Unit-I-口译记忆课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第一讲 口译记忆,Short-term Memory Training,记忆,记忆包括输入、储存和重现三个过程，一般可分为瞬时记忆,(instant memory),、短时记忆和长时记忆。,三种类型,-瞬时记忆：只能使语言信息保持0.25秒至2秒，之后记忆的信息便会消失，它是最短的记忆。做口译，要求译者“耳聪目明”、反应迅速，其实就是强调译者要有瞬时获取信息的能力，这也是口译人员需要具备的基本素质之一。,-短时记忆：短时阶段记忆阶段贮存瞬时记忆输入的信息。虽然信息保持的时间短,但对口译人员来说,短时记忆却相当重要,它是译者进行高强度脑力活动的关键时刻。,-长时记忆：经过加工的语言信息进入长时记忆阶段。长时记忆的信息容量要大得多,信息的保持可以从短时直至终身,是大脑长期保持信息的主要手段。在口译的记忆过程中它配合短时记忆共同完成大脑的记忆工作。,短时记忆,短时记忆除了可以获取谈话者正在谈论的信息，还可以激活长时记忆中的相关信息。但短时记忆的特点是容量小和持续时间短。因此该时段记忆的信息应马上使用，否则随即便会遗忘。鉴于短时记忆的这一特点，应借用笔记这种辅助手段帮助大脑储存信息。,Are you a born interpreter?,Watch carefully the following images for 30 seconds.,Remember:Do not write.,Do not speak to each other.,Example 1,865432879685,Question,How many times does“8”appear in this number?,Question,What is the order of these letters?,What is it?,question:,Which things are included in this table?,长时记忆(long-term memory),在口译的记忆过程中长时记忆配合短时记忆共同完成大脑的记忆工作。长时记忆储存的是平时积累的生活常识、专业知识及各种经历等，其容量是无限的，信息在此储存的时间相对较长，有的甚至终身不忘，它是大脑长期保持信息的主要手段。,长时记忆对我们口译的影响很大，人们听过、看过和经历过的事情都可以留在长时记忆中，随时可提取出来与正在听到的信息相结合，从而帮助人们更透彻地理解信息。,长时记忆,大脑储存的知识越多，经验知识越丰富,就越能在口译时发挥出最佳的水平。而短时记忆只是暂时储存刚刚接收到的信息，随后有的信息可能进入长时记忆得以保存，有的则很快被遗忘。,三种记忆的作用,这三种记忆在口译过程中各司其职：瞬时记忆有瞬间感知信息、接收外界信号的作用，所以通常与源语听辨有关；短时记忆与长时记忆都有一定的持续时间，所以与译员对源语信息的储存有关；而长时记忆的持续时间最长，有积累和相互重叠的特点，所以与译员长期以来的语言学习和知识积累有关。,就记忆而言，“瞬时记忆”是口译的前提，“短时记忆”是口译的关键，“长时记忆”是口译的基础。,口译中的记忆,口译中译员将刚刚接收到的信息暂时储存在短时记忆中，同时激活长时记忆中的相关部分，使其参与译员的在线记忆运作。口译中的这种处于活跃状态的记忆被称为工作记忆（,working memory,），它是短时记忆和长时记忆的一种结合，以短时记忆为主，加上长时记忆中被激活的部分。,译员在口译时并不是机械地记忆接收到的语音信息，而是需要从长时记忆中提取相关的语言和专题知识对信息进行理解后才能将其意义储存在短时记忆中。,短时记忆训练的必要性,Daniel Gile,将连续传译的过程分成,2,个阶段：,第一阶段,I=L+M+N,I=,口译；,L=,听取并分析源语信息；,M=,从听到信息到以笔记形式存储信息所需的短时记忆；,N=,笔记。,短时记忆训练的必要性,第二阶段,I=Rem+Read+P,I=口译；Rem=从短期记忆中提取并解构源语信息；Read=读取笔记；P=重新产出译语信息。,Gile 强调短时记忆在同传或连传中都起着非常重要的作用。因此，短时记忆训练应成为译员培训的技巧之一。良好的记忆力是口译训练必须具备的技能,也是口译能力的前提条件。,短时记忆训练的主要方法,源语复述,大约,200,个词的文章，复述期间不准记笔记,目的语复述,大约,200,个词的文章，听的过程中允许记笔记,影子练习,短时记忆训练的主要方法,逻辑整理训练,听完一些缺乏语篇连贯性或语言顺序颠倒的材料后，将之梳理成一段主题明确、语义连贯的发言。,Short-term memory training,Shadowing,Parroting,Chinese Whispers,Simultaneous shadowing,Lagging shadowing,Multi-tasking,训练方法：,最初阶段：建议采用短篇经过改写的文章作为训练材料，进行复述联系。时间大约掌握在5-6分钟。注意在开始阶段的时候不宜采用复杂内容，或者书面的文章进行训练，但是应该有一定的逻辑性。这一阶段练习的目标应该是保证大的框架的完整，逻辑的清晰。这一阶段应该保证相当的训练量。保证至少4个小时每天的训练量，基本上两个星期，直到感觉处理内容比较顺手-前提需要考核自己复述的内容的质量。,中期阶段：经过一段时间短篇的练习后，可以开始逐渐增长篇幅，内容难度适当的调整，但不宜书面，过于专业的东西。因为这一阶段是记忆的训练而并非内容以及语言上的训练。时间可以增加到7-10分钟，注意这一阶段仍然是保证内容逻辑框架的完整性。同样考核复述质量。两个周的练习基本是在巩固前面的成果。,最后阶段：在这一阶段练习中可以把时间控制在10分钟左右，但这一阶段的练习的经历就应该放在内容的细节方面加强。试着努力地回忆起更多的细节的东西，当然大的框架结构始终应该保证的。上面提到的是基本的训练途径，始终建议同自己的language partner进行训练，这样对于质量评定上还有所掌握。因为本是自己在练习中存在的错误自己不容易发现。如果是自己单独训练的话则应该尽可能地遵循上述的一些大的原则前提下，可以采用自己阅读复述，听新闻复述，阅读复述等等。但在时间长短，难度以及训练时间上应该遵循上面提高的规则，更有利于提高。