2015中考复习资料(语法).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,开启中考成功之门，钥匙有三。,其一：勤奋的精神；,其二：科学的方法；,其三：良好的心态。,信心来自于实力，实力来自于勤奋。,中考考点 一、名词,一、名词的复数：,1.,名词变复数的规则形式,1).,一般情况下直接加,s book-books cup-cups,2).,以辅音字母,+y,结尾的，先变,y,为,i,再加,es,.,city-cities family-families,3).,以,s,、,x,、,sh,、,ch,结尾的加,es,发音为,|,iz,|.,bus-buses wish-wishes watch-,wathes,4).,以,o,结尾的多数加,S,初中阶段只有三个单词加,es,.,tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroes,5).,以,f,、,fe,结尾的，先把,f,、,fe,变,v,再加,es,.,leaf-leaves self-selves shelf-shelves life-lives thief-thieves,2.,少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。,man-men woman-women child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice,3.,单数和复数形式相同。,deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese,4.,某国人的复数。,1).,中、日不变。,Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese,2).,英、法变,。,Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen,3).,其余,s,加后面。,American-Americans German-Germans Australian-Australians,二、不可数名词：,1.,不可数名词：,1).,不能直接用数字表数量,2).,不能直接加,a,或,an,3).,没有复数形式,4).,可用,some,、,any,、,lots of,、,plenty of,、,much,修饰,5).,可用“量词短语”表示,2.,不可数名词的数量的表示方法：,a/,数字,+,量词,+of+,不可数名词,a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk,三、名词的所有格：,1.s,所有格。,1).,用,and,连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，这时只在最后一个名词后加“,s.”,This is _(Mary and Lily)bedroom.,2).1).,用,and,连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时，这时分别在每个名词后加“,s.These are _(Tom and Jack)school bags.,3).,以,s,结尾的名词，变所有格时在,s,后加“”,不以,s,结尾的复数名词，仍加“,s”,Teachers Day Childrens Day,4).,表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加,s,代表全称。,at the doctors at the Bobs,5).,由,some,、,any,、,no,、,every,与,one,、,body,结合的复合不定代词,something,、,anything,等和,else,连用时，所有格应加在,else,的后面。,This is _(somebody else)pencil.,6).,表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可在词尾加,s,来构成所有格。,an hours ride two weeks time Chinas capital,2.of,所有格：,1).of,用来表示无生命的名词所有格。,the map of China the door of the room,2).,双重所有格：,of+,名词所有格,of+,名词性的物住代词,He is a friend of my _(brother).,Is she a daughter of _(you)?,四、名词作句子成分：,1.,名词作主语,1).,表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,Two hours _(be)enough for us to get there.,2).,量词短语“数字,+,量词,+of+”,作主语时，谓语动词应与量词保持一致。,A pair of shoes _(be)under the bed.,Two pieces of paper _(be)on the desk.,3).,名词,+,介词（,with,、,except,、,along with.,）,+,名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。,The teacher with the students _(be)planting trees on the hill.,4).,短语“,neithernor,、,eitheror,、,not onlybut also”,连接主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。,Neither he nor I _(be)a Frenchman.,2.,名词作定语：,1).,名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。,There is a shoe factory near the school.,2).,名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。,(sport),The sports meeting will be held next week.,3).man,、,woman,作定语表示性别时，,man,、,woman,随后面的名词单复数而变。one man teacher two women teachers,考查重点,冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词,a,和,an,的用法，定冠词,the,的用法和零冠词的用法等。,一,.a,和,an,的区别,不定冠词有,a,和,an,两种形式，,a,用于辅音,(,不是辅音字母,),开头的词前，,an,用于元音,(,不是元音字母,),开头的词前。,例如：,a boy,a university,a European country;an hour,an honor,an island,an elephant,an umbrella,an honest man,a useful book,不看字母看读音,不见原因,(,元音,),别施恩,(n),中考考点二：冠词的用法,二,.,不定冠词的用法,1.,泛指某一类人、事或物；相当于,any,，这是不定冠词,a/an,的基本用法。,A horst is an animal,2.,泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。,A girl is waiting for you.,3.,表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有,one,强烈。