第十一章并列和从属.ppt

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,第十一章,并列和从属,复习重点,名词性从句,连词,并列连词,从属连词,并列连词的基本用法,1,Takeexerciseeveryday,，,_youllbecomestrongerandhealthier.,A.orB.andC.butD.while,2,Im sure youll enjoy your holiday in a place such as Venice,Florence or somewhere like that.A.andB.butC.orD.though,3,Canyouplayfootball?,Yes,，,Ican,，,_Icantplayitverywell.A.orB.andC.soD.but,4,Thedresswasveryexpensive,，,_Ididntbuyit.A.orB.andC.soD.but,B,C,D,C,四组关联并列连词的用法归纳,.,.,：“,和,都”，“不但,而且,”,，“既,又,”,She both speaks and writes Japanese.,He spoke with both kindness and understanding.,说明：,作为关联并列连词，通常应连接两个性质相同的句子成,分。另外，若连接两个成分作主语，谓语要用复数。,如：,Both brother and sister are college students.,Both she and Sophia were pleased with the girl.,.,.,：“不但,而且,”,Not only men but also women were chosen.,He not only read the book,，,but also remembered what he had read.,说明：,该结构中的,also,有时可省略，或与,but,分开用，或用,too,，,as well,代替（位于句末）。,Not only is he funny,，,but he is witty too,（,as well,）,.,若连接两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持,一致。,Not only you but also he has to leave.,.,.,:“,既不,也不,”“,和,都不”,I have neither time nor money.,I neither smoke nor drink.,He neither knows nor cares what happened.,This is neither my fault nor yours.,说明：,通常应连接两个性质相同的句子成分，但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语，其,谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如：,Mary neither likes,maths,nor,（,likes,）,history.,Neither Jim nor Jack was at home.,但在非正式文体中也可一律用复数。,Neither Jim nor Jack were at home.,.,.,:“,要么,要么,”“,不是,就是,”,Either come in or go out.,I want to visit either Paris or London.,说明：,通常连接两个性质相同的句子成分，但有时后一成,分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分,作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。,You can either have tea or(have)coffee.,Either you or I am wrong.,表示转折的并列连词用法归纳,but,yet,表示转折；,but,和,yet,可以互换使用,;but,yet,可以连接词，短语，分句。,They are poor but/yet proud.,Im objecting to his morals,but/jet not to his manners.,We had intended to come and see you,but/jet it rained.,while,whereas,表示对比；,while,和,whereas,可以互换使用,while,whereas,只能引导分句。,You like sports,while/whereas Id rather read.,They are having trouble at home,while/whereas abroad things are even worse.,while,whereas,可以出现在句首，但,but,yet,不能。,While/Whereas they want a house,we would rather live in a flat.,从属连词,名词性从句,(Nominal Clauses),关系从句（定语从句）,(Relative Clauses),状语从句,(Adverbial Clauses),名词性从句,表语从句,主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,名词性从句（由,that,和,wh,-,词引导）,表语从句,由连接代词,who,what,which,等引导的表语从句。,.,What concerns me most is,who,will be my teacher next term.,China is not,what,she was yesterday.,由不充当任何句子成分的连词,that,whether,引起的表语从句。,What I mean is,that,we should help each other.,The problem is,whether,we can finish the work on time.,由连接副词,when,where,why,how,引导的表语从句。,This is,when,I really get to know Americans.,The question under discussion is,where,we will hold the meeting.,由连词,as,because,as if,as though,引导的表语从句。,It looks,as if,it is going to rain tonight.,The mistake happened,because,we are careless.,主语从句,从属连词,that,.,That,they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.,当,that,引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以,it,作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。,Is it true,that,the scientist will give us a lecture next week,？,当,that,引导的主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以,it,作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。,How strange it is,that,the children are so quiet,！,从属连词,whether,.,Whether,hell come here isnt clear.,连接代词,who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,连接副词,where,when,how,why.,What,she did is not yet known.,How,this happened is not clear to anyone.,Whoever,comes is welcome.,Wherever,you are is my home.,注意连接代词,whoever,whatever,whichever,等引导主语从句的含义。,Whoever,comes will be welcome.,（,whoever=the person who,）,Whatever,he did was right.,（,whatever=the thing that,）,Whichever,of you comes in will receive a prize.,（,whichever of you=anyone of you who,）,宾语从句,从属连词,that.,He told us,that,he felt ill.,I know,(that),he has returned.,注意：,that,在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that,不能省略。