高中英语 语法详解课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Useful structures,语法详解：,所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间,即,主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。,The boy,_ diving.,They,_ diving.,Both,Jack,and,Tim,_ diving.,All of,them _ diving.,Neither Jack nor,Tim,_ walking.,is,are,are,is,are,Finish the following exercises:,Bob,Bob _ a worker.,isMike,Mike and Bob _ workers.,are,Both,Mike,and,Bob _,workers.,are,Neither,Mike,nor,Bob _a teacher.,is,Bill,Neither,of,them _,(know)how to teach English.,knows/know,All of,them _ workers.,None of,them _,(know)how to teach English.,are,knows/know,主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：,1.,and,连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况：,(1),He,and,I,_both students of this school.,我和他都是这个学校的学生。,如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。,语法一致原则,(2),但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是,同一个人或物,或者指,同一概念,的时候,谓语要用,单数,。,The singer and dancer_,going to give us a performance.,那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。,The knife and fork,_on the table.,刀叉在桌子上。,is,is,2.,如果主语是不定式,动词,ing,形式或主语从句的时候谓语动词用单数。,What he is doing,seems very important.,他正在做的事情看起来很重要。,Collecting stamps,is his hobby.,收集邮票是他的爱好。,3.,定语从句的关系代词,who,which,that,在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。,Those who enjoy singing may join us.,Tom,who is your friend,should help you.,4.with,along with,together with,as well as,besides,like,withoutexcept,but,including,如果句子中有这些连接词和主语连用,谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化。例如：,The teacher,together with his students,is,planting trees in the street.,老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。,either.or;neither.nor;not only.but also,whether.or,在句子中连接主语的时候或者在,there be,句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。,就近原则,Neither you nor,I am,wrong.,There is,a cup of tea,and some apples,on the table.,Not only the students but also,the teacher,wishes for a holiday.,概念一致原则,所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式,而是其实际意义。,有的主语名词在形式上是单数,但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数,但在意义上却是单数。,1.,不定代词,all,more,some,any,none,作主语,谓语动词视情况而定。,All of the,apples _,rotten.,所有的苹果都烂了。,All of the,apple _,rotten整个苹果都烂了。,不定代词,all,more,some,any,none,作主语,谓语动词视情况而定。,are,is,None of the,money_,left.,没有剩下一点钱。,None of the,students _,there.,没有学生在那里。,is,is,2.the rest of;half of;part of;majority of;percent of;one third of,在句子中加名词作主语的时候,谓语动词与,of,后面的名词保持一致。,Half of the,students _,finished their,composition.,一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。,Half of the,apple _,bad.,一半的苹果坏了。,About 60 percent of the,students,in our,school _boys.,我们学校,大约百分之六十的学生是男生,.,have,is,are,3.,集合名词作主语,动词可用单数,也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时,动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有,public,family,class,crowd,population,team,group,。,His,family,_going out.,他们全家要外出。,His,family,_all music lovers.,他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。,集合名词作主语,动词可用单数,也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。,强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时,动词则用复数。,这一类常见的集合名词有,public,family,class,crowd,population,team,group,。,is,are,4.,某些名词如,people,police,cattle,等,形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词应用复数。,people,指“民族”时是例外。,The police,are,searching for a thief.,The cattle,are,eating grass on the hill.,5.,复合不定代词作主语,谓语动词要用单数，如,someone,somebody,something,anybody,anyone,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing,。,Someone,is asking for you.,有人找你。,Nothing,is found in the room.,在屋子里什么也没找到。,6.,某些名词如,clothes,trousers,shoes,glasses,等,通常只用其复数形式,但当它们被,a pair of,修饰时,谓语动词用单数。,如,The,pair,of shoes is worn out.,这双鞋破了。,The,shoes,are worn out.,鞋子破了。,某些名词以,s,结尾如,maths,politics,physics,news,plastics,等，谓语动词应用单数。,Physics,is a very interesting subject.,物理是一门很有趣的学科。,8.every.and every.;each.and each.;no.and no.,在以上短 语中,and,连接的单数名词,整个短语 在句中作主语时,谓语动词常使用单数。,Each,man and,each,woman is asked to attend.,Every boy and every girl,in the class is diligent.,班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。,No sound and no voice,is heard.,听不到任何声音。,Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.(P2),考例,Did you go to the show last night?,Yeah.Every boy and girl in the area _ invited.(,陕西,2008),A.were B.have been C.has been D.was,点拨,选,D,。主语是,every boy and girl,或,every boy and every girl,，表示单数概念，故谓语动词用单数，且是询问昨晚的情况，有明确的过去时间，所以应选择,was,。,9.,以,a number of,作主语时,谓语动词用复数,;,以,the number of,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。,A number of,new books,are,on the desk.,The number of,students in you class,is,50.,10.,有些名词的单数和复数形式一样,作主语的时候,其谓语动词由上下文决定,这一类名词有,:means,works,deer,fish,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,等。,Not,every means,is useful.,不是每种方法都好使。,Not,all means,are useful.,不是所有的方法都好使。,11.many a,more than one,one and a half,与单数名词组成的短语,谓语用单数。,Many a boy,has seen it.,许多孩子都看到了。,12.,书刊名,、时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。