高中英语 模块7 Unit14 Adjective Clauses & Paradoxes课件 牛津版 课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,普通高中课程标准实验教科书,(,选修,),English Grammar and Rhetoric,初级英语语法与修辞,Adjective Clauses,nit 14,Lead-in,Homework,Looking Ahead,Approaching the Topic,Discovering Grammar,Applying Grammar,Further Development,Paradox,Self-assessment,Bob,you made so many mistakes in you homework!,He,who makes no mistakes,makes nothing.,Lead-in,To what part of speech is the clause,who makes no mistakes,similar in terms of sentence function,？,who makes no mistakes,functions as an attributive in the whole sentence,as does an adjective.So it is called an,adjective clause.,Adjective,Thered,coat is dirty.,(Which coat is dirty?),Adjective clause,The coat,that I bought yesterday,is,dirty.,(Which coat is dirty?),Adjective clauses answer questions of,which.,He was born on Oct.28,1955,in Seattle,where,he grew up with his two sisters.,In 1968,when,he was as young as 13,he discovered his interest in software and began programming computers.,He left Harvard to devote his energy to Microsoft,a company,which,he started in 1975.,He is the person,whose,foresight and vision for personal computing have been central to the success of Microsoft and the software industry.,William H.GatesChairman and Chief Software ArchitectMicrosoft Corporation,Who is he?,Guessing Work,Martin Luther King.Jr.,Great Civil rights leader,Famous speech“I Have A Dream”,He was born on January 15,1929 in Atlanta,where,he started his Civil Rights Movement.,After the bus boycott,he was elected president,who,gained national prominence for his role in the campaign.,On August 28,1963,more than 250,000 protesters gathered in Washington,D.C.,where,he delivered a famous speech.,He once delivered a famous speech,whose,title is“,I Have a Dream,”.,Who is he?,Looking Ahead,Learn to use different relative words to introduce adjective clauses.,Practice using restrictive and non-restrictive adjective clauses.,Learn to appreciate and use paradoxes,What are we going to do in this unit?,who,whose,which,that,where,when,as,Approaching the Topic,Work in pairs to find out the solution,dog,bird,snake,Bob,Jack,Jim,First,Second,Third,Speak,Dance,Play,dead,1.The pet,took the third place.,2.The bird,which belongs to Jack,3.The snake,which can play dead,4.The pet,that can dance,does not speak.,was second.,won the first place.,whose owner is Bob,The noun,pronoun or clause that the adjective clause modifies is called an antecedent.,Eg,.,Many people think that an extrovert is a person,who is courageous,outgoing,and not at all shy,antecedent,relative word,modify,Examples,Explanation,an extrovert is a,person,who,is courageous,an introvert is,someone,who,is shy,retiring,and fearful.,Mary,who,is energized sometimes by others and sometimes by being alone,is a good example.,用,who,来指人,Lisa is actually a shy,person,whom,others probably wouldnt consider extrovert,.,Bill,on the other hand,is,someone,whom,everyone considers bold and outgoing,.,用,whom,来指人,There is a third,category,that,many of us may fall into,用,that,来指物,Lisa opens up in,situations,in,which,she starts to feel relaxed and appreciated.,用,which,来指物,Examples,Explanation,hes a,person,whose,energies need solitude for replenishment.,用,whose,来指所有,关系，在形容词性,从句中充当定语,At a large,party,where,she doesnt know many people,shes shy,用,where,来指地点,There are,times,when,Mary is like Lisa.,But there are other,times,when,Mary is much more like Bill.,用,when,来指时间,She needs others to help energize her,which,is why she is to be considered extrovert.,He needs to be alone to reenergize,which,is why he is to be regarded as an introvert.,用,which,来指整个主句,She likes to talk once she finds,a group,she feels comfortable with.,shes the kind of,person,(,whom,)others find interesting,关系词,whom,that,和,which,有时可以省略,Discovering Grammar,关系词在从句中要充当句子成分；充当主语、宾语、定语、状语等。