谓语为,say,believe,expect,think,know,write,consider,report,等时，被动语态有两种形式：,a.,谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。,b.,用,it,作形式主语，真正的主语在后面，用主语从句来表示。,类似句型有：,It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that,(,三,),不能用被动语态的几种情况,【,完成例句,】,(27),我的家乡近来发生了很大的变化。,(take place),Great changes,have taken place,recently in my hometown.,【,结论,1】,所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。,【,完成例句,】,(28),他看起来像他父亲。,He looks like his father,.,【,结论,2】,表示状态的谓语动词，如：,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,last,look like,consist of,等不用于被动。,【,翻译句子,】,(29),这支笔属于,Tom,。,The pen belongs to Tom,.,【,结论,3】,表示归属的动词，如：,have,own,belong to,等不用于被动。,【,翻译句子,】,(30),我想要些苹果。,I would like some apples,.,【,结论,4】,表示“希望，意图”的动词，如：,wish,want,hope,like,love,hate,等不用于被动。,【,完成例句,】,(31),小孩自己会穿衣服了。,The baby can,dress himselfnow.,【,结论,5】,宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。,【,完成例句,】,(32),他过着一种简单的生活。,He,lives a simple life,.,【,结论,6】,宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。,【,翻译句子,】,(33),这种衣服很好卖。,This kind of clothes sell well,.,【,结论,7】,有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时。常见的动词有,sell,write,wash,open,lock,等。,【,疑难,1】,主动形式表被动意义,My pen writes smoothlyThe car needs repairing.,The book is worth reading.,The question is hard to answer.,【,疑难剖析,1】,当,feel,look,smell,taste,sound,等后接形容词时；当,cut,read,sell,wear,write,等词接状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、发生、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时，均用主动表被动。,want,require,need,后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。,be worth doing,用主动形式表示被动含义。,在“,be,形容词,to do”,中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。,另外：,be to blame(,受谴责,),，,be to rent(,出租,),也用主动形式表被动。,【,疑难,2】,被动形式表示主动意义,He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.),He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.),【,疑难剖析,2】,被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。,be seated,坐着,be hidden,躲藏,be lost,迷路,be drunk,喝醉,be dressed,穿着,【,疑难,3】,被动语态与系表结构的区别,The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(,被动语态,),The book is well sold.(,系表结构,),【,疑难剖析,3】,被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。,