unit 8 Providing Explanations.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Providing Explanations,Why?How?,We all know balls can bounce,but have you ever thought about why or how they bounce?,Giving Explanations,Practice 2:Work with a partner and talk about why or how the following things happen.,How do airplanes fly?,Why do people sweat?,Why does the Earth have different seasons?,Why cant babies walk?,Why do people sometimes shake or turn red when theyre nervous?,Providing Support for Your Explanation,Once you have chosen to give an explanation,you need to support it.You should consider:,reasons,why,something does what it does,or happens the way it happens,definitions or descriptions,of objects and materials,causes,effects,the amount of,support,you need to give a clear and effective explanation,giving examples,Practice 3:,Look at this explanation to why a ball bounces.Look at the questions below it and tick the question if your answer is yes.,A ball bounces because it is made of an elastic substance.When it hits a surface,it bounces off of it.,Does the explanation give reasons why the ball bounces?,Does it give a description or definition of the object/material(ball/elastic/surface)?,Does it give a cause?,Does it give the effect?,A ball bounces because it is made of an elastic substance.When it hits a surface,it bounces off of it.,Does the explanation give reasons why the ball bounces?,Yes.It says balls bounce because they are,made of elastic,and that elastic bounces.,A ball bounces because it is made of an elastic substance.When it hits a surface,it bounces off of it.,Does it give a definition of objects and materials?,No definition.What is elastic?What kind of surface?,Youd be surprised how many,people dont know what elasticis.,A ball bounces because it is made of an elastic substance.When it hits a surface,it bounces off of it.,Does it give a cause?,Yes.“,because,it is made of an elastic substance.When it hits a surface”,A ball bounces because it is made of an elastic substance.When it hits a surface,it bounces off of it.,Does it give the effect?,Yes.The effect is that“it bounces off of it”the surface.,A ball bounces because it is made of an elastic substance.When it hits a surface,it bounces off of it.,Is there enough support?,It depends on the reader.While the explanation does give reasons,causes and effects,it may not give enough support for the layman.The reader will still have many questions.For instance,the writer didnt address any of the following questions:,1.What is elastic?What kind of surface?Is a soft surface okay?,2.Why does elastic cause the ball to bounce?,3.How does the ball get to the surface?,4.What is the process of the ball hitting the surface and returning?What does the ball do during that time?,Here is another explanation of why a ball bounces:,A ball bounces because it is made of elastic.Elastic,which is a rubbery substance,is made of many interweaving strands.When a ball is thrown and impacts a hard surface,the elastic changes shape.The tightly wound strands fight to regain the original shape,and thus the ball rebounds from the surface.,Ask yourself whether this description meets the missing criteria above.,A ball bounces because it is made of elastic.Elastic,which is a rubbery substance,is made of many interweaving strands.When a ball is thrown and impacts a hard surface,the elastic changes shape.The tightly wound strands fight to regain the original shape,and thus the ball rebounds from the surface.,A more detailed definition of elastic is given.It should be fairly clear to the reader what