,主 语,宾 语,介词直接宾语,置于句末的介词的宾语,Which,That,Who,whom,Relative pronouns in the cases of the second and forth column are usually omitted,1.AC introduced by,which,who,that,and,whom,I lost,the pen,.Jim sent me,the pen,yesterday.,I lost the pen.Jim sent me,that,yesterday.,I lost the pen,that,Jim sent me yesterday.,A sentence with adjective clauses can be seen as a combination of two sentences.The process goes like this:,How an adjective clause is formed?,Tips:,1.Identity the shared part in the two sentences.,2.Use a relative word instead of the noun.,3.Move it to the beginning to introduce the clause,unless it is already there.,Theres a heroIf you look inside your heartYou dont have to be afraidOf what you areTheres an answerIf you reach into your soulAnd the sorrow that you knowWill melt away,Hero,Listen to a song,Hero,and underline all the adjective clauses and noun clauses in it,then study how they are formed.,activity,Hero,And then a hero comes alongWith the strength to carry onAnd you cast your fears asideAnd you know you can surviveSo when you feel like hope is goneLook inside you and be strongAnd youll finally see the truthThat a hero lies in you,Hero,Hero,Its a long roadWhen you face the world aloneNo one reaches out a handFor you to holdYou can find loveIf you search within yourselfAnd the emptiness you feltWill disappear,Hero,And then a hero comes alongWith the strength to carry onAnd you cast your fears asideAnd you know you can surviveSo when you feel like hope is goneLook inside you and be strongAnd youll finally see the truthThat a hero lies in you,Hero,Hero,Lord knowsDreams are hard to followBut dont let anyoneTear them awayHold onThere will be tomorrowIn timeYoull find the way,Hero,And then a hero comes alongWith the strength to carry onAnd you cast your fears asideAnd you know you can surviveSo when you feel like hope is goneLook inside you and be strongAnd youll finally see the truthThat a hero lies in you,2.AC introduced by,whose,Whose,既可以指人又可以指物。当指物时也可以用,of which,结构。例如：,Lets go and have a look at the house,whose roof,has been blown off.,Lets go and have a look at the house,the roof of which,has been blown off.,如果关系词在形容词性从句中充当定语，则关系词用,whose,。,Bill,is a person.,Bills,energies need solitude for replenishment.,He is a person,whose,energies need solitude for replenishment.,Attributive,Challenge,yourself,1,）,The house whose windows are broken faces south.,2,）,He,who laughs last,laughs best.,He laughs best who laughs last.,3,）,Shanghai is an exciting city,which attracts a lot of tourists.,Shanghai,which is an exciting city,attracts a lot of tourists.,3.AC introduced by,where,If the structure“preposition+,which,”is used as,adverbial of place,in the adjective clause,we could replace it with,where,.,I miss,the village,.I used to live,in,the village,.,I miss the village,which/that,I used to live,in,.,I miss the village,in,which,I used to live.,I miss the village,where,I used to live.,4.AC introduced by,when,If the structure“preposition+,which,”is used as,adverbial of,time,in the adjective clause,we could replace it with,when,.,I cannot forget,the day,.,On,the day,I was awarded the First-place Scholarship.,I cannot forget the day,when,I was awarded the First-place Scholarship.,I cannot forget the day,on,which,I was awarded the First-place Scholarship.,1,）,In senior middle school,Lisa and I shared a room where/in which we spent nights talking.,2,）,I can never forget the summer when the whole family went to the West Lake.,补充材料,(,一,),Keys,补充材料,(,一,),形容词性从句的关系词的几点特征：,1,）关系词在意义上等同于先行项。这一点我们可以从用一个关系词去替换其中一句中的与先行项相同的那个词或短语看出来。但要注意，先行项也可以是整个主句。例如：,Tom was late for class this morning,.,This,made Miss Wang very angry.,第二个句子中的,this,在意义上就等同于整个第一个句子,Tom was late for class this morning.,经过合并的三个步骤我们就可以得到下面这个含有形容词性从句的句子：,Tom was late for class this morning,，,which,made Miss Wang very angry.,2),关系词在从句中要充当句子成分；充当主语、宾语、定语、状语等。