,I have a computer.,4.,表示“每一”，相当于,every.,I go to school five days a week.,我一周上五天课。,5.,用在序数词前，表示“又一”，“再一”。,I have three books.I want to buy a fourth one.,6.,用在某些固定词组中：,a,lot(of,),after a while,a few,a little,at a time,have a swim,have a cold,in a hurry,for a long,time,have,a good time,have a look,三,.,定冠词的用法,1.,特指某,(,些,),人或某,(,些,),物，这是定冠词的基本用法。,The book on the desk is mine,2.,指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。,Open the window,please.,3.,指上文已经提到的人或事物。,I have a car.The car is red.,4.,指世界上独一无二的事物。,Which is bigger,the sun or the earth?,5.,用在序数词，形容词最高级前。,The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.,6.,用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。,the Great Wall,长城，,the United States,美国,7.,用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。,the poor,穷人,the blind,盲人,8,用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。,the Greens,格林一家或格林夫妻俩,9.,用在方位词前。,on the left,在左边，,in the middle of,在中间,10.,用在乐器名称前,。,She plays the piano every day.,11.,用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前。,the Black Sea,黑海，,the Yangzi River,长江,12.,用在某些固定词组中：,all the same,仍然；,all the time,一直；,at the moment,此刻；,at the same time,同时；,by the way,顺便说；,do the shopping/washing,买东西,/,洗衣服；,in the morning/afternoon/evening,在上午,/,下午,/,晚上；,in the open air,在户外，在野外,四,.,零冠词的用法,1.,棋类,球类,一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词,Play chess play football have supper,特例：当,football,，,basketball,指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：,I can see a football.,我可以看到一只足球。,Wheres the football,？那只足球在哪儿？,(,指足球，并非“球类运动”,),2.,季节,月份,星期,节假日名词前不用任何冠词,.,In July in summer on Monday on Teachers Day,3.,人名,地名,国家名前不加冠词,Beijing is the capital of China,4.,学科,语言,称呼,语职务名词前不用冠词,Math is hard to learn,5.,复数名词表示类别时不加冠词,They are workers I like eating apples,6.,名词前已有物主代词,(my,，,your,，,his,，,her,等,),、指示代词,(this/these,，,that/those),、不定代词,(some,，,any,等,),及所有格限制时,不用冠词,my book(,正,),；,my the book(,误,),7.,在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。,No.25 Middle School,五,.,用与不用冠词的差异,in hospital,住院,/in the hospital,在医院里,in front of,在,(,外部的,),前面,/in the front of,在,(,内部的,),前面,at table,进餐,/at the table,在桌子旁,by sea,乘船,/by the sea,在海边,go to,school(church,),上学,(,做礼拜,)/go to the,school(church,),到学校,(,教堂,),去,two of us,我们当中的两人,/the two of us,我们两人,(,共计两人,),next year,明年,/the next year,第二年,a teacher and writer,一位教师兼作家,(,一个人,),/a teacher and a writer,一位教师和一位作家,(,两个人,),第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,人称,格,数,单数,复数,主格,宾格,主格,宾格,I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,we,you,they,us,you,them,语法过关：人称代词,一人称代词：,1.,主格作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语,.,He teaches _(we)Chinese.,2.,三种人称代词并列时,顺序为,:,单数,:,二,三,一（,You,she and I,）复数,:,一,二,三,(we,you and they),注,:,若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(,即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面,.),She and I have been to Beijing.,Who broke the window?I and Mike.,注：,it,还有一些特别的用法。,1,）用作形式主语,常用于“,Its+,adj,+to do,sth,”,句型中,.,2),用在句型,:“It seems that”,中,.,3),用在句型,:“Its ones turn to do,sth,”,中,.,4),用在句型,:“Its time to do,sth,/for,sth,”,中,.,5),用在句型,:“Its+,adj,+that,从句”中,.,6),用作形式宾语,用来代替动词不定式,.make/think/feel/find+it+,adj,(,名词,)+to do,sth,.,中考专题三：代词,数,人称,主格,宾格,形容词性,物主代词,名词性物主代词,单数,复数,I,my,you,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,Me,mine,you,your,your,he,him,his,his,she,her,her,hers,it,It,its,its,we,us,our,ours,you,you,your,yours,they,them,their,theirs,形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前，不能单独使用。