elastic is and why it causes a ball to bounce.,In addition,we learn that the surface needs to be hard.,This explanation provides more support.After giving a definition of elastic,it says,why,and,how,elastic causes the ball to bounce.Moreover,we now know,how,the ball gets to the surface.,Would you,add anything,else?,Discuss the following with a classmate.,Why should we exercise and eat healthy?,Exercise and Eat Healthy,Exercise makes you look better.,Exercise makes you feel better.,Exercise can allow you to live longer.,Eating healthy makes you look and feel better.You only get one body;youd better only put in good things and keep the bad out.,Fatty foods cause us to gain weight.,Reasons Why,Discuss with your partner.What are some causes and effects of the following?,A person usually loses weight when exercising.,A person usually gains weight when not exercising.,A person often loses weight when dieting and eating healthily.,A person often gains weight when overeating and eating junk food.,Sports,Exercise equipment(treadmills,bikes,weights),A friend or partner to motivate you.,Health books and other media.,Nutrition guidelines on food packages or at restaurants.,Kids,Work,Laziness,Friends or partners that eat poorly,Fast food restaurants,Work alone.Make a list of some,things,that help us exercise,and eat healthy and of things that cause us to avoid,exercise or eat unhealthily.Try to think of at least 5 for each.,In groups,talk about,why or how these things,cause what they do.,Explanatory Language,because,as,Language of Explanations,so that,to(in order to),a new sentence,Could you survive a terrible snowstorm?,Lets hope you never get caught in a snowstorm.But should it happen,there are several easy steps for building a shelter to help you survive this terrible event.,First and foremost,you need to keep dry,especially your shoes,socks and feet.Why?Stay off of the ground by building a raised area,or a floor,made from stones or tree branches.Why?Attach side walls made of thick branches to the floor.Make sure there are as few gaps as possible between the wall branches.Why?Build your roof at an angle.The roof should never lay flat.Why?If possible,build your shelter next to,or between,two trees.Why?After youve built your shelter,stay calm and move around as much as possible.Why?,In your journal,add explanations to the paragraph above.,How to Survive a Snowstorm,Lets hope you never get caught in a snowstorm.But should it happen,there are several easy steps for building a shelter to help you survive this terrible event.,First and foremost,you need to keep dry,especially your shoes,socks and feet,as wet feet could lead to hypothermiaor worse,cause you to freeze to death.,.Why?Stay off of the ground by building a raised area,or a floor,made from stones or tree branches,to keep you off the cold,wet ground while allowing you to stay warmer and dryer,.Why?Attach side walls made of thick branches to the floor.Make sure there are as few gaps as possible between the wall branches,so that gusts of frozen wind dont invade your shelter,.Why?Build your roof at an angle.The roof should never lay flat,A flat roof could cause the ceiling to collapse,.Why?If possible,build your shelter next to,or between,two trees,as this provides you a natural wind and snow barrier,.Why?After youve built your shelter,stay calm and move around as much as possible,because movement increases body temperature and might just save your life in the event of a terrible snowstorm,.Why?,How to Survive a Snowstorm,Unit 8(B),篇章翻译,篇章翻译通常采用三种手段：全译、编译和摘译。,下面是,日出,(,曹禺著,),原文节选及,其译文,(,潘经理进。