,具体操作：,1）由训练者（或练习伙伴）以适当的语速现场发布源语信息，长度应掌握在1至5分钟之内。,2）接受训练者凭记忆储存源语内容，并尽量用译语记忆。,3）接受训练者用译语对原文的内容进行要点复述。,4）复述后可进行讲评、切磋，探讨遗漏信息的性质和原因。,5）练习可分阶段进行。复述的内容逐渐由大意进入细节，并逐渐提高对细节准确性的要求。（6）整个过程中不允许记笔记。,一、信息视觉化和现实化训练（Visualization）,This is to visualize what the speaker is saying in interpretation.It is applicable to the retaining of information in such speech types as narration,description and introduction.,这种训练是针对大脑对意像语料的敏感性而设计的，旨在训练译员通过将信息内容现实化、视觉化来记忆信息的能力。,Example 1,I was walking in the park with a friend recently,and his cell phone rang,interrupting our conversation.There we were,walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and poof!I became invisible,absent from the conversation.The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones.They were passing other people without looking at them,saying hello,noticing their babies or stopping to pet their puppies.Evidently,the untethered electronic voice is preferable to human contact听到这一段生动形象的描述之后，译员便可在头脑中勾画这样一副图景：自己正与一位朋友在公园中散步、闲谈。突然，谈话被朋友的手机打断。然后放眼四周，发现到处是只顾自己拿着手机讲话而无暇互相交流的人们。译员就这样通过现实化、形象化的方法将一篇复杂的描写转化成生活中一个再熟悉不过的镜头摄入了头脑。然后，译员再用译语将眼前的这幅图景按照自己的方式描述出来即可。这样不仅记忆深刻、全面，而且译员也不会陷入机械的“找词翻译”的误区。,Example 2,My home town is a beautiful place,but it is not very big.It stands beside a wide river at the foot of low green hills.There are about eleven thousand people in it.The streets are wide and straight,and there are many new houses and shops along them.There is a modern hospital and some fine schools.You can see trees and flowers everywhere.,Example 3,Hurricane Henry moved into northern Florida early yesterday morning.Nearly half a million people have had to move as the 200 km per hour winds uprooted trees,tore roofs off some houses and completely destroyed less strong ones.In coastal areas many boats were submerged by the 10 meter swell(膨胀）,while others were beached and left stranded（搁浅）。,二、逻辑分层记忆训练,（Categorization,generalization and comparison）,提纲式记忆指译员充分利用语篇的基本结构及其主要意义间的联系，把源语材料内容当作提纲或框架来处理。在此提纲或框架里，译员所“记”的内容是源语材料的主要意义及其联系。在随后所“忆”和“译”的阶段，译员则在所记的基本提纲的基础上，完整地归纳包括其他次要意义在内的全部意义。提纲式记忆常用于那些讲话内容相对有条理性、主次意义较清楚的讲话材料，如论证类、介绍类讲话等。,例子1,澳大利亚和中国在生态环境上有很大的差别，我认为原因很多。首先是由于中国的人口密度较大其次是经济情况不同。澳大利亚的经济主要依靠第一和第三产业，比如农业、旅游业，它们对环境的污染相对较小；而中国的经济更依赖于第二产业（工业），第二产业对环境污染最大。另外，澳大利亚是一个发达国家，在经济上有能力制定比较严格的环境保护法规。第三是历史的原因。虽然澳大利亚的土族居民有六万多年的历史，但是他们是游牧民族，所以对生态环境没有重大影响。澳大利亚重要的人类活动只有两百年的历史。在中国，重要的人类活动已有几千年之久。第四，中国的环境保护还没有受到应有的重视。第五个原因是澳大利亚人和中国人的社会文明意识有所不同。,澳、中生态环境差别原因：,1 人口密度,2 经济情况：,澳：第一、三产业（两例、结果）,中：第二产业（结果）,此外，澳：发达国（环保法规）,3 历史：（重要人类活动史比较）,4环保重视程度,5文明意识,例子2,中国人的待客规则，一是要热情，态度上不能慢待，别人会用你的态度判定你的心意。对待不同地方的朋友，难度不一样：美国人，以低成本就能让他们满意；香港人，就难了，他们讲究吃；老家人，点些没吃过的菜就可以；对过去的同学、同事，不能点得太便宜，那表明你把他看得很便宜。二是量不应该不足，可以有余、可以浪费，但不能空盘。