,名词性的物主代词，后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与,of,连用。,Our classroom is as big as _(they).,This is a friend of _(my).,注,:1),名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词,.,（名词性的物主代词,=,形容词性的物主代词,+,名词）,2),形容词性的物主代词与,own,连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词,.,My own house=a house of my own,什么是反身代词？,反身代词又称为自身代词，表示动作执行者本身。它还可以在句中起到强调的作用，用以加强语气。,【,粉墨登场,】,英语中共有八个反身代词，在使用时应注意和它所指的相应的对象在人称、性别、数上保持一致。其基本形式如下表所示：,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,单数,myself,yourself,himself herself itself,复数,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,三,.,反身代词,记忆小窍门反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加,self.,其余都要物主加,self,复数,ves,来把,f,替,.,反身代词的常用搭配,:,enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself =learnby,oneslf,all by oneself,help oneself to look after oneself leave,sb,by oneself lose oneself in,say to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself see oneself in the mirror,四,.,指示代词1.,近指,:this these,远指,:that those,2.,用法,:,1)that those,常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复,.That,代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词,.Those,代替复数名词,.,The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _ in Qinghai.,The books in that shop are cheaper than _in this shop.,A.this,B.that,C.one,D.those,2)this,that,可代替句子或句子的一个部分,that,代替前面提到的句子而,this,代替下面提到的句子,.,He had a bad cold,that is why he didnt come.,3),在电话用语中,this,代替自己,而,that,代替对方,.,This is Tom speaking.Who is that?,五,.,不定代词的区别,.,1.one,与,it,的区别,One,代替同类事物中的一种,.,而,it,代替上文中出现的某事物,.,This book is a good one.May I borrow it?,2.some,与,any,的区别,一般情况下,some,用于肯定句,any,用于否定,疑问句,条件句中,.,但在表建议的疑问句中,仍用,some代,any.,常用于,could/would/May,开头或,what about/how about.,的句中。,May I have some water?,He asked me for some paper,but I didnt have any.,3.many,与,much,的区别,Many+,可数名词的复数,Much+,不可数名词 都相当于,a lot of+,复数名词,/,不可数名词,注,:a lot of,不能用于否定句中,.,否定句中用,many/much.,4.a few/few/a little/little,的区别,*,few/a few,用来修饰可数名词。,few表示否定意义，没有，几乎没有；,a few,表示肯定意思,有几个。,eg,.He has few friends here,he feels lonely.,他这里没朋友，他感觉寂寞。,There are a few eggs in the basket.,篮子里有几个鸡蛋。,*,little/a little,用来修饰不可数名词。,little,表示否定意思，没有，几乎没有；,a little,表示肯定意思，有一点儿。,eg,.There is little ink in my bottle,can you give me a little ink?,我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗？,题目：,The story is easy to read.There are _ new words in it.,Hurry up!There is _ time left.,5.each/every,的区别,each,表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个,.,而,every,表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个,.,There are trees and,frowers,on _ side of the street.,_ student has read a story.,注,:each,可以与,of,连用,each of,作主语时,谓语动词用单数,.,而,every,不能与,of,连用,.,只能放在名词前作定语,.,Each of us _(study)hard.,6.no one,与,none,的区别,no one,表示没有人,不能与,of,连用,.,而,none of+,复数名词,/,代词，作主语时，谓语常用单数。,.,The boys were all tired,but _ of them stopped to have a rest.,都,都不,任何一个,两者之间,both,neither,either,三者或三者以上,all,none,any,7.both/neither/either/all/none/any,的区别,There are many trees on _ side of the river.A.both,B.any,C.either,D.all,注,:1).both,的否定词是,neither,all,的否定词是,none.,2).both of,作主语时,谓语动词用复数,.,neither of,作主语时,谓语动词用单数,.,Neither of the answers _(be)right.,Both of my parents _(be)workers.,3).,词组,A)both and,连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数,.,同义词组,:not only but also,反义词组,:neither nor,Not only you but also she likes watching TV.=_ you _ she like watching TV.