,and,连接两个宾语从句,that,宾语从句放在,and,的后面时,that,不能省略。,Everybody could see what happened and,that,Tom was frightened.,that,引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that,不能省略。,I know nothing about him except,that,he is from the south.,that,从句位于句首时,that,不可省略。,That,he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.,主句谓语动词与,that,从句之间有插入语,that,不可省略。,We decided,in view of his special circumstances,that,we would admit him for a probationary period.,从属连词,if/whether,.,I doubt,whether,he will succeed.,I dont know,if,you can help me.,连接代词,who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,连接副词,where,when,how,why.,Who,or,what,he was,Martin never learned.,I wonder,what,hes writing to me about.,Ill tell you,why,I asked you to come.,You may do,what,you will.,同位语从句,同位语从句的先行词多为,fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,reportremark,promise,possibility,information,doubt,message,等,关联词多用从属连词,that,.,They were all very much worried over the fact,that,you were sick.,Where did you get the idea,that,I could not come,？,Early in the day came the news,that,Germany had declared war on Russia.,同位语从句偶尔由从属连词,whether,引导,I have no ideawhether,hell come or not.,连接代词,who,which,what,和连接副词,where,when,why,how,亦可引导同位语从句。,The question,who,should do the work requires consideration.,We havent yet settled the question,where,we are going to spend our summer vacation.,It is a question,how,he did it.,名词性从句练习,1._ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.,A.There B.This C.That D.It,2,A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do,A,how B,after C.what D,when,3.He asked _ for a violin,A.did I pay how much B.I paid how much C.how much did I pay D.how much I paid,D,C,D,4.What the doctors really doubt is,my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.A.when B.how C.whether D.why,5,It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants.,A.however B.whatever,C.whichever D.whenever,6._leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.,A.Anyone B.The person,C.Whoever D.Who,C,B,C,7.Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her interests.A.anyone B.whomever,C.whoever D.no matter who,8.-I drove to,Zhuhai,for the air show last week.-Is that _ you had a few days off?,A.why B.what C.when D.where,9.I still remember _ this used to be a quiet village.A.when B.how C.where D.what,C,A,A,10,I read about it in some book or other,，,does it matter _ it was,？,A,where B,what C,how D,which,11.Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C when D.as,12.I think it is going to be a big problem.Yes,it could be.I wonder _ we can do about it.,A,、,if B,、,how C,、,what D,、,that,D,B,C,定语从句,关系代词有：,who,whom,whose,that,which,等。关系副词有：,when,where,why,等。,The man,who,is smoking a cigar is a film director.,He refused to return the money to his aunt,which,she had saved for repairing the house.,They told me that she stole the money,which,turned to be true.,I think he told me all,that,he knew.,状语从句,时间状语从句；,(adverbial clause of time),地点状语从句；,(adverbial clause of place),原因状语从句；,(adverbial clause of cause),条件状语从句；,(adverbial clause of condition),目的状语从句；,(adverbial clause of purpose),让步状语从句；,(adverbial clause of concession),比较状语从句；,(adverbial clause of comparison),程度状语从句；,(adverbial clause of degree),方式状语从句；,(adverbial clause of manner),结果状语从句。,(adverbial clause of result),状语从句,时间状语从句,由,when,while,as,引导的时间状语从句。,When,you think you know nothing,then you begin to know something.,Strike,while,the iron is hot.,Our headmaster laughed,as,she spoke.,由,before,和,after,引导的时间状语从句。,It will be four days,before,they come back.,They had not been married four months,before,they were divorced.,After,you think it over,please let me know what you decide.,由,till,或,until,引导的时间状语从句。,I didnt go to bed,until,（,till,）,my father came back.,It was,not until,the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.,I worked,until,he came back.,I didnt work,until,he came back.,由,since,引导的时间状语从句。