高三英语(高考英语语法：名词与冠词)课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,noun and art.,一名词的分类：,个体名词,:student,可数名词,普通名词 集体名词,:people,名词,不可数名词 物质名词,:water,专有名词,:China,抽象名词,:sorrow,名 词,:,表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词,名 词,:,可以,用数目来计算,的名词叫可数名词。可数名词一般,有单数和复数,两种形式,(,少数名词两种形式是相同的,),。,可数名词：,不可数名词：,一般,无法用数目来计算,的名词叫不可数名词。不可数名词,一般没有复数形式,并且,不能用不定冠词,aan),或,数词,one,修饰。,物质,/,抽象,/,专有名词,名词或名词词组在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、,状语、同位语（即除“谓语”以外的句子成分）。,名词的句法功能,The money,（主语）,in itself meant nothing to him.,金钱本身对他毫无意义。,Keep the,medicine,（宾语）,out of the childrens,reach,（介词宾语）,.,把药放在小孩够不到的地方。,She is a famous,doctor,.,（表语）,她是个名医。,My brother is a middle,school,（定语）,student.,我的弟弟是个中学生。,Wait a,minute,（状语）,please.,请稍候。,ChangSha,the,capital,（同位语）,of Hunan province is in the,middle of China.,湖南省省会长沙在华中,1.1,名词复数的规则变化,(1),复数在后面直接加,S,map-maps bag-bags,(2),以,s,、,x,、,ch,、,sh,结尾的，后面加,es,bus box,fox,push,branch,match coach,教练,inch,gas,ass,驴子,class mass,注：当,ch,读,k,时，其复数应加,s,如,stomach-stomachs,(3),辅音字母,+y,结尾的词，变,y,再加,ies,baby-babies,family-families,pony-ponies,小马,city-cities,country-countries,注,1,：元音字母,(,就是,a,e,i,o,u),+y,的名词，直接加,s,play-plays,way-ways,valley-valleys,山谷,donkey-donkeys key-keys,toy-toys boy-boys guy-guys,注,2,：以,y,结尾的专有名词，直接加,s.,如,he little,Marys,(4),以,f,或,fe,结尾的，变成,v,再加,es,.,如,knife,thief,；,itself,shelf ,leaf,half,wolf,wife,life,loaf.,为了,自己,活,命,，,小偷,和他的,妻子,手里拿着,刀子,和,一片,树叶,站在,架子,上把,狼,劈成两,半,。,注：以下以,f,或,fe,结尾的，直接加,roof-roofs gulf-gulfs,湾,chief-chiefs belief-beliefs,proof-proofs safe-safes,保险箱,cliff-cliffs,reef reefs,暗礁,brief briefs,纲要,注：,handkerchief-handkerchiefs/,handkerchieves,staffstaffs,职员,-,stafves,棒杖,(5),以辅音字母,+O,结尾的，多数,+,es,hero negro,黑人,tomato potato,echo,回声,;,回响,CU buffalo,水牛,(,北美,),野牛 注：以,元音字母,+O,结尾,的，以及某些以,O,结尾的外来词,，变成复数只加,S,bamboo,zoo,，,radio,，,tobacoo,two,studio,工作室，,Piano,kilo,，,photo,，,kangaroo,袋鼠,(6),有的名词有两种复数形式。如：,zero zeros,、,zeroes,volcano,cargo(,船、飞机、车辆装载的,),货物,CU mosquito,蚊子,C,penny,的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：,pence,（便士的钱数），,pennies(,便士的枚数,),。,1.3,名词复数的不规则变化,1),变元音字母,man-men woman-women,foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese,analysis-analyses,分析,basis-bases,基础,parenthesis-parentheses,圆括号,datum-data,数据,formula-formulae/formulas,公式,medium-media/mediums,媒介,bacterium-bacteria,细菌,louse-lice,虱子,mouse-mice phenomenon-phenomena,现象,radius-radii,半径,2),变词尾,child-children ox-oxen(,牛,),3,）单复数同形,fish,，,deer,，,sheep,，,means,（方式）,Swiss(,瑞士人,)Chinese Japanese,works,（工厂）,crossroads(,十字路口,),，,head(,牲畜的,),头,aircraft species,series,系列，,等,注,1,：,fishes,指不同种类的鱼，,people,是集体名词“人（民）”,peoples,指民族,注,2,：以,ese,结尾的国籍名词，如,Chinese,Japanese,为单复数同形,4),有些名词经常以复数形式出现，这些名词中有的表示,由两部分构成的东西（,A,），有的是以,ing,收尾的词（,B,），,也有一些其他的情形（,C,），,B,）,belongings,所有物，,surroundings,环境，,greetings,致敬,doings,行为，,savings,储蓄，,findings,调查结果，,shavings,刨花，,earnings,挣的钱，,sweepings,扫拢的垃圾。,例如：,A,）scissors,剪刀,trousers,裤子，,pants,裤子，,shorts,短裤，,jeans,工装裤，,compasses,两脚规，,scales,天平，,glasses,眼镜。