Description.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,III.Types of Writing,Description,I.What Is Description?,Description,captures impressions of persons,places,objects,or ideas.It records what you see,hear,taste,touch,feel.Description is probably the most basic task writers face.Whether you are writing a short story,a term paper,or a sales proposal,much of your success as a writer will depend on your ability to provide readers with detailed descriptions.,1.Objective Description&Subjective Description,A.,Objective description,focuses on facts,statistics,observable details.Textbooks,encyclopedias,training manuals,business reports,and government publications include objective description.Objective description avoids emotion,sensationalism,or subjective interpretation:,UN aid officials report that the drought has exacerbated,（,恶化,增剧,）,the famine.Farms and cattle ranches,（,停止，终止）,have failed.Food production has virtually ceased.The death rate in refugee camps has increased 20%to 150 per day.Orphans have left the camps to beg for food from convoy,（,护送）,drivers bringing supplies from the coast.,Features,Objective description is best suited to academic,business,and professional writing.Although the writer may have an opinion,it is reflected by selecting factual details rather than using figurative language.,Objective description avoids personalized judgments.,Objective description is suited when you are writing as the agent as others,when your writing must reflect the ideas and observations of others.,B.Subjective description,Subjective description,is personal.,It reflects the thoughts,feelings,mood of the writer.,One writer may write a glowing description of Las Vegas,marveling at the lights,the glamour,the grandeur.,Another writer may decry the citys shallow glitz,tasteless opulence,and dedication to selfishness and greed.Rather than focusing on factual detail,subjective descriptions seeks to create powerful impressions:,Example,The once fertile,（富饶，肥沃）,valley is now a dusty moonscape,（,荒凉的风景）,of dry riverbeds,broken earth,and skeletons.Hundreds of men and women die of thirst,hunger,and disease in the heat and dust of the hopeless refugee camps.Emaciated,（瘦弱的）,orphans wander along the highway,lifting bony,empty hands to passing drivers.Scarred by hunger and loss,their young faces are old with death.,Features,Subjective description is developed through careful selection of details and use of connotations.,Subjective description is best suited to personal essays,reviews,and commentaries.It is often used in advertising to motivate consumers.,To be effective,subjective description must use emotional appeals and images that readers will understand and appreciate.,Blending Objective and Subjective Description,Writers often blend objective and subjective description to balance factual detail with the power of emotional impressions.Popular biographies,news magazines,and marketing materials often present a mix of fact and image.By blending objective and subjective elements,writers can provide readers with both logical and emotional appeals:,Example,Every six minutes someone dies of hunger and disease in the refugee camp.Drought has destroyed the peoples ability to grow food.With only a cup of rice a day to sustain them,orphans have left the camp to beg along the highways.,Unless you help,many of them will not survive more than a month.,The refugee camp,Feature,Blended descriptions seek to enliven factual detail,to put a human face on statistics.,Blended descriptions generally avoid long blocks of dry facts or highly sensational images.,Blended descriptions are effective in reaching a mass audience.,2.Description of a person,place,object,or scene,Description mainly deals with,appearances and feelings,.,It is a picture in words of a person,a place,an object or a scene.,The description of,a person,often includes his,appearances,and his,character,.The person is often described,from head to foot,from outside to inside.,A place,usually includes,the landscape,the inside view of a house,or,the social conditions or environment.,A scene,is like,a shot or a still in a film,:what a group of people are,doing,or,telling,each other,and what the,relationship,between them is.,A place,Province in France,南法的普羅旺斯，在,12,世紀時，以它的騎士愛情而聞名。,如果旅行是為了擺脫生活的桎梏，普羅旺斯會讓你忘掉一切。,青草芬芳，交織成法國南部最令人難忘的氣息，感覺就像是一個薰衣草的王國薰衣草迎風綻放，濃艷的色彩裝飾翠綠的山谷，微微辛辣的香味混合著被曬焦的。