=You like watching TV,_ _ she.,B)either or,或者,或者,neithernor,既不,也不,连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则,.,Neither you nor he _(be)right.,One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park.=_ Lily _Lucy _ going to the park.,C)either,也可用于否定句中的“也”,D)neither,也可表示“也不”句型,:neither,sb,某人也不怎么样,.,If you dont go there,_ _ I.(,我也不去,),4)how many/how much,的回答,:,用,none,回答,.,Who,的回答,:,用,no one,回答,.,What,的回答,:,用,nothing,回答,.,How many students are there in the classroom?_.,Who can answer the question?_.,A.None,B.No,one,C.Nothing,(,空,),后面没有名词,(,空,),后面有名词,有数量限制,(,特指,),the others,the other,没有数量限制,(,泛指,),others,other,8.other/the other/others/the others,的区别,注,:1)one the other,表示两者之间的一个,另一个,2)some others,表示一些,一些,3)another,表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个,.,只能修饰可数名词的单数,.,但,another+,数字,+,复数名词,=,数字,+more+,复数名词 表示“另外几个,”,Would you like _ apple?,I have two brothers,one is a teacher,_ is a worker.,Some are cleaning the classroom,_ are sweeping the window.,There are 20 teachers in our school.Eight of them are men teachers,and _ are women teachers,everyone,每个，人人，大家,不与,of,连用,every one,每个人、物,可与,of,连用,Every one of us has seen the film.,Everyone should do their best.,10.,复合不定代词,.,some,any,no,every,thing,something,anything,nothing,everything,one,someone,anyone,no one,everyone,body,somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,注,:1.,复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数,.,2.,形容词修饰不定代词时,形容词放在不定代词之后,.,3.,动词不定式修饰不定代词时,动词不定式放在不定代词之后,.,4.,复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中,1),指人的不定代词,其反义疑问句中的主语用,he,或,they.,2),指物的不定代词,其反义疑问句中的主语用,it.,5.any,anything,anyone,anyboby,也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何,/,任何物,/,任何人”,Everything _(begin)to grow in spring,_ _?,Is there _(,一些有趣的事,)in todays,newpaper,?,I want something _(eat).,基数词,:,表示人或事物数量多少的词,.,序数词,:,表示人或事物的顺序的词,.,一,.,基数词,.,1.,基数词的读法,.,1)1-12:one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve,2)13-19:,词尾加,-teen:thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen,3)20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90:,逢十词尾加,-,ty,:twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety,4)21-99:,在十位与个位之间加连字符构成,.,21-twenty-one 99-ninety-nine,5)101-999:,先说几百,再加,and,再加末尾两位数或个位数,.,101-one hundred and one 238-two hundred and thirty-eight,6)1000,以上的数,:,先将数字从右往左数,每三位数用一个逗号隔开,从右往左第一个逗号表示“千”读,thousand,第二个逗号表示“百万”读,million,第三个逗号表示“十亿”读,billion,18,657,421-eighteen million,six hundred and fifty-seven thousand,four hundred and twenty-one.,中考专题四：数词,二,.,序数词,基数词变序数词,口诀,:,基变序,有规律,词尾要加,th,.,一二三,特殊记,词尾分别,tdd(first,second third),八去,t,九去,e,ve,要用,f,替,.,ty,变作,tie,再加,th,莫忘记,.,若遇几十几,只变个位就可以,.,三,.,数词的应用,.,1.,表编号,.,结构,:,名词,(,首字母要大写,)+,基数词,=the+,序数词,+,名词,Lesson One=the first lesson,注：有些编号，一般仅用第一种表达法。,Room 101,101,号房间,2.,序数词前一般加定冠词,the,但序数词前与不定冠词,a/an,连用时,表示“又一,再一”,Youve done it three times.Why not try _fourth time?,A.a,B.an,C.the,D./,3.,数词前加,every,表示每,/,每隔,.,every ten days =every ninth day,每十天,(,每隔九天,),注,:every+,基数词,+,复数名词,=every+(,序数词,-1)+,单数名词,4.,基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄,1),表示年代,:in the+,年份的复数 在几世纪几十年代,.,在十九世纪七十年代,._.,2),表年龄,:in ones+,整十的复数 表示在某人几十岁时,在他四十岁时,:_.,5.hundred/thousand/million/billion,1).,若,hundred/thousand/million/billion,前有基数词时,其后不加,s,也不加,of.,若没有时,既加,s,也要带,of.,Every year _ visitors come to China.,There are two _ students in our school.,A.thousand,B.thousands,C.thousands,of,D.thousand,of,2).,若其前有,a few,、,many,、,several,修饰时，通常用复数，后接,of.,3).,若名词前有,the,修饰时，用单数，后接,of,Two _the students in our school are from the countryside.,A.hundred,B.hundred of,C.hundreds,of,D.hundreds,6.,几个半的表达法,:,基数词,+and+a half+,名词复数,=,基数词,+,名词,(,单数,/,复数,)+and+a half,two and a half hours =two hours and a half,7.,时刻表达法,:,1),整点,:,基数词,+oclock,2),几点几分,:,A).,直接读法,:,先读小时,后读分钟,3:25-three twenty-five,B).,间接读法,:,a)30,分钟,.,分钟,+past+,小时,3,：,25-twenty-five past three,b),30,分钟,.