,C,）,contents,目录，,arms,武器，,fireworks,烟火，,overalls,工作服，,remains,残余，,thanks,感谢，,congratulations,祝贺，,clothes,衣服，,riches,财富，,ashes,灰烬，,mumps,腮腺炎，,measles,麻疹，,valuables,珍贵物品，,annals,编年史，,stairs,楼梯,forces(,武装）部队effects,（个人）用品，,tropics,热带，,dues,（交）费,wages,工资，,riches,财富,ashes,灰尘,blues,忧郁,exports,出口货物,customs,关税,folks,家人,5),此外有些名词在一定的词组中一定要用复数形式，例如：,take pains,下功夫,present credentials,呈递国书,make arrangements,做安排,make preparations,做准备,give regards to,问候,be at odds with,和,不和,sing the praises of,赞颂,give respects to,致敬意,master of ceremonies,司仪,be in high spirits,情绪高,have words with,sb,.,同某人吵架，,in rags,衣衫破烂，,It is good manners to do,sth,.,有礼貌做某事。,Winter sports,冬季运动,civil rights,公民权利,High heels,高跟鞋,current affairs,时事,Road works,道路工程,give ones best wishes to,(6),复合名词的复数形式,主体词的复合名词将主体词变为复数,looker-on-looker,s,-on旁观者,passer-by-passer,s,-by,过路人,daughter-in-law-daughter,s,-in-law,媳妇,father-in-law-father,s,-in-law,岳父,没有主体词的，在词尾加,S,grown-up-grown-ups,成年人,good-for-nothing-good-for-nothings,饭桶没用的人,go-,between(s,),中间人,drawback(s,),缺陷,由,man,和,woman,构成的复合名词,，,两部分都要变复数,。,man teacher-m,e,n teacher,s,Woman doctor-wom,en doctor,s,(7),有些名词形式上,虽是,单数，意义上却是复数,cattle,牛（总称）,people,人民,police,警察,public,公众,有些名词及一些学科名词形式上是复数，意义上却是单数,news,消息,politics,政治,physics,物理,(8),可,以具体化的,抽象名词,surprise,knowledge,success,failure,pleasure,interest,joy,help,honor,exercise;time,experience,life,等。,这类名词如果仅仅表示“概念”，是不可数名词，,但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面出现形容词修饰时，就成了可数名词，前面需加冠词。如,He answered,in surprise,.,他吃惊地回答。（不可数名词）,He suddenly appeared on a rainy night,which was,a great surprise,to us.,（令大家吃惊的事情）,（可数名词）,。,life,is hard.,Were living,a happy life,under the leadership of the Party.,A knowledge,of English,is a must in international trade.,Would you like to,have,a,walk,(swim,bath,talk),with,me?,It is,a waste of time,reading such a novel.,She,made an apology,to her mother for her wrong doings.,(9),有些和数词连用的名词，表示复数时仍保持单数形式：,two,dozen,eggs,两打鸡蛋,three,score,and ten,七十,forty,head,of cattle,四十头牲口,three,hundred,ducks,三百只鸭子,ten,thousand,trees,一万棵树,two,million,dollars,两百万美金,但：,dozens of,eggs,hundreds of,ducks.,等外，,注意下面说法（有些数词后的名词用单数）,Shes only five foot two.,她身高五英尺二寸。,Shes five,feet(foot,)tall.,她身高五英尺。,The ticket costs only two,pound(s,)fifty.,票价只两镑半。,Five pound of potatoes,please.,请拿五磅土豆。,The engine was fifty horse power.,这台发动机有五十匹马力。,1.6,不同国家的人的单复数,名称 总称,(,谓语用复数）一个人 两个人,中国人,the Chinese,a Chinese,two Chinese,瑞士人,the Swiss,a Swiss,two Swiss,澳大利亚人,the,an,two,Australians,Australian,Australians,俄国人,the Russians,a Russian,two Russians,意大利人,the Italians,an Italian,two Italians,希腊人,the Greek,a Greek,two Greeks,法国人,the French,a Frenchman,two Frenchmen,日本人,the Japanese,a Japanese,two Japanese,美国人,the Americans,an American,two Americans,印度人,the Indians,an Indian,two Indians,加拿大人,the Canadians,a Canadian,two Canadians,德国人,the Germans,a German,two Germans,英国人,the English,an Englishman,twoEnglishmen,瑞典人,the Swedish,a Swede,two Swedes,advice,（建议），,furniture,（家具），,clothing,（衣服），,money,fun,（乐趣），,grass,housework/homework,（家庭作业）,information,（息）,rice,equipment(,装备,),，,health,wealth,paper,（纸）,sugar,（糖）,work,（工作）,fruit,（水果）,medicine,harm,（损害）,news,（新闻）,progress,（进步）,luggage/baggage,traffic,（交通）,trouble,（麻烦）,weather,（天气）,courage,poverty,milk,butter,，等,常考的不可数名词,(,二,),不可数名词,一般说来,抽象名词，,物质名词 ，,专有名词,为不可数名词，,（,1,）抽象名词,表泛指或用在介词后的抽象名词不与冠词连用,但当抽象名词,表示具体的东西时,，可用作可数名词且词义,发生变化，,主要类型如下,1),抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。