,I have been in Beijing,since,you left.,It is four years,since,my sister lived in Beijing.,It is five months,since,our boss was in Beijing.,由,as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the instant,the minute,等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一,就”。,I will go there,directly,I have finished my breakfast.,The moment,I heard the news,I hastened to the spot.,As soon as,I reach Canada,I will ring you up.,【,注意,】,hardly(scarcely,rarely)when,no soonerthan,相当于,as soon as,之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当,hardly,scarcely,rarely,和,no sooner,位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。,He had,no sooner,arrived home,than,he was asked to start on another journey.,He had,hardly,fallen asleep,when,he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.,Hardly,had I sat down,when,he stepped in.,由,by the time,引导的时间状语从句。,By the time,you came back,I had finished this book.,By the time,you come here tomorrow,I will have finished this work.,由,each time,every time,和,whenever,引导的时间状语从句。,Each time,he came to Harbin,he would call on me.,Whenever,that man says To tell the truth”,I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.,You grow younger,every time,I see you.,由,as long as,和,so long as,引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久,就多久”。,You can go where you like,as long as,you get back before dark.,I will fight against these conditions,so long as,there is a breath in my body!,地点状语从句：,地点状语从句一般由连接副词,where,wherever,等引导，已经形成了固定的句型。,句型,1,：,Where,地点从句，（,there,）主句哪里,哪里就,”,Where,the Communist Party of China goes,there,the people are liberated.,Where,they went,there,they were warmly welcomed.,Where,there is a will,there,is a way.,句型,2,：,Anywhere/wherever,地点从句，主句,。,Wherever,the sea is,you will find seamen.,Wherever,there is smoke,there,is fire.,原因状语从句,because,引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后，,because,表示直接原因，语气最强，最适合回答,why,引导的疑问句。,I do it,because,I like it.,注意：“,not.because”,结构中的,not,否定的是,because,引导的整个从句：,I,didnt,go,because,I was afraid.,I,didnt,go,，,because,I was afraid.,The country is,not,strong,because,it is large.,since,引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、显然的理由,(,通常被翻译成“既然”,),较为正式，语气比,because,弱。,Since,you are free today,you had better help me with my mathematics.,注意：,seeing(that),，,now(that),，,considering(that),，,in that,这几个词汇与,since,引导的原因状语从句意思相近，都表示“既然”。,Seeing(that),he refused to help us,theres no reason that we should now help him.,Now(that),you are grown up,you should not rely on your parents.,Considering(that),everybody is here,lets begin our discussion.,In that,he is ill,he feels unable to do it.,as,引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，语气比,since,弱，较为正式，位置较为灵活,(,常放于主句之前,),。,As,it is raining,youd better take a taxi.,As,you are tired,you had better rest.,I went to bed early,as,I was exhausted.,for,引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开,;,for,是并列连词，引出的原因较间接，似乎是事后所想到的补充解释的理由，只陈述一般推断的理由，不一定表示产生结果的必然原因，,He could not have seen me,for,I was not there.,条件状语从句,连接词主要有,if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that,等。,Lets go out for a walk,unless,you are too tired.,If,you are not too tied,lets go out for a walk.,if,引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。,If,it rains tomorrow,we wont go on a picnic.,If,I were you,I would go with him.,目的状语的从句,可以由,that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in case,等词引导。,You must speak louder,so that,/,in order that,you can be heard by all.,He wrote the name down,for fear that/lest,he should forget it.,Better take more clothes,in case,the weather is cold.,让步状语从句,常用引导词：,though,although,even if,even though,特殊引导词：,as,(,用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装,),，,while,(,一般用在句首,),，,no matter,，,in spite of the fact that,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever,Much,as,I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.,Child,as,he is,he can do it well.,The old man always enjoys swimming,even though,the weather is rough.,No matter,how hard he tried,she could not change her mind.,He wont listen,whatever,you may say.,比较状语从句,常用引导词：,as,(,同级比较,),than,(,不同程度的比较,),特殊引导词：,the more the more ;,just as,，,so;A is to B what/as X is to Y;no more than;not A so much as B,She is,as,bad-tempered,as,her mother.,The house is three times,as,big,as,ours.,The more,you exercise,the healthier,you will be.,Food is,to,men,what/as,oil is,to,machine.,方式状语从句,as,引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在,(just)asso,结构中位于句首，这时as,从句带有比喻的含义，意思是,“,正如,”,，,“,就像,”,，多用于正式文体，,Always do to the others as you would be done by.,(Just)As water is to fish,so air is to man.,as if,as though,：,两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。