,3),关系词对形容词性从句起引导作用。,可供选择的关系词,:,指人 指物,Step 1:,关系词,指人还是指物？,主语 主语,/,宾语,Step 2:,关系词在从句中,充当什么成分,?,宾语 属格定语,属格定语 时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,Step 3:,是限制性还是,非限制性定语从句？,Who,whom,whose,that,which,when,where,why,who,whom,whose,that,who,that,that,which,when,where,whose,why,that,whomm,whose,that,which,whose,when,where,that,cannot introduce the non-restrictive adjective clause,why,对关系词进行选择的步骤：,A.,如果形容词性从句中含有动词,be,的某一形式，把关系代词、动词,be,的这一形式以及其它一起的助动词去掉即可。例如：,Alexander Bell,who is said to have invented the telephone,died in 1922.,Severe criticism was thrown to those who are responsible for the accident.,可以通过下列方法把一个形容词性从句缩减成形容词性短语（包括形容词短语、分词短语等）,Tony had a career,lasting,forty years.,B.,如果形容词性从句中未含有动词,be,的某一形式，把关系代词去掉，把谓语动词变为它的,-,ing,分词形式。,Tony had a career,that lasted,forty years.,5.Restrictive and non-restrictive,Translate the following two sentences into Chinese and find out the differences between them.,Jim has a brother who is a worker.,Jim has a brother,who is a worker.,B (,吉姆有一个当工人的哥哥。,言外之意就是：吉姆可能有不止一个哥哥。,),2)A (,吉姆有一个哥哥，他是当工人的。,言外之意就是：吉姆只有一个哥哥。,),Challenge,yourself,第一个句子含有一个限定性定语从句；第二个句子含有一个非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句与它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系，其对先行项起限定作用。限定性定语从句是主句不可缺少的部分，一旦省去，先行项便不能明确表示其所指对象。换句话说，限定性定语从句对先行项起区别性作用，有了它才能把先行项所指称的事物与其他同类事物区别开来。例如：,I bought three books yesterday.The book,I like best,is written by Mark Twain.,I like best,是一个限定性定语从句，因为有了它的限定就可以把所谈论的书与其他两本书区分开来。在,Jim has a brother who is a worker.,中，要用,who is a worker,限定才能够知道他说的是哪一个哥哥，也就是不要和其他哥哥混淆了，所以言外之意就是吉姆可能有不止一个哥哥。,非限定性定语从句与它的先行项之间只有比较松散的联系，其对先行项起补充、说明的作用。它不是主句不可缺少的部分，即使省去，也不影响先行项的所指意义，整个句子仍然是可读的。非限定性定语具有排他性，所以在,Jim has a brother,who is a worker.,中，即使把,who is a worker,去掉，先行项所指的对象仍然是确定的，因此这句中的,a brother,具有唯一性，言外之意就是吉姆只有一个哥哥。,Keys,：,）,a comma (,非限定性定语从句常用逗号与主句隔开,),）,that (,非限定性定语从句不能由,that,引导,),Exercise 2,Exercise 3,Keys,：,The little boy,who says“Ill try”,will climb to the hill-top.,The little boy,who says“I cant”,will at the bottom stop.,这两句不可以换成非限定性定语从句，因为必须对,the little boy,进行限制以相互区别。下面两句则可以，因为这两句中的形容词性从句只是对先行项起补充说明作用。,Life is a broken-winged bird,that cannot fly.,Life is a barren field,that cannot grow.,Challenge,yourself,补充材料,(,二,),1.,在很多情况下,把限定性定语从句去掉或换成非限定性定语从句了以后，主句便说不通或不完整了。,The children who are blind live in darkness.,(,失明的孩子生活在黑暗中,),*,The children live in darkness.,(,孩子们生活在黑暗中,),*,The children,who are blind,live in darkness.,（孩子们失明了，他们生活在黑暗中）,补充材料,(,二,),2.in which case,这个短语可以用来引导非限定性定语从句。这时可以用,in that case,in that situation,if that is the case,或,if that happens,来将该非限定性定语从句换述成另外一个句子。如：,The weather broadcast says that it will rain tomorrow,in which case,well have to delay our trip.,The weather broadcast says that it will rain tomorrow.,In that case,well have to delay our trip.,If it is the case that,it will rain tomorrow,well have to delay our trip.,补充材料,(,二,),Now,divide the class into two groups to hold a competition.One group will offer some useful information about a famous person in the world for the other group to guess who the person is.You should try to use as many sentences containing adjective clauses as possible,following the activity we did at the beginning of this unit.The group getting more correct answers will be the winner.,Sample,Activity,Who are they?,Applying Grammar,Exercise 1,5)when/on which,2)where/in which,4)that/0,3)which,1)who,8)whose,6)that/0,7)which,10)As,9)which,1)5)C B D A C 6)10)D A D D C 11)15)B D D A C 16)18)A B D,Exercise 2,1)Is the flat _ you once lived in?,2)Is this the flat _ you once lived?,3)Is this the only flat _ you once lived in?,4)Is this the flat in _ you once lived?,要注意主句和从句的结构完整性,A.whichB.whereC.the oneD.that,5)This is one of the best novels _ published