,如：,抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）,(2),物质名词,是不可数名词，,但表示,数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词,。,(3),专有名词,-,单个单词,形式的专有名词,无复数，不与冠词连用,；,与普通名词构成,的专有名词,前用冠词,。,）,注,1:,有些单词既是可数名词又是不可数名词但是所含 意义不同（,u,代表不可数名词，,c,代表可数名词）,youth,danger,adventure,beauty,coffee,/,drink,difficulty,experience,expression,practice,success,u,冒险,c,奇遇,u,美丽,c,美人,u,咖啡,/,饮料,c,一杯咖啡,/,饮料,u,困难,c,难事,u,经验,c,经历,u,表达,c,表情，词语,u,实践，练习,c,习惯、常规做法,u,成功,c,成功的人或事,u,青春,c,一个青年人,u,危险,c,危险的事物或人,注,2:,单复数形式分别表示不同的意义,1.,time,时间,times,次数，时代，倍,2.,3.,wood,木头,woods,森林,sand,沙子,sands,沙滩,paper,纸,papers,试卷，论文，报纸,iron,铁,irons,an iron,脚镣，手铐,cloth,布,clothes,衣服,4.,5.,6.,熨斗,glass,玻璃,glasses,玻璃杯,/,眼镜,water,水,waters,大片的水，海域,work,工作,works,工厂，著作，工程,force,力量,forces,军队,good,益处,goods,货物,manner,态度,manners,礼貌,7,.,8.,9.,10.,11.,12.,ruin,13.,ruins,废墟,14,brian,brians,脑,脑力，智能,毁灭,spirit,精神,spirits,心情，情绪酒精,content,内容,contents,目录,green,绿色,greens,蔬菜,13.,14,.,15,.,look,looks,pain,pains,custom,customs,statistic,statistics,fur,furs,fog,fogs,frost,frosts,sweat,sweats,看，脸色,容貌,痛苦,辛苦，努力,风俗,关税,毛皮,皮衣，皮制品,一场场雾,统计资料,统计学,雾,(2),物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，,可以用作可数名词。,如：,物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。,物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。,(3),有复数形式的不可数名词,如：,some coffee,一些咖啡，,a coffee,一杯咖啡，,three coffees,三杯咖啡，,some drink,一些饮料,a drink,一杯饮料，,three drinks,三杯饮料，,his hair,他的头发，,a few grey hairs,几根白发，,glass,玻璃，,a glass,一只玻璃杯。,have breakfast The road is covered with snow.,have,a wonderful,breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.,Time and tide wait for no man.,We had,a wonderful time,last night.,如：,Use your,brains,please.,They have smoothed away the,difficulties,.,Have you,made,preparations,for tomorrows meeting?,Many,thanks,for your kindness.,No,pains,no gains.,After many,failures,they finally succeeded.,有些,抽象名词往往以复数形式,出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或,强调某种特殊状态的作用。,有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广,。,如：,The boy burst into,tears,at the bad news.,The rising,waters,did a lot of harm to the crops.,The stone bridge broke down in heavy,rains.,一般不分单复数，若要表示数量，要加适当的单位名词或单位名词词组。,注意：,1.,有些物质名词要根据上下文来决定是可数还是不可数,He ate a chicken.,他吃了只鸡,I dont like chicken.,我不喜欢鸡肉,A glass is made of glass.,玻璃杯是由玻璃制成的,2.,有些物质名词在表示不同类别时可以用复数,3.,有些抽象名词可以用复数形式来表示具体的事物,4.,专有名词一般只用单数，但有时也用复数,5.,不可数名词常用,of,词组来表示数量,tea,茶,-teas,各种茶,fruit,水果,-fruits,各种水果,fish-fishes,各种鱼,difficulty,困难,-difficulties,困难的事，难做的事,the Smiths,史密斯一家,a piece of papertwo pieces of paper,a little rice,plenty of bread,名词作定语,要注重习惯搭配,。,常见的习惯搭配归类如下：,(1).,表示,分类,意义的名词作定语。,woman driver,女司机,telephone number,电话号码,school education,学校教育,baby speech,婴儿语,coffee cup,咖啡杯子,air pollution,空气污染,(2.),表示,时间，地点、称呼等,的名词常直接作定语。,summer camp,夏令营,street light,路灯,village people,村民,book store,书店,Noble Prize,诺贝尔,(3).,表示目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义的名词作定语。,milk bottle,奶瓶,lunch,room,午餐室,shoe store,鞋店,straw hat,草帽,tooth brush,牙刷,stamp collection,集邮,(4).,名词直接作定语时，通常用单数形式。,Lets stop by the,book store,(,书店,)on the way home,.,(5).,man,woman,gentleman,作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。