,普羅旺斯輕著悅目的紫藍色彩衣，散發出溫柔甜美的芳香，這份榮耀是來自上蒼對這片土地的眷愛與恩寵,A.Description of a person,Descriptions of people are often found in police reports for chasing criminals and advertisements for missing children.,Descriptions of,faces,bodies,dresses,characteristics and habits,are often included.,In describing a person,the writer should not merely give details of his appearance.He should try to reveal the persons,character,thoughts,and feelings,which may be shown in what the person does and says,or in how he behaves to others.,And its important to grasp the,characteristic features,that distinguish him from all other people.,Passage A,Seeger had,a head of loose,wavy brown hair,hanging down to her waist at the back.She also had,bangs,over her forehead that almost hid her big blue eyes.The,nose,not her best featurewas,long and straight,.She had a regular set of white teeth and was,full-lipped,.,Seegers,loose,wavy brown hair hanging down to her waist,Once long hair to her waist at the back,Passage B,Tom Black,aged sixty,is a farm,labourer,for all his life.With sunburned skin,wrinkled forehead,he is strongly built and broad shouldered with slightly bent back.He always dresses a worn-out jean suit,but on Sundays he would be in his ties,white collars,and the best mans suit.,Passage C,My mother,an ordinary middle-aged woman.I will never tell you her age because thats her privacy.She will be very glad to have her name guessed for she is really an expert in make-up and clothes-choosing and thats the reason why she looks pretty young.,Housework is what she is also good at.In fact she can do a whopping deal of housework in a single day without even a break.After that,our rooms will be shining just like newly painted ones.,Very often my father and I will be driven out of bed extremely early on Sunday to have our sheets washed.Partly because of her thyroid gland(,甲状腺,),Mama used to be peevish,(,易怒的，暴躁的）,and she was even fond of quarrelling,which,she told me,could bring her some kind of joy!,She has changed a lot since she found out that no one would be responsible except herself if she ruined her health by becoming angry.She also ate a lot of kelp to heal her thyroid gland,which really worked.Unfortunately she is still a chatterbox now and I am always the victim.,Charles Dickens,(1812-1870),Charles Dickens s Museum,狄更斯的故居,Dickenss writing,Charles Dickens has a richness of expression and generally succeeds in using,the,right,words and phrases,at the,right,moment,for the,right,characters,to attain the,right,effects.,David Copperfield,The counting-house clock was at half past twelve,，,and there was general preparation for going to dinner,，,when Mr.,Quinion,tapped at the counting-house window,，,and beckoned to me to go in.I went in,，,and found there a,stoutish,，,middle-aged person,，,in a brown,surtout,and black tights and shoes,，,with no more hair upon his head,（,which was a large one,，,and very shining,）,than there is upon an egg,，,and,with a very extensive face,，,which he turned full upon me.,His clothes were shabby,，,but he had an imposing shirt-collar on.,He,carried a jaunty sort of a stick,，,with a large pair of rusty tassels to,it,；,and a,quizzing-glass hung outside his coat,，,-for ornament,，,I afterwards found,，,as he very seldom looked through it,，,and couldnt see anything when he did.,This is,Mr.,Micawber,，,said Mr.,Quinion,to me.,Ahem,！,said the strangerthat is my name.,Mr.,Micawber,Charles Dickenss,Novels,雾都孤儿,（,Oliver Twist,）,(1837,年,-1839,年,),老古玩店,（,The Old Curiosity Shop,）,(1840,年,-1841,年,),董贝父子,（,Dombey,and Son,）,(1846,年,-1848,年,),大卫,科波菲尔,（,David Copperfield,）,(1849,年,-1850,年,),荒凉山庄,（,Bleak House,）,(1852,年,-1853,年,),艰难时世,（,Hard Times,）,(1854,年,),双城记,（,A Tale of Two Cities,）,(1859,年,),远大前程,（,Great Expectations,）,(1860,年,-1861,年,),我们共同的朋友,（,Our Mutual Friend,）,(1864,年,-1865,年,),B.Description of a place,In describing a place,we are presenting a picture or a sketch of the place to our readers.,As in describing a person,in describing a place one should mainly write about the,things that make it different from other places,.,As a picture should have its centermost image,a piece of descriptive writing should,give a dominant impression,to the readers.,However,the dominant impression to the readers cannot form a description on its own.,Details or examples,should be used to illustrate the central idea.They make the central idea,vivid and convincing.,Passage 1,And there the pub was.It stood on the crown on the long hill,straight ahead of them,a small red-brick house with out-buildings and a single chimney trailing out smoke against the strong white light which seemed to be thrown up by great reflectors from the hidden sea.,C.Description of an object,Descriptions of objects usually appear in,advertisements,so that goods can be sold,or something found.,They also occur in,reports,about a new invention or discovery.,To describe an object we have to depend on our,senses,because we need to mention its,size,shape,color,texture,taste,and,smell.,It is also necessary to tell,how it is used,if it is useful,and,what part it plays,in a persons life if it is in some way related to him.,But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object,probably,its most important characteristic,.,Example,A ladder is used to help people to reach the things high above.A simple ladder is made of wood or bamboo with two shafts,（轴，杆状物）,and pieces of rungs,（横档）,.Shafts are cylindrical,（圆柱状的）,in shape,its length is the ladders length.The two shafts go parallel.Rungs are bar-shaped,usually about one third of a,metre,long and somewhat tapering at