last year.,6)This is the only one of the best novels _ published last year.,A.which were B.which was,C.that were D.that was,7)She has two shirts,_ were bought last month.,8)She has two shirts._ were bought last month.,A.both of whichB.Both of which,C.both of them D.Both of them,9)_ is well known that great change have taken place in China in recent years.,10)_ is well known,great changes have taken place in China in recent years.,A.ThatB.WhichC.As D.It,11)I dont know the reason _ he failed to attend our party.,12)Such is the only reason _ he told me.,A.for thatB.why C.whichD.that,13)It is in the hall _ a meeting is being held.,14)This is the hall _ a meeting is being held.,A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that,15)It is such an interesting film _ we all want to see it.,16)He is such a good teacher _ we all love and respect.,A.asB.whichC.that D.who,17)We heard the news _ our team had won.,18)The news _ had been proved to be true surprised everybody.,A.which B.that C.asD.A and B,1)who chats with you on the Internet.,2)who knows all your life;whose family knows you,too.,3)to whom you can turn for help/whom you can turn to for help.,4)who move,5)that/which are,Exercise 3,补充材料,(,三,),1),Berners,-lee,who invented the Web,is not rich.,2)A person,who is enrolled in Beijing University,must be very intelligent and creative.,3)Kids,who watch a lot of TV dont spend much time on their homework.,4)There are many wonderful TV programs for children on Saturday,when most of them are at home.,5)The computer,which you bought three years ago,does not have enough memory.,Exercise 4,补充材料,(,三,),1.,关系词,as,与,which,的区别,）,as,与,which,都既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句，代替前面整个主句或主句的一部分。但,which,引导的非限制性定语从句，在其先行项是整个主句时，只能置于句末；而,as,有“正如”的含义，其引导的非限制性定语从句可置于句首、句中、句末。如：,He didnt have a dictionary,which made it difficult to study English.(,此句中的,which,不能换成,as),）如果先行项的前面有,such,the same,as,，则其后的形容词性从句只能用,as,引导。如：,We should not make such a stupid mistake as Tony did yesterday.We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.,Some people believe that their cat understands as many words as does a dog.,）,as,常用在下列结构中,As is expected;as is often the case;as we can see;as is well known;as we all know;as has been said before;as may be imagined;as is shown/explained above;as has been explained/pointed out,等。,）,as,可以指人也可以指物；,which,只能指物。,Which,常用于以下几种情况：,A.,当先行项为,that,时,One should not consume all that which he has earned.,B.,当关系词离先行项较远时,She told me the news of the girl which I told him.,C.,两个并列的形容词性从句中，第一个关系词用了,that,时,I have eaten the bread that was in the fridge and which you were probably saving for breakfast.,D.,当先行项为表示职业、身份的词，而且关系词在从句中做表语时,He looked like a lawyer,which he was.,2.,关系词只能用,that,的情况,1),当先行项为,who,时,Who,that has sympathy will laugh on that occasion?,2),当先行项一个指人，一个指物时,The man and his horse that were hit by the truck were killed on the spot.,3)that,在形容词性从句中做表语时,Jim is not the boy that he was.,4),当先行项被序数词、形容词最高级或,last,next,only,very,any,all,等修饰时,This is the first time that I have come to New York.,This is the most beautiful city that I have ever seen.,She is the very student that I like best.,5),当先行项为,all,much,little,none,few,时,All that I can do is to follow him into the house.,There is little that the enemy can do beside surrender.,3.,关系词,but,的用法,But,引导形容词性从句时，相当于“,that/which/who not”,。如：,There is no rule but has exceptions.,(There is no rule that does not have exceptions.),There is no mother but loves her children.,(There is no mother who does not love her children.),Further development,第一个句子中,that,引导的是同位语从句，第二个句子中,that,引导的是形容词性从句。,它们的主要区别是：,引导同位语从句的,that,本身没有意义；在从句中不充当句子成分；不能省略。,引导形容词性从句的,that,在意义上相当于它的先行项；在从句中要充当主语或宾语；在充当及物动词的宾语，或是充当介词的宾语而介词没有前置时可以省略。,高考链接,1.There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.(2004,吉林,)