,He said that two,women doctors,(,女医生,)would come to our village the next day.,(6).,某些常用复数的名词，,1),当它们用作定语时也须用复数形式。,arms production,武器生产,a goods train,货车,clothes,shop,服装商店,savings bank,储蓄所,communications satellite,通讯卫星,foreign languages department,外语系,plastics industry,塑料工业,sales department,营业部,Sports meeting,运动会,Learning Skills Center,学习技巧交流中心,Beijing Foreign Languages Institute,北京外国语学院,The Boys Club,男孩俱乐部,jobs cut,就业率下降,(8).,表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。,a peasant family/boy(peasant,习惯直接作定语,),a workers family(worker,习惯用所有格作定语,),(9).,两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。,the womans driver,这位妇女的司机,girl friend,女朋友,the girls friend,女孩的朋友,women drivers,女司机,(7).,单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语,2),数词,+,名词作定语,时，这个名词一般,保留单数,形式。,如：,two-dozen eggs,两打,/,（二十四个鸡蛋,),a ten-mile walk,十里路,two-hundred trees,两百棵树,a five-year plan.,一个五年计划,a middle,aged,woman,a one,eyed,man,a ten-,storied,building,a three-,legged,table,(10).,名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性,Gold watch,金表（指手表是含金的）,Golden watch,金色的表（指表是金色的，但不一定含金）,名词的所有格,(1),表示,有生命的,东西的名词，所有格一般在名词后加“,s”,，,其构成形式如下：,一般名词后加“,s”,。,例如：,my brothers bag,以,-s,或,-,es,结尾的,复数名词,的所有格，只在名词右上方加“,”。,例如：,the workers club,childrens day,以,-s,结尾的专有名词所有格，若以读音,z,结尾，一般可在名词右上方加“,”，也可加“,s”,，,其读音分别为,z,、,iz,。,例如：,Dickens,Dickenss book,但若不以读音,z,结尾，则仍用“,s”,。,例如：,Rosss book,复合名词所有格的,词尾“,s”,加在后面名词之后。,例如,two,sons-in-laws photos,如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在,后一个名词,加“,s”,；,如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“,s”,。,例如：,Jane and Marys,room,(,共有,),Janes,and Toms,books,(,不共有,),=Jane s book and Toms book,在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的名词。,例如：,at the doctors,在诊所,to my uncles,到我叔叔家,at the barbers,在理发店,at Mr.Greens,在格林先生家,at the tailors,在裁缝店,起修饰作用的名词如不表示所有关系，通常不用“,s”,。,例如：,room number,coffee cups,若仅表示一种类别或类型，名词往往用单数形式。,book club,word order,student life,例如：,the gate of the school,the window of the room,(3),有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“,s”,来构成所有格。例如：,Chinas industry,the stations waiting room,ten minutes walk,todays newspaper,(4),当表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用“,of+,名词,s”,的形式来表示所有关系。,of,后面的名词,般都表示人，不能表示物。,例如：,that book of Li Mings,two friends of my brothers,a few friends of Li Mings,(5),复合名词或短语，,s,加在最后一个词的词尾。,如：,a month or twos,absence,(2),表示无生命东西的名词，通常采用,of+,名词的结构来表示所有关系。,高考试题,1.If this dictionary is not yours,_ can it be?,A.what else B.who else C.which elses D.who elses,2.-Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke.I was very tired.,-There is no _ for this while you are on duty.,A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation,3.I dont think its my _ that the TV blew up.I just turned it on,thats all,said the boy.,A.error B.mistake C.fault D.duty,4.We all know that _ speak louder than words.,A.movements B.performances C.operations D.actions,5.My parents always let me have my own _ of living.,A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion,6.The new law will come into _ on the day it is passed.,A.effect B.use C.service D.existence,7.For the sake of(,为,.,着想,)her daughters health,she decided to move to a warm _.,A.weather B.temperature C.season D.climate,D,B,C,D,A,A,D,8 Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his _-,A ability B force C strength D mind,9 I am sure,Daivd,will be able to find the library-he has a,pretty good _of direction.,A idea B feeling C experience D sense,10._is more useful than gold.,Irons B.Iron C.An iron D.The iron,11.