大丰银行的经理潘月亭。穿一身古铜色的儫绒皮袍。上面套着是缎坎肩。那上面挂着金表链和翠坠儿。他仿佛刚穿上衣服，领口还未系好。一边的领子还系在里面，一只手拿着雪茄，皱着眉却又忍不住笑。,),潘月亭,(,低声,),我知道你想我，,(,自作多情,),是不是,?,你想我。你说，模拟想我，是不是？（呵呵大笑）,陈白露,嗯,!,我想你,潘月亭,是的，我知道，,(,指点着,),你良心好。,陈白露,嗯，我想你给我办一件事。,潘月亭,(,故意皱起眉头,),又是办事，又是办事。一你见着我，没有别的，你专门好管这些闲事。,陈白露,你怎么知道的,?,潘月亭,福升全告诉我了。,陈白露,你管不管,?,潘月亭,(,走近小东西,),原来是这么个小东西。,小东西,是，老爷。,陈白露,你看她多么可怜。,她,潘月亭,得了，我知道，反正总是那么一套。,陈白露,(,要挟地,),月亭，你管不管,?,潘月亭,我管,!,我管,!,陈白露,小东西，你还不谢谢潘经理。,(,潘经理进。大丰银行的经理潘月亭。穿一身古铜色的儫绒皮袍。上面套着是缎坎肩。那上面挂着金表链和翠坠儿。他仿佛刚穿上衣服，领口还未系好。一边的领子还系在里面，一只手拿着雪茄，皱着眉却又忍不住笑。,),(Mr,Pan,，,the bank manager,，,comes in,He is wearing a dark brown gown lined with otter fur with a sleeveless satin jacket over it,，,hung with a gold watch-chain and an emerald pendant,He seems to have just dressed,，,for his collar-button has not yet been done up,He has a cigar in one hand and although his brows are creased into a frown he cannot keep a smile from his lips,),潘月亭,(,低声,),我知道你想我，,(,自作多情,),是不是,?,你想我。你说，模拟想我，是不是？（呵呵大笑）,陈白露,嗯,!,我想你,Pan(self-confidently),：,(in a low voice)I knew you were thinking of me(trying to sound sentimentally),，,werent you?,Pai-lu,：,Yes,I was thinking of you,潘月亭,是的，我知道，,(,指点着,),你良心好。,陈白露,嗯，我想你给我办一件事。,潘月亭,(,故意皱起眉头,),又是办事，又是办事。一你见着我，没有别的，你专门好管这些闲事。,Pan,：,There you are,I knew it,(Gesturing towards her),Your hearts in the right place,Pai-lu,：,Yes,I was thinking of you and me tackling a job together,Pan,：,(putting on a frown),：,Tackling a job again,Is that all you can think of when you see me?No time for anything but getting mixed up in things that dont concern you,陈白露,你怎么知道的,?,潘月亭,福升全告诉我了。,陈白露,你管不管,?,Pai-lu,：,How do you know?,Pan,：,Fu-sheng told me all about it,Pai-lu,：,Are you on?,潘月亭,(,走近小东西,),原来是这么个小东西,.,陈白露,你看她多么可怜。,她,潘月亭,得了，我知道，反正总是那么一套。,Pan,：,(going across to the Shrimp),：,Well,so this is the little shrimp,Pai-lu,：,Look at the poor little thing,，,she,Pan,：,All right,all right,I know all about it,Thats what always happens,，,anyway,陈白露,(,要挟地,),月亭，你管不管,?,潘月亭,我管,!,我管,!,陈白露,小东西，你还不谢谢潘经理。,Pai-lu,：,(menacingly)Well,Yueh-ting,，,are you on?,Pan,：,Yes,，,Im on!,Pai-lu,：,Well,Shrimp,，,arent you going to thank Mr,Pan?,二、编译,编译即译者根据不同的要求，如读者对象、版面设计，用自己的语言将原来篇幅较长、文字繁杂的材料翻译压缩，但译文大意不走样。编译注意点：,1,首先通读原文，对原文进行综合分析和研究，确保深入彻底的理解。,2,对有关的背景知识，特别是政治观点，要把握准确。,3,在编译过程中，注意查阅有关资料和工具书。,4,对编译好的文章，要认真核对，确保行文既通顺流畅，又符合原文精神,。,在南京附近的长江畔新建起一座现代化的化纤之城,仪征化纤工业联合公司。在这片方园,10,平方公里的地方，有,500,幢住宅楼和风格迥异的公用建筑楼群拔地而起；还有一座座厂房、仓库、水塔、管架高低交错。这是国家在1980,年代的重点工程之一。第一期工程于,1984,年建成投入试生产，现在已进入第二期工程建设。,The Yizheng Synthetic Fiber Complex is a key project which spread out over an area of 10 square kilometers in Yizheng County,northeast of Nanjing,，,Jiangsu Province,Construction began in the late 1970s,，,and the first phase went into operation in 1984,The second phase is now at about the halfway mark,三、,摘译,摘译即摘要翻译，是在通读并吃透原文的基础上，选取重要的部分或段落译出，并放在引号内。有时使用,Excerpts are as follows,等语句；有时需另加小标题，补充少许衔接性、综合评述性文字。摘要文字简明扼要，重点突出，一目了然。,日本面临严重抉择,今天是,“,九,一八事变,”,65,周年。纪念这个日子，重温由此开始的日本帝国主义长达,14,年的侵华战争，回顾和总结历史经验，对维护和发展中日关系，有着重要的现实意义。,日本自明治维新以后，走上了对外侵略扩张的道路，奉行臭名昭著的,“,大陆政策,”,，妄图吞并朝鲜，侵占中国，称霸亚洲。,“,九,一八事变,”,就是日本继发动中日甲午战争之后，以武力实施其大陆政策、进而发动全面侵华战争，变中国为其殖民地的一个重要步骤。在随后的,14,年中，日本给中国造成了生命财产的巨大损失，中国军民伤亡,3500,多万人，经济损失达,6000,多亿美元，中国的大好山河惨遭日军铁蹄躁躏。日本帝国主义对中国人民欠下了无法偿还的历史账。,Peoples Daily,:Japan Faces Political Crossroads,PEOPLES Daily yesterday published a commentary,，,“,Japan Faces Serious Choice,，,”,to mark the 65th anniversary of the“September 18th Incident”,“During the 14 years after the September 18th Incident,，,the Japanese invaders caused incredible sufferings and loss to the Chinese,The Japanese imperialists owe the Chinese people an immense debt that they can never pay,