三是如果有求于朋友，那么吃饭是不够的，通常应该有另外的表示。根据办的事不一样，表示的程度不一样。对于外国人，选最不值钱的东西就可以了：小盘子和小手帕就行；对中国的朋友，这些东西人家都不会要的。如果你送的礼物显得很小气，那么前面的东西就都白吃了。另外，对于我们中国人，朋友们在一起的时候，买单要积极主动，这是表现你诚心与否的重要时机。如果你是公司老板，更要主动买单，不要让教授或公务员买单。总的说来，表面的热情要有高度。过去是酒要喝到醉，要喝度数高的、价钱贵的酒。现在，劝酒的方式缓和多了。不再强迫喝，不喝醉，喝低度酒。现在的待客之道是：热情、主动、考虑健康。待客之道变得比较宽容合理了。,中国待客之道：,1.热情,美国人：低成本,香港人：讲究吃,老家人：点些没吃过的菜；,同学、同事：不能点太便宜,2.量要足,3.出吃饭还要有别的表示,外国人：最不值钱的东西-小盘子、小手帕,中国人：贵的，要积极买单,过去：喝到醉，要喝度数高的、价钱贵的酒,现在：热情、主动、考虑健康,例子3,People have different ideas about what exactly is being on time and being late.These ideas also differ from time to time,and from country to country.For example,in the United States,it is very important to be on time for almost all occasions.The only time it is socially acceptable to be late is when you go to a friends party.A person usually tries to arrive about 5 minutes after the invitation time,so that the host would have a little extra time to prepare for the guests.This is called being“fashionably late.”Any time later than that is considered impolite,because it keeps the host and other guests waiting.,Being on time goes both ways.One should also not arrive early for a friends party,because it would rush the host.However,when going to a doctors appointment,it is usually good to arrive earlier than the appointment because there are usually some forms that need to be filled out by the patient.,Different ideas about being on time and being late,E.g-USA:important to be on time for almost all occasions(except friends party-5 late,Being on time-2 ways:,-a little late to a friends party,-earlier to a doctors appointment,三、推理式信息组合记忆,译员在理解的前提下，以话语所呈现的信息位为基础，分清信息主次，结合逻辑推理，将信息单位按主次关系逻辑性地组合成更大的信息单位，以增加短时记忆的容量。这种方法较适合于记忆那些信息量大的长句或内容相对比较枯燥、话语的连贯性较差的材料。,例子,We have heard a lot of interesting points from the speakers who have gone before me about creating a supportive investment climate which takes into account the interests and concerns of foreign companies,while also helping Chinese companies and the various regions of China to realize their competitive advantages.,解释,这句话大致是以下的信息单位依次进入译员的记忆：,we have heard a lot interesting points from the speakers who have gone before me（在我发言之前，我们已听到许多发言人很有意义的见解）,about creating a supportive investment climate（就创造鼓励性的投资环境）,which takes into account the interests and concerns of foreign companies（它照顾外国公司的利益）,while also helping Chinese companies and the various regions of China to realize their competitive advantages（同时，帮助中国公司和各个地区实现其本身的竞争优势）。,连贯的语篇信息：,在我之前的发言人已围绕“照顾外国公司利益、创造鼓励性投资环境、同时帮助中国公司和各个地区实现其本身的竞争优势”这一话题作了很有意义的阐述,。