-what can I do for you?,-I d like to have a _of China Daily.,A.piece B.sheet C.lot D.copy,12.These days I hire two _in my house.,man servant B men servant,C man servants D men servants,D,C,B,D,D,13.,Mr,Smith is a friend of _.,Marys mothers B.Marys mother,C.mothers,of Mary D.Mary mothers,14._desks are in the same room.,Johns and Susan B.John and Susans,C.John and Susan D.Johns and Susans,15.-Where did you spend last weekend?,-At _.,A.Mr,Greens B,Mr,Green C the,Mr,Greens D the,Mr,Greens,16.One day Crusoe walked along _ towards his coat.,the sand B.the sands C.sand D.sands,17.Toward evening,_ came,which made things even worse.,cold rain B.cold rains C.the cold rain,D.a,cold rain,18.The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people.,A.the B.a C./,D.one,A,D,A,B,D,B,12.No news _good news.,A is a,B.are,C.is,D.has,E.have,13.,Maths,still _ very difficult for me,though I have done my best.,A.looks B.seems C.is D.are,14.The Great Wall of China runs across _ China like a huge dragon.,the north B.North,C.northern,D.north,of,15.You are to gather at the _at 8:00 tomorrow morning.,schools gate B.School Gate C.Schools Gate D.school gate,C,B,B,=the north of China,D,冠 词,1.,冠词的泛指和特指用法,泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。,冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳为下表：,单数可数名词一定要用冠词,复数可数名词不可数名词,a(n),the,泛指单一，每一，任一事物,指类别,特指,上文提到过的事物,被限制性修饰语所限定的事物,说话双方所默认的事物,世界上独一无二的事物,指类别,the,特指,零冠词,上文提到过的事物,被限制性修饰语所限定的事物,说话双方所默认的事物,泛指的一些事物,指类别,不定冠词,修饰,可数名词,其意思为“一个”；,定冠词,可修饰,可数,/,不可数,名词，往往,表特指,其意思相当于“这个”，,单数可数名词,只要不用在抽象化的语境中，,一定要加冠词,(,或者加不定冠词，或者加定冠词,),。这时不妨可用“一个”或“这个,(,种,)”,来检验。,（1）-Have you seen _ pen?I left it here this morning.,-Is it _ black one?I think I saw it somewhere.,A.a;the B.the;the C.the;a D.a;a,（2）Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food.,A.the;a B./;a C.the;the D./;/,D,B,许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识,Many people agreed that,a knowledge of English,is a must in,international trade,today.,（,2,）,不定冠词,a(n),用于有,形容词修饰的一日三餐前。,我每天早晨上班前吃点简单的早餐。,Before I go to work every morning,Ive,a light breakfast,.,（,3,）,不定冠词,a(n),用于,有形容词修饰的季节、日期前,。,车祸是,7,月底的一个星期天发生的。,The traffic accident happened on,a Sunday,towards,the end of July.,（,1,）,不定冠词,a(n),用于,有或没有形容词修饰,的,抽象名词前,。,2,1,不定冠词,a(n),的几种特殊用法,（,4,）,不定冠词,a(n),用于序数词前，表示一次，又一。,用于形容词最高级前无比较级含义。“非常”,再学一门语言是多么重要啊,!,How important it is to learn,a second,language!,This is,a most,useful book.,这是一本很有用的书。,否定比较级表达最高级意义时，常借助于不定冠词,a/an.,-what do you think of the film?,-Oh,我从没看过这最糟糕的电影。,Ill never seen,a worse one,.,（,5,）,不定冠词,a(n),表示“,per”,的意思。,他的月收入是,1000,元。,His income is one thousand,yuan,a month,.,（,6,）,不定冠词,a(n),用于有,good,great many,修饰的名词复数前。,我参观过长城好多次。,Ive visited the Great Wall,a good many,times.,（,7,）,不定冠词,a(n),用于形式为复数，但意义仍为单数的名词前。,一千英里是相当远的距离。,A thousand miles,is a good d