the two ends so that they can be fixed into the shafts hole.There are about a steps distance between the rungs.If you want to reach the things high or hang something on the wall,you just put the ladder against the wall,and climb up the ladder steps.,D.Description of a scene,A scene is,like a shot or a still in a film,:what a group of people are doing or telling each other,and what the relationship between them is.,It usually consists of three basic factors:the,setting,the,people,and the,actions,.,Again,the writer should try to create a dominant impression when describing a scene.,If you have many things to describe,or if you have many examples or details to present,you should choose the key-points.,The choice of key-points depends on the,purpose of writing,.,If the purpose is,to impress,the readers on the simple life of a certain professor,then you should say more about,his simple clothes and plain diet,If you want,to stress,on his hard work and tireless zeal,（热心,;,热诚）,in teaching,that would be another picture.,Sometimes description is interwoven with a little narration.They will add,colour,to each other.,Alice Thornes The Story of,Madame Curie,1,Manya,gazed out of her bedroom window and sighed.As far as the eye could see stretched the beet fields.Not a hill,not a tree broke the long flat line of brown plains.The only upright objects to be seen were the dirty redbrick factory with its belching chimney and the huts of the peasants who worked in the factory.This had been,Manyas,view for a year now-ever since she had been hired as a governess to the children of the wealthy man who ran the sugar-beet farm.I never want to see another beet as long as I live.“,Manya,thought,turning away from the window.,Analysis:,The first paragraph is a description of the beet fields.From,Manyas,point of view,an unmistakable impression these few lines give is,the endless beet fields are monotonic and uninteresting.Then follows a little narration.The girl was fed up with the best,actually she was fed up with the environment and her position as a governess in the farm owners house.,Description of a scene 2,We lay at the edge,hoping our mortal children would not do anything foolish,but also intensely interested in what they would do,down there beyond us.,The filming was taking place on both sides of the river,and,at the edge of a ninety-foot down-river drop,there was a primitive rig where you could walk across the river holding a rope.There was also a place where you had to jump over a kind of trickling gap,presumably still holding the rope.Or not holding the rope.,My embryonic movie-making son kept going back and forth,carrying spools of film,makeup kits,impossible messages to Burt Reynolds and God knows what else.Below my son for ninety feet I kept going up and down the rock-cruelties with field glasses was nothing but a set of outcroppings designed by the universe eons ago to demonstrate the utter indifference of wild nature to the pain-bearing bodies of human beings;I was shook by the rage of their stillness.Any rock in any Bodys descent was certain to be death or mutilation-dealing.My wife and I said,almost the same second,“I hope Kevin doesnt try it.”,He jumped for the place his brother had mastered,and slipped.Helpless in the higher-up,the field glasses hung fire in our hands,but he had not gone over.He swayed half in and half out of life,and pulled himself back into it.There he was,still in the shaking field glasses,four-eyed from the cliff-top and looking good.Then something broke out in him,down there.,He started to dance,or do something:something with a lot of energy and motion.But it was not done for us:his mother and father,there at the other edge.It was a silent dance of pure delight:he was dancing with the void,and loving what had just about happened to him,and had not.We,creatures in the rarefied air of bushes at the brink,in the leaves of plants that leaned out over the vanished roar of dammed,gone water,knew that his excitement was not a show for Parents Day,nor was it for the film crew or even for his brother.The adrenaline had hit like a Heaven-through-the-guts,and he rejoiced in the abyss,dancing back in a gangling,curious,beginning-athletes way to safety,to his brother,to the crew,and eventually to us,who had no word to say,but only deep images,deep energies based on his.,他越过了他哥哥已经跨过的地方，但脚下滑了一下。我们站在高处束手无策，双筒望远镜在手中来回晃动着，但他并没有掉落。他九死一生，把进入鬼门关的半条命捡了回来。我们从远处悬崖边缘望去，他仍然在望远镜头里晃动着，变成了四只眼，但看上去还好。就在那儿，他突然有了奇怪的举动。他开始跳舞，或是在做着别的什么，充满了能量和动力。他并不是为了站在另一个边缘上的、他的父母才这么做的。那是一种平静而纯粹快乐的舞蹈：他在为失足踏空而起舞，对刚刚发生和没有发生在他身上的事而感到高兴。岸边的灌木丛空气稀少，空间有限，树木的枝叶架在曾经咆哮而过但如今因关闸而不再流淌的河水之上，身处其中的我们知道儿子的兴奋既不是为了父母，也不是为了拍电影的职员，也不是为了他哥哥。这种冲动像是来自上天的一股力量，他在深渊里依然欢乐用一种奇特的、像是初级运动员采用的方式一样跳回到安全，跳回到他哥哥、那些拍电影的人们以及我们的身边。我们无话可说，只有印象深刻的画面和儿子的所为给予的能量。,Model Compositions,Going Away to School,Have a good first term,Rebecca.Try,and be happy.Remember,this is a wonderful chance for you.And youll soon make new friends.Yet,Mum.Yes,Dad.Rebeccas voice was flat.It was a Tuesday