,复述训练：,I have just moved to a house in BridgeStreet.Yesterday a beggar knocked at mydoor.He asked me for a meal and a glassof beer.In return for this,the beggarstood on his head and sang songs.I gavehim a meal.He ate the food and drankthe beer.Then he put a piece of cheesein his pocket and went away.Later aneighbor told me about him.Everybodyknows him.His name is Percy Buttons.He calls at every house in the street oncea month and always asks for a meal and aglass of beer.,The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa.A few hours earlier,someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.When the plane arrived,some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.While two detectives were keeping guard at the door,two others opened the parcel.To their surprise,the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!,Fishing is my favorite sport.I often fish for hours without catching anything.But this does not worry me.Some fishermen are unlucky.Instead of catching fish,they catch old boots and rubbish.I am even less lucky.I never catch anything-not even old boots.After having spent whole mornings on the river,I always go home with an empty bag.You must give up fishing!my friends say.Its a waste of time.But they dont realize one important thing.Im not really interested in fishing.I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!,My daughter,Jane,never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland.Last year,we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle.She threw the bottle into the sea.She never thought of it again,but ten months later,she received a letter from a girl in Holland.Both girls write to each other regularly now.However,they have decided to use the post office.Letters will cost a little more,but they will certainly travel faster.,I had a letter from my sister yesterday.She lives in Nigeria.In her letter,she said that she would come to England next year.If she comes,she will get a surprise.We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country.Work on it had begun before my sister left.The house was completed five months ago.In my letter,I told her that she could stay with us.The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden.It is a very modern house,so it looks strange to some people.It must be the only modern house in the district.,Airplanes are slowly driving me mad.I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.The airport was built years ago,but for some reason it could not be used then.Last year,however,it came into use.Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.I am one of the few people left.Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane.I have been offered a large sum of money to go away,but I am determined to stay here.Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.,