第二章句子类型.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第二章句子类型,陈述句（,Statements,）,疑问句,(Questions),祈使句,(Commands),感叹句,(Exclamations),陈述句（,Statements,）,肯定陈述句（,Assertion,）,否定陈述句（,Negation,）,加强否定,返回,加强否定,添加强调词：,never,nevernever,never in all my life;,not at all,not a single,not a bit,not the least bit,not in the least,not possibly,absolutely not;,by no means,nowhatsoever,no earthly.,返回,She is,not at all,happy working there,Not a single,soul was found in that place,He is,not a bit,ashamed,返回,她在那儿工作,一点也不,开心。,那地方连,一个,人影儿,也没有,。,他,一点也不,觉得羞耻。,He feels,not the least bit,sorry for his misconduct,他对自己的错误行为,毫无,歉意,。,I can,t possibly,allow you to do that,我,无论如何也不,许你干那种事。,He is,absolutely not,sorry for his misbehavior,.,他对自己的不正当行为,毫无,悔改之意。,There will be,no,difficulty,whatsoever,That watch has,no earthly,use for me.,返回,将,不会有任何,困难。,那只表对我,完全没有,用处。,疑问句,(Questions),YES-NO,疑问句,WH-,疑问句,选择疑问句,附加疑问句,返回,选择疑问句（,Alternative questions,）,Alternative questions:,Those questions that suggest two(or more)alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true.,返回,附加疑问句,(Tag questions),结构：陈述句,+,附加疑问（,Question tag,）,类型：,反意的附加疑问句,肯定陈述句,+,否定疑问,否定陈述句,+,肯定疑问,非反意的附加疑问句,同为肯定,同为否定,A:Ive broken the vase.,我把花瓶打碎了。,B:Oh,you have,have you?,哦，你把花瓶打碎了，是吗？,A:Youd better not come.You cant swim so far.,你最好不要来，你游不了那么远。,B:So I cant swim so far,cant I?,噢，我游不远，是吗？,A:You work here,dont you?,B:Yes,I do.,A:This isnt a very fast train,is it?,B:No,it isnt.,返回,不规则的附加疑问句,当陈述部分的,主语是,以下合成词时，附加疑问部分当然可以用,he,作主语，但因为下列合成词在含义上有“全体”的意思，所以在附加疑问部分，也可以用,they,作主语，这在口语中很为普通：,everybody,，,everyone,；,anybody,anyone,somebody,，,someone,；,nobody,，,no one.,Everyone is having a good time,，,arent they,？,人人都玩得开心，不是吗？,Nobody can do anything about it,，,can they,？,没有人能帮得上忙，是吗？,如果陈述部分带有,that-,分句作宾语，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,；,但若陈述部分为,I suppose/think,believe/imagine/expect,that-,分句，附加疑问部分则往往与,that-,分句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,：,He said that he was not responsible for it,，,didnt he,？,I suppose you know the meaning of the word,，,dont you,？,我想你懂得这个词的意义，不是吗？,I dont think that she will go with him,，,will she,？,我认为她不会和他一道去，是吗？,如果陈述部分带有,seldom,，,hardly,，,rarely,scarcely,never,few,little,nowhere,nothing,等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分用肯定形式：,Few people have agreed to this idea,，,have they,？,几乎没有人同意这个意见，是吗？,Bob rarely got drunk,，,did he,？鲍勃很少喝醉，是吗？,但若陈述部分带有由,un-,，,im-,，,dis-,等否定前缀构成的,派生词，该陈述部分仍作肯定句处理，附加疑问部分用,否定形式,：,Thats absolutely impossible,，,isnt it,？,那是绝对不可能的，不是吗？,He was unsuccessfulwasnt he,？,他失败了，不是吗？,如果陈述部分为“,I am,补语”结构，附加疑问部分通常用,arent I,，而不用,am I not,：,6.,在祈使句后加附加问句，表达说话者的期望或坚决要求,听话者的同意：,Im late,，,arent I,？我迟到了，是吗？,Turn down the radio,wont you,/,will you,?,Dont turn down the radio,will you,?,Lets talk to the director,shall we,?,Lets not talk to the director,7.,表示猜测意义的情态助动词，在下列情况下，附加疑问句 用两种形式都可以：,You,could,have heard the news last night,couldnt you?,didnt you?,They,should,have arrived there by now,shouldnt they?,havent they?,当,”,may”,用于猜测意义时，附加部分用,”,cant”.,That,may,be your lost car,cant it?,Note:,当陈述部分含有“,must”,时,要注意,must,的含义。,must,表示“必须、禁止“时，反意疑问部分要用,must(mustnt),。e.g.He must work hard at physics,mustnt he?,must,表示“有必要”时，反意疑问句部分要用,neednt,。,e.g.You must renew the book,neednt you?,表示推测,一定是,必定是,时,反意疑问句附加部分有下列情况,:,一、对现在情况的推测，问句部分用主动词,（,do,be),一般现在时的适当形式。若是现在进,行体，问句部分用现在进行体的适当形式表,示。若是,therebe,结构，问句用,isnt/arentthere,。,如：,1)Hemustbethere,isnthe?2)Hemusthaveabigfamily,doesnthe?3)Hemustbewaitingoutside,isnthe?4)Theremustbesomestudentsinthe,room,arentthere?,二、用“,musthavedone”,对已发生的过去情况的推测，如强调对过去情况的推测（一般句中有表示过去的时间状语），反意疑问句部分要用“,didnt+,主语”；如果强调动作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语），反意疑问句部分要用“,havent/hasnt+,主语”。,1)Theymusthavegonetherelastnight,didntthey?2)Theymusthavearrivedbynow,haventthey?,（根据,bynow,来判断）,3)TheymusthavebeentotheGreatWall,haventthey?,三、若是被动，应按被动结构来处理。如：,1)Theroommusthavebeencleanedyesterday,wasntit?2)Theroommusthavebeencleaned,hasntit?,四、若句中有表示过去完成时的时间状语，问句部分应用,hadnt.,如,:,Theymusthavelearnt5000Englishwordsbytheendoflastterm,hadntthey?