语用学deixis.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Chapter III DEixis,1.Debby:Go anywhere today?,2.Dan:Yes,we went down to Como.Up by bus,back by hydrofoil.,3.Debby:Anything to see there?,4.Dan:Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns,but its worth the trip.,5.Debby:I might do that next Saturday.,6.Jane:What do you mean when you say,perhaps,not the most interesting of Italian towns,7.Jack:He means,cer,tainly not the most interesting,8.Dan:Just trying to be politely,1996 will be a year of prosperity and peace.,I asked her:,“,Are you planning to be here this evening?”,I asked her if she was planning to be there that evening.,This thrust put the two lieutenants to silence but Heron went on,In any case Byron was heretic and immortal too.,I dont care what he was,cried Stephen hotly.,You dont care whether he was a heretic or not?Said Nash.,What do you know about it?Shouted Stephen.You never read a line of anything in your life except a trans or Boland either.,I know that Byron was a bad man,said Boland.,Here,catch hold of this heretic,Heron called out.,In a moment Stephen was a prisoner.,Tate made you buck up the other day,Heron went on,about heresy in your essay.,I will tell him tomorrow,said Boland.,Will you?Said Stephen.Youd be afraid to open your mouth.,Afraid?,Ay.Afraid of your life.,Behave yourself?Cried Heron,cutting at Stephens legs with his cane.,Reference and Inference,Sense and reference,Referential and attributive uses,Names and referents,The role of co-text,Anaphoric reference,Sense and reference,The,sense,is the cognitive significance or mode of presentation of the referent.The,sense,of a proper name is whatever meaning it has,when there is no object to be indicated.,The,reference,is the object that the expression refers to.The,reference,(or,referent,)of a proper name is the object it means or indicates.,Sense and reference,A,horse,is a four-legged solid-hoofed animal with flowing mane and tail,used from early times to carry loads,for riding,etc.,My,horse,is white.,Unicorns,centaurs,goblins,dragons,phoenix,Sense and reference,In pragmatic sense,we might think of,reference,as an act in which a speaker,or writer,uses linguistic forms to enable a listener or reader,to identify something.,Those linguistic forms are,referring expressions,which can be:,Proper nouns:Shakespeare,Cathy,Revuelto,Hawaii,.,Noun phrases:the author,the singer,the island,or a man,a woman,a beautiful place,Pronouns:he,it,her,them,Sense and reference,The choice of one type of referring expression rather another seems to be based,to a large extent,on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows.Reference,then,is clearly tied to the speakers goal and the speakers believe in the use of language.For successful reference to occur,we must recognize the role of,inference,.Because there is no direct relationship between entities and words,the listeners task is to infer correctly which entity the speaker intends to identify by using a particular referring expression.,幻灯片,7,Referential and attributive use,Theres a man waiting for you.,She wants to marry a man with lots of money.,There is no sign of the killer.,Wed love to find a nine-foot-tall basketball player.,Referential use:using an expression to identify someone or something when the person or thing is assumed to be know.,Attributive use:using an expression to identify someone or something without being committed to the existence of an actual person or thing.,Names and referents,The basis for a successful inference depends on not only the collaboration between“intention-to-identify”and“recognition-of-intention”,but the common shared language and culture between all members of a community.,1.-Can I borrow your Shakespeare?,-Yeah,its over there on the table.,2.-Wheres the cheese sandwich sitting?,-Hes over there by the window.,Names and referents,Shakespeare,takes up the whole bottom shelf.,Were going to see,Shakespeare,in London.,I hated,Shakespeare,at school.,Picassos,on the far wall.,The new Mozart,is better value than the Bach.,My Rolling Stones,is missing.,Brazil,wins World Cup.,Japan,wins first round of trade talks.,The role of co-text,The cheese sandwich is made with white bread.,The cheese sandwich left without paying.,Co-text:The linguistic environment in which a word is used,The role of co-text,The heart-attack mustnt be moved.,Your ten-thirty just cancelled.,A couple of rooms have complained about the heat.,Context:The physical environment in which a word is used.,Anaphoric reference,In the film,a man and a woman were trying to wash a cat.The man was holding the cat while the woman poured water on it.He said something to her and they started laughing.,Anaphor:The word,typically a pronoun,used to maintain reference to someone or something already mentioned.,Antecedent:The initial expression used to identify someone or something for which an anaphor is used later.,Peel and slice six potatoes.And put them in cold salted water.,Anaphoric Reference,I turned the corner and almost stepped on it.There was a large snake in the middle of the path.,Cataphora,:The use of a word(typically a pronoun)to introduce someone or something that is more fully identified later.,Peel the onion and slice it.Drop the slices into the hot oil.Cook for three minutes.,Zero anaphora:The absence of an expression in a structural slot where one is assumed,as a way of maintaining reference.,summary,Successful reference means that an intention was recognized,via inference,indicating a kind of shared knowledge and hence social connection.The assumption of shared knowledge is also crucially involved in the study of presupposition.,I just rented a house.The kitchen is really big.,I found an old bicycle lying on the ground.The chain was rusted and the tired were flat.,We had Chardonnay with shrimp for dinner.It was the best part.,The bus came on time but he didnt stop.,JFK visited Bellagio in 1963.,Yesterday I defended my PhD Thesis.,Im planning a party now.,Ill start looking for a job tomorrow.,I was reading e-mails when the earthquake took place.,I went downstairs after the shake had stopped.,The shake had stopped before I had enough time to escape.,See you in a minute.,Today it is not easy to find a job.,JFK visited Bellagio in 1963.He was not alone that day.,JFK visited Bellagio in 1963.He was murdered later that year.,JFK went to Bellagio and spent one night at the villa Serbelloni.,JFK visited Bellagio in 1963.He spent one night at the Villa Serbelloni,where his room is now referred to as the“Kennedy room”.Four years earlier,in 1959,this property had been bequeathed by the late Ella Walker,Principessa della Torre e Tasso,to the Rockefeller Foundation.He was murder later that year.,I hope youll have a nice flight.,I hope you had a nice flight.,