(60-,分钟,)+to+(,小时数,+1),3:55-five to four,c)30,分钟,=half 15,分钟,=a quarter 45,分钟,=three quarters,3:30-half past three 3:15-a quarter past three,3:45-a quarter to four,8.,日期表达法,:,结构,:1).,月 日,年,(,日用序数词,年用基数词,),注,:,年份的读法,:,先读前两位数,再读后两位数,.,读日时要加,the.,1900-nineteen hundred 1807-eight and seven(eight o seven),2008-two thousand eight,2007,年,3,月,21,日,.-March the twenty-first,two thousand and seven.,2).,日 月 年,(the+,序数词,+of+,月,年,),2007,年,3,月,21,日,-the twenty-first of March,two thousand and seven.,9.,分数词的表达法,:,1).,结构,:a).,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,.,b).,当分子大于,1,时,分母加复数,.,3/4-three fourths(three-fourths),2).,注意,:,a).,分数词的几种特殊形式,.,1/3one third=a third,1/4one fourth=a quarter,1/2one second=a half,3/4three fourths=three quarters,b).,分数词作主语时,谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定,.,Two fifths of the milk _(be)drunk by Tom.,One third of the students _(be)girls.,一介词,at/in/on.,1.,表示时间：,1).,表示某一具体时间点，某一时刻,/,年龄,at six oclock at noon at that time,at the moment at the age of at night,2)in,表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期,(,某人几十岁时,),in the morning/afternoon/evening,in spring/in 2007/in March,in the twenty-first century,in his fifties,3)on,表示星期几,/,某一具体的日子,/,具体某天的上午,/,下午,/,晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时,.,On Monday on New Years Day,on Sunday morning on a rainy night,on the evening of April 1st,2007,2,表地点,:,1)at,一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置,at the station at the cinema,2)in,表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里,.,in China in the classroom,3)on,指在某物体的表面上,.,on the desk,注意,:,写街道时,若有门牌号用,at,否则用,on/in,都可,.,He lives at 270,DongChangan,Street.,中考专题五：介词,二,.,介词in/on/to,表方位,:,1.in,表示,A,地在,B,地范围之内,.(,包含关系,),Tanwan,is _ the southeast of China.,2.on,表示,A,B,地接壤,.(,外切关系,),Hubei is _ the north of Hunan.,3.to,表示,A,B,两地有一定的间距,.(,外离关系,),Japan is _ the east of China.,三,.between/among,在,之间,1.between:,指两者之间,.,在,.,之间,.,2.among:,用于三者或三者以上人或物之间,.,在,之中,.,You sit _ him and me.,The song is popular _ the students.,四,.after/in,在,之后,1.after,1)after+,时间段,.,表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后,用于过去时,.,2)after,作介词,.after doing,sth,2.in+,一段时间,.,表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后,.,用于将来时,.,He came back _ two days.,He will go,home_finishing,his homework.,He will come back _ two days.,五,.with/in/by,表示“用,”,1.with,表示“用,”,一般指有形的工具,/,手段,/,人体器官,.,He cut the apple into halves _ a knife.,注,:with,表伴随,“,带有,含有”,He came in _ a big smile on his face.,2.in,表示用某种语言,方式,途径,.,或书写,/,绘画所用的材料,.,也可表交通方式,.,Can you say it _English?,He wrote a letter _ blue ink.,3.by,表示乘坐交通工具,表示方式,方法,I study for a test _ working with a group.,He makes a living _ selling newspapers.,注意,:,同义词组,1).by phone=on the phone,2).by car=in a car,3).in pen=with a pen=with pens,六,.across/through/over/by,经过,1.across,指横穿,穿过,.,表示动作从某一物体表面上经过,.,2.through,指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过,.,3.over,表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触,.,4.by,表示从某人,/,某物的旁边经过,.,Can you swim _ the r