(,本题中,must,表推测，如果将它去掉，还原为真实句就是,Theyhadlearnt5000Englishwordsbytheendoflastterm.,因此，反意问句是,hadnt,）,8.,前面陈述句中动词是,have,时有这样一个问题：究竟用,dont,还是,havent?,这要取决于,have,在具体语境中所,表达的意思，因为,have,的词义有很多：,当,have,作助动词时，附加问句中用,havent:,You,have,already heard the news,havent,you?,作半助动词,have to,时，与,dont,相匹配：,They,have to,live on their own,dont,they?,have,作实义动词时，后面与,dont,匹配：,You,have,a lot of friends,dont you?,We all,had,a wonderful time at the party,didnt we?,She,has,coffee with sugar,doesnt she?,You,had,your hair cut yesterday,didnt you?,Youd rather watch TV this evening,_?a.isnt it b.hadnt you c.wouldnt you d.wont you,2.I suppose youre not going today,_?a.are you b.do you c.dont you d.arent you,3.I wish to shake hands with you,_?a.shall b.may I c.do I d.will I,4.Three hours ought to be enough time,_?a.oughtnt three hours b.didnt they c.shouldnt it d.shouldnt three hours,5.They have to study a lot,_?a.dont they b.havent they c.did they d.hadnt they,c.,a.,b.,c.,a.,6.When the car crashed,your brother escaped being hurt,_?a.didnt he b.did he c.did it d.didnt it 7.Im sure dirty,_?,a.am I b.isnt I c.arent I d.am not I 8.You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post.I dont think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it,_ you?a.do b.did c.dont d.didnt 9.Thats the sort of the book you want,_?a.is it d.isnt that c.is that d.isnt it 10.All these dictionaries are a great help to you,_?a.are they b.arent they c.are all these dictionaries d.arent all these dictionaries,a.,c.,b.,d.,b.,11.The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting,_?a.wasnt it b.was it c.didnt we d.werent we 12.Tom has been writing letters all afternoon,but he should have finished them by now,_?a.hasnt he b.has he c.shouldnt he d.didnt you 13.David told me that you would take a trip to America,_?a.would you b.wouldnt you c.did you d.didnt you 14.There appeared to be no better way,_?a.was there b.were there c.did there d.didnt there 15.You had some trouble finding where I live,_?a.didnt you b.hadnt you c.do I d.dont I,a.,c.,b.,d.,a.,16.He has his hair cut every month,_?a.has he b.hasnt he c.does he d.doesnt he 17.Your friend needs to come earlier,_?,a.does he b.doesnt he c.need he d.neednt he 18.The little boy dare not go to church,_?a.dare he b.darent he c.does he d.doesnt he 19.Susan would have worked abroad if shed had the chance,_?a.has she b.hadnt she c.would she d.wouldnt she 20.Everyones having a good time,_?a.is he b.isnt everyone c.does he d.arent they,d.,b.,a.,d.,d.,感叹句,(Exclamations),感叹句一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情,感。英语感叹句常用,what,和,how,引导，,what“,和,“,how”,与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述,句语序。,返回,一、由,what,引导的感叹句：,what,意为,多么,用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词前要加不定冠词,a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。这类句子的结构形式是：,what+(a/an)+adj.+n,.+,主语,+,谓语,+(it is).,What a clever girl she is!,多么聪明的姑娘呀！,What an interesting story it is!,多么有趣的故事呀！,What good children they are!,他们是多么好的孩子呀！,What beautiful flowers they are!,多么漂亮的花呀！,What delicious food it is!,多么有味的食物呀！,What heavy snow it is!,多么大的雪呀！,二、由,how,引导的感叹句：,how,意为,多么,，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词（被强调部分）。如果修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果,how,修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词，这类句子的结构形式是：,How+adj,.,（,adv.,）,+,主语,+,谓语,+(it is).,How cold it is today!,今天多么冷呀！,How nice the pictures are!,多么漂亮的图画呀！,How happy they look!,他们显得多么高兴呀！,How well she sings!,她唱得多好呀！,How hard they are working now!,他们干得多么起劲呀！,三、在表示同一意义时，英语感叹既可用,what,引导，也可用,how,引导。如：,What a hot day it is!How hot the day is!,多么热的天气呀！,What tall buildings they are!How tall the buildings are!,多么高的楼房呀！,What bad weather it is!How bad the weather is!,多么糟糕的天气呀！,What bright sunshine it is!How bright the sunshine is!,多么明亮的阳光呀！,四、感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时，口语中常常采用省略句，其后面的主语和谓语往往略去不讲。,What a fine day!,多么晴朗的天呀！,What an honest boy!,多么诚实的孩子呀！,What red apples!,多么红的苹果呀！,How cool!,好凉快呀！,How wonderful!,精彩极了！