,Thirty years,is not a long time.,Roots,is a famous American novel.,1.this kind of book=a book of this kind(,这种书,),其谓语用单数,;,短语,this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(,口语,)(,这一类人,),但,this kind of men,的谓语用,单数,men of this kind,和,these kind of men,的谓语用,复数,all kinds of,后跟复数名词,谓语用,复数形式,。例如：,应该注意的几个问题,:,This kind of men,is,dangerous.,Men of this kind,are,dangerous.,2.,在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。,例如,:,Between the two windows,hangs,a picture.,3.“,分数或百分数,+,名词”构成的短语以及由“,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,a heap of,heaps of,half of+,名词,”,构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中,of,后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。例如,:,Lots of damage,was,caused by fire.,About three-fourths of the earths surface,is,covered with water.,Three-fifths of the workers here,are,women.,和这种情况类似的还有“,a number of+,名词复数”。但是,“the number of+,名词”的中心词却是,number,。试比较：,A number of students,have gone,to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest.,The number of pages in this book,is,two hundred.,注意,:,a(large)quantity of,修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。,A large quantity of people,is,needed here.,quantities of,修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。,例如,:,Quantities of food(nuts),were,on the table.,短语,in quantity,in large quantities,意为“大量,”,;in small quantities,意为“少量”。,4.a great deal of,a large amount of,修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数,;large amounts of,修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。,例如,:,A large amount of(A great deal of)damage,was,done in a very short time.,Large amounts of money,were,spent on the bridge.,5.,表示数量的,one and a half,后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。,例如：,One and a half bananas,is,left on the table.,6.,如果主语由“,the+,形容词,(,或过去分词,)”,结构担任时,谓语通常用复数,;,这类词有,:the brave,the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf and dub,the oppressed,the injured,the wounded,the unemployed,等,;,但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。,例如：,The blind,study,in special school.,The departed(,死者,),was,a well-known engineer.,这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时,就要与名词,man,person,或表示人的单数连用。例如,:an old man,a rich person,the(a)wounded soldier.,高考链接,1.As a result of destroying the forests,a large _ of desert _ covered the land.(,上海,2001,）,A.number;has B.quantity;has,C.number;have D.quantity;have,B,精析,：,a large number of,后面要接复数名词，所以,A,不能作为答案。因为,desert,是单数，所以要填,has,。这句话的意思是“毁坏森林的结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地”答案,B,2._ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(,上海,2000),A.Two fifth,is B.Two fifth,are,C.Two fifths,is D.Two fifths,are,C,精析,:,分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数词表示,.,如果分子大于,1,分母序数词后加,-s.,分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后面的名词,.,句子中的主语,land,是单数,所以谓语动词要用,is covered.,答案,C.,3._ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.,（,上海,2001,）,A.Several million B.Many millions,C.Several millions D.Many million,A,精析,:,在,million,前如果有具体的数字或,several,等词时，要用单数形式。,many,一般不与,million,等词连用,.,表示“数百万”，英语为,millions of,。这句话的意思是“每天，世界上有几十万人通过,e-mail,传递信息。”答案,A,。,4.Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture,but when and where _ yet.(,浙江,2007),A.hasnt been decided B.havent decided,C.isnt being decided D.arent decided,点拨,“when and where(to do,sth,.,或,+,从句,)”,作主语时，谓语通常用单数。由题意可知要用被动，又由,yet,可知要用完成时态。,A,5.The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.(,辽宁,2006),A.is goingB.go,C.goesD.are going,点拨,句子主语要和,as well as,前面的成分,the father,保持一致，故谓语动词要用单数，又由,every Sunday afternoon in winter,可知应该用一般现在时。,C,6,.He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.(,上海,2002,春,),A.is B.are C.have been D.has been,D,7,._ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(,上海,2000),A.Two fifth;is B.Two fifth;are,C.Two fifths;is D.Two fifths;are,C,分数或百分数,of+,名词,作主语时,谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。,单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语用单数；反之，谓语用复数形式。这类名词有：,sheep,deer,means(,方法、手段,),works(,工厂,),species(,种类,),8.We live day by day,but in the great things,the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant.(,湖南,2007),is B.are,C.has been D.have been,A,9.As you can see,the number of cars on our roads _ rising these days.(2006,全国卷,II),A.was keeping B.keep,C.keeps D.were keeping,10.A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.(,江苏,2006),A.is B.are C.was D.were,A,C,11.Most of what has been said about the Smiths _ also true of the,Johnsons,.(,安徽,2006),A.are B.is C.being D.to be,12.The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992.(,山东,2005),A.changeB.has changed,C.changingD.have changed,B,B,13.Professor Smith,along with his assistants,_ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.(,上海,2005),A.work B.working,C.is working D.are working,14.Nowadays,a large number of women,especially those from the countryside,_ in the clothing industry.(,辽宁,2005),A.is working B.works,C.work D.worked,C,C,Homework,Finish the exercises in USING STRUCTURES on Page 43.,