意为,“,仿佛,似的,”,，,“,好像,似的,”,。,They completely ignore these facts,as if(as though),they never existed.,He looks,as if(as though),he had been hit by lightening.,It looks,as if,the weather may pick up very soon.,结果状语从句,sothat,如此,以至于,The scientists report was,so,instructive,that,we were all very excited.,He always studied,so,hard,that,he made great progress.,suchthat,如此。以至,Its,such,nice weather,that,all of us want to go to the park.,sothat,与,suchthat,之间的转换即为,so,与,such,之间的转换。,The boy is,so,young,that,he cant go to school.=He is,such,a young boy,that,he cant go to school.,Mike is,so,honest a man,that,we all believe him.=Mike is,such,an honest man,that,we all believe him.,某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别,当,while,when,as,引导时间状语从句时的区别,while,引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性，谓语动词多为进行时。,while,的这些用法可用,when,代替，等于 “,during the time that”,。,例如：,Please keep quiet,while(when),others are studying.,when,除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“,at the time”,，也就是说,when,引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。,例如：,When,I went into the lab,the teacher was doing an experiment.,（,when,不能换成,while,）,He often makes mistakes,when,he is speaking English.,（,when,可换成,while,）,as,常可与,when,，,while,通用，但强调“一边、一边”,强调两个动作同时进行，用于发生时间较短时。,As(when,while),I was walking down the street,I noticed a police car in front of number 37.,as when while,有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。,It was raining hard,when(as),I got there.,When,I had read the article,he called me.,When,I got to the cinema,the film had begun.,He was about to leave,when,the telephone rang.,when,引导的状语从句中主、谓是“主语,+,系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。,When,(he was)young,he worked for a rich man.,Shell be here to give you help,when,it is)necessary.,till,until,作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句,用于,否定,句时，结构为,not until(till),，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到,才,”,。,They didnt talk,（延续性动词）,until(till)the interpreter came.,He didnt go to bed,（非延续性动词）,until(till)the his father came back.,用于,肯定,句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到,为止”。,例如：,They played volleyball until(till)it got dark.,until,可以放在句首，,till,则不行，,例如：,Until,the last minute of the match we kept on playing.,Not until,he finished his work did he go home.,（倒装）,till,until,只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：,We walked,till,the edge of the forest.,（要用,as far as,或,to,）。,although,和,though,引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：,although,用于各种文体，而,though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由,although,though,引导的从句后，主句不能用,but,，但可用副词,yet,still,。,例如：,Although/Though it rained all the morning,they still went on working.,（或,yet they went on working,）,Although,its raining,_are still working in the fields.A.they B.but they C.and they D.so they,A,though,常与,even,连用，,even though,表示强调，意为“即使”，但不能说,even although,，,例如：,Even though I didnt understand a word,I kept smiling.,though,可用作副词，意为“然而”，常用逗号与句子分开。,although,则不能这样使用，它只作连词。,例如：,It was a quiet party;I had a good time,though.,whether,if,引导从句的用法区别：,引导,主语从句,、,表语从句,或,同位语从句,时，用,whether,，不用,if,。,Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known.,主语从句,The question is whether we can finish the task on time.,表语从句,The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.,同位语从句,whether,可接不定式，而,if,则不可。,I havent decided whether to leave or not.,I don t know _ to stay at home or go out.,A.whether B.if C.