,简答题,1.,What are the four major types of sentence and what discourse functions are they normally associated with?,Statements,are normally associated with,declaratives,and primarily concerned with,giving information,.Questions,are associated with,interrogatives,and primarily concerned with,requiring information,.,Commands,are associated with,imperatives,and primarily concerned with,requiring actions,.,Exclamations,are associated with,exclamatives,and primarily concerned with,expressing,the speakers impression of something.,2.,Explain the conditions in which we need to use,non-assertive words in positive statements and,assertive words in questions.,Non-assertive words in positive statements are used,in the following conditions:,a)after words that have,negative import:,They,refused to stay here,any,longer.,b),If clause:,If,anyone,calls me,it must be John.,c),Putative should-clause:,Its odd that he should say,anything,like that.,d),Comparative clauses:,Hes better than,anyone,else in his class.,2)Assertive words in questions are used in the following,conditions:usually questions are non-assertive,but,they can be assertive when a,positive answer,is,expected.,E.g.Is there any/,some,news for you?,3.,How do we determine the scope of negation?,The scope that a negative word governs varies from,sentence to sentence.It may cover a whole sentence,or part of a sentence.One of the most helpful clues,for determining the scope of negation is found in,intonation,which is a special feature of,spoken,English.,Written,English,however,suffers from more,indeterminate cases and so we often have to refer to,context,for interpretation.,4.,What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with?What is their shared semantic feature?,The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are,think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,and so on.Their shared semantic feature is that all these verbs express,“opinion”.,5.,Apart from querying the truth of a statement,what other potential functions can a YES-NO questions perform?,The following are the other potential functions which a Yes-No question can perform except for querying the truth of a statement:Yes-No questions with negative words do not,however,necessarily entail negative answers,as when we hear,“Wont you come in?”,actually,it is more like,directives,that are normally performed by,imperatives.,This means Yes-No questions sometimes can perform the functions of imperatives.Another potential function is that of,exclamations.,As when we hear:,“isnt it lovely?”,or,“Arent you silly?”,They are more of exclamations than of questions in the true sense and,therefore,are usually spoken with a final falling tone.,6.,What is the primary function of a WH-question?,The primary function of a WH-questions has two 1)they,require,some specific,information,in the reply.They do not query the truth of the statement as a yes-no question does.2)they,ask for,details,about a part of it.,7.,What are the two major types of alternative,questions?,The two major types of alternative questions are:one is formed on the basis of,Yes-No questions,;the other on the basis of,WH-questions.,8,.,Explain the difference between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone.,The difference is that a tag question,with a,rising tone,expresses the speakers,neutral expectation,of the hearers response and invites the hearer to,verify,the truth of the proposition in the statement.Therefore,it is very much like a,yes-no question,in function.Yet things are different with a tag spoken with a,falling tone,in which case the speaker asks for the hearers,confirmation,of the statement rather than his verification of the truth.It can be regarded as similar to an,exclamation,in function.,9.,How do we reinforce a command?,There are two methods with can reinforce a command:,one,is to retain the explicit subject,“you”,which is often omitted.It may suggest the speakers impatience,insistence,or irritation when he wishes to get things done.Or it may bring to light a contrast.,e.g.You shut up.,Ill go there;you stay here.,Another,way is to add an initial,“do”,.,e.g.Do be quiet.,10.,What are the two major types of exclamations?,The two major types of